A286合金激光焊接接头的组织与高温持久性能

对A286合金板材进行了激光焊接和固溶时效处理,对比研究了激光焊接和固溶时效对合金焊接接头组织及高温持久性能的影响。结果表明,A286合金500℃高温持久性能高低顺序为激光焊接+固溶时效>母材>激光焊接。A286合金母材、激光焊接件和激光焊接+固溶时效件持久拉伸后均未出现晶粒明显拉长和明显持久蠕变。激光焊接件的焊缝呈明显枝晶组织,热影响区为等轴晶组织,焊缝与热影响区的过渡区窄,使焊缝和热影响区成为持久性能薄弱区域。固溶时效可降低偏析、消除残余应力,使焊缝与热影响区的过渡区变宽。激光焊接件高温持久断裂的断口韧窝浅,且存在解理面,而激光焊接+固溶时效件的断口韧窝均匀细小,呈现微孔聚集型断裂特征。从提高激光焊接件高温持久性能考虑,激光焊接后应进行固溶时效处理,改善焊接接头组织。     

TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头的疲劳寿命及断口分析

研究了TC4钛合金薄板激光焊接接头及母材的疲劳性能,并对其疲劳断口进行了观察.结果表明,接头的疲劳寿命在低应力水平时高于母材,在高应力水平时低于母材.母材疲劳裂纹萌生于试样表面;在裂纹扩展区有平行排列的弯曲的二次裂纹和期间更细的疲劳辉纹,瞬断区为细小的等轴韧窝.焊缝疲劳裂纹起源于表面的气孔,源区有笔直且平行排列的二次裂纹;在裂纹扩展区,断口形貌与组织有关,细晶区为韧窝,在细晶与柱状晶交界处为敞口浅韧窝,柱状晶和粗晶区为晶粒大小的刻面,上有大量的微剪切滑移带,断裂机理为滑移带形成及开裂.     

热等静压处理对选区激光熔化成形Inconel 718合金各向组织及力学性能的影响

目的 研究热等静压处理对选区激光熔化（SLM）成形不同沉积方向Inconel 718合金试样显微组织和力学性能的影响规律,提升Inconel718合金的综合力学性能。方法 采用SLM技术制备平行沉积方向和垂直沉积方向的Inconel 718合金试样,并对试样进行热等静压（HIP）处理和热等静压+固溶时效（HIP+HT）处理。利用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）,对合金的显微组织、断口形貌、物相组成、晶粒形貌及取向进行分析。对试样进行显微硬度和拉伸强度性能测试,对比分析不同沉积方向SLM、HIP及HIP+HT试样的显微硬度、拉伸强度、屈服强度以及断口延伸率。结果 SLM成形的Inconel718合金经热等静处理后,平行方向的晶粒形态由柱状晶转变为等轴晶,晶粒尺寸增大,并伴随有孪晶形成。晶界处的Laves相基本溶解,同时有许多MC碳化物在γ基体中析出。不同处理状态下平行方向试样的拉伸强度、屈服强度和硬度值均小于垂直方向。平行和垂直方向SLM成形件的拉伸强度σb分别为996.3MPa和1051.1MPa...     

Hastelloy C-276薄板激光焊接接头疲劳性能EI北大核心CSCD

对0.5 mm厚Hastelloy C-276薄板激光焊接接头进行疲劳试验,结合应力-寿命(S-N)曲线和疲劳断口形貌,研究母材及焊接接头的疲劳性能,分析母材和焊接接头的疲劳断裂机理。结果表明:0.5 mm Hastelloy C-276薄板焊接接头和母材的S-N曲线斜率基本相同,焊接接头疲劳性能和母材的基本相当;母材疲劳断口疲劳裂纹起源于试样侧表面,主要沿宽度方向扩展,随着应力的减小,疲劳源数目减少,疲劳裂纹扩展速率减小;焊接接头在母材和焊缝处随机断裂,焊接接头母材区断口形貌和母材断口形貌基本一致,而焊接接头焊缝区断口的疲劳裂纹起源于侧表面棱角处和焊缝表面,焊缝表面是主要疲劳源,裂纹主要沿厚度方向进行扩展,疲劳裂纹扩展区呈现出准解理断裂特征。     

高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接接头Ⅳ型蠕变断裂研究进展

Ⅳ型蠕变断裂是焊接接头细晶区在高温、低应力下发生的沿晶脆性断裂,对高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接接头的高温蠕变性能具有重要影响.本文详细分析了 Ⅳ型蠕变断裂过程中的组织转变、断裂机理以及接头的组织变化、多轴应力状态和焊接残余应力对其蠕变性能的影响,并提出了相应的控制措施.同时对现阶段关于高Cr马氏体耐热钢焊接接头Ⅳ型蠕变断裂的研究中存在的问题及盲点进行了分析与概括.     

激光选区熔化GH4099高温合金成形工艺及组织性能

研究分析了激光选区熔化(SLM)成形GH4099合金的显微组织、裂纹形貌及裂纹形成的原因,优化了成形工艺,并对比分析了SLM制备的固溶时效态试样和冷轧板试样的拉伸性能.结果 表明:SLM试样的显微组织呈现为生长取向不一致的细小晶粒,晶粒尺寸为50～ 100 μm;合金中低熔点元素在晶界处偏析并富集产生低熔点γ'相,在温度梯度大且存在较大热应力的成形过程中易产生孔洞和裂纹,裂纹呈短线状和针状,并沿晶界扩展,呈现明显的高温开裂特征.随着激光功率的增加,试样的孔隙率呈现先降低后增加的趋势,当激光功率为300 W、扫描速度为1060 mm/s、扫描间距为0.1mm、层厚为0.04 mm时,合金的显微组织最好,孔隙率最小达0.008％.固溶时效态SLM试样的室温抗拉强度可达998 MPa以上,700℃高温抗拉强度在880 MPa以上,900℃高温抗拉强度在336 MPa以上,室温和700℃高温抗拉强度优于冷轧板试样,900℃高温抗拉强度与冷轧板试样持平,但室温和900℃高温塑性、高温屈服强度较冷轧板试样略低.     

选区激光熔化增材制造In718合金的激光焊接性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计和力学性能试验等研究了选区激光熔化(SLM)In718合金的激光焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明:SLM In718合金的激光焊接接头的宏观质量较好,没有发现冶金缺陷的存在。未热处理时,In718合金的SLM构件的组织主要由奥氏体柱状晶及奥氏体柱状晶之间的共晶组织构成,柱状晶的平均尺寸约为5μm×2μm;激光焊接SLM构件的焊缝组织主要由奥氏体柱状晶及奥氏体柱状晶之间的共晶组织构成,柱状晶的平均尺寸约为25μm×5μm;焊缝区显微硬度均值约282 HV,是SLM母材均值335 HV的84.2%;不同厚度焊接试样的抗拉强度为970~983 MPa(均达到SLM母材95%以上),伸长率为20.2%~22.6%(为SLM母材65%以上);固溶+时效处理后,焊接试样抗拉强度均值为1412 MPa(约为SLM母材的98.9%),伸长率均值为13.5%(约为SLM母材的93.7%),与未热处理相比,SLM母材和焊缝显微硬度值分别提高了55.2%和77.3%。     

超薄Inconel 625激光焊接接头组织与性能

采用YAG脉冲激光对0.2 mm厚Inconel 625薄板进行对接焊试验,研究了焊接电流、脉宽、焊接速度对焊缝宏观形貌、组织及性能的影响。结果表明,以氩气为保护气,采用YAG脉冲激光焊,在焊接电流65 A、脉宽3.0 ms、焊接速度150 mm/min时,可以获得较好质量焊缝。焊接接头显微组织由焊缝中心区的等轴晶和熔合线附近的柱状晶组成,热影响区晶粒基本没有变化。焊接接头抗拉强度可达母材的96.4%,拉伸断裂于熔合线附近,微观断口特征显示断口处分布有较多而相对较浅的等轴韧窝并伴有少量的撕裂带。焊缝区显微硬度相比母材区略有提高。     

超弹性NiTi记忆合金丝激光焊接接头组织与性能研究

采用脉冲激光焊对Ti-56.04at%Ni合金细丝进行激光焊接研究,对比分析接头与母材的显微组织、断口形貌、耐蚀性、形变恢复率及应力-应变曲线的变化。结果表明:当NiTi合金用做功能材料时,激光焊接是可取的;激光焊接接头熔化区由树枝晶组成,热影响区为柱状晶,母材部分为细小等轴晶;激光焊接接头耐蚀性比母材好;焊接接头的恢复率可达母材的92%;接头抗拉强度可达母材的84%,接头的断裂位置在热影响区,激光焊接接头与母材均为韧性断裂。     

选区激光熔化成形Inconel 738合金裂纹形成机理及各向异性

采用SEM、EBSD、DSC、XRD和万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究了SLM成形过程中Inconel 738合金裂纹形成机理、组织各向异性以及对力学性能的影响。研究表明,Inconel 738合金在SLM成形过程中奥氏体 相中主要析出 相和MC型碳化物,其凝固过程为L→ → +MC→ + +MC;低熔点 + 共晶组织经再次受热液化形成裂纹源,在残余拉应力的作用下扩展形成微裂纹;同时,微裂纹周围的残余应力均匀分布,微裂纹起始附近的晶粒取向差高于未产生微裂纹的位置;此外,XY面上的微裂纹方向垂直于激光扫描方向,XZ面上的微裂纹方向平行于Z轴;SLM成形Inconel 738合金的择优取向与最大温度梯度有关,在XY和XZ面上晶体均表现出强<100>取向;沿XY和XZ方向的SLM成形试样力学性能均高于精铸试样,且XZ方向的强度高于XY方向,而延伸率小于XY方向。     

EFFECT OF CARBON MIGRATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES OF Cr5Mo DISSIMILAR WELDED JOINTS WITH Ni-BASED AND AUSTENITIC WELD METAL

In this paper, the effect of carbon migration on creep properties of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Ni-based (Inconel 182) and Cr23Ni13 (A302) austenitic weld metal was investigated. Carbon migration near the weld metal/ferritic steel interface of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints was analyzed by aging method. Local creep deformations of the dissimilar welded joints were measured by a long-term local creep deformation measuring technique. The creep rupture testing was performed for Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with Inconel 182 and A302 weld metal. The research results show that the maximum creep strain rate occurs in the decarburized zone located on heat affect zone (HAZ) of Cr5Mo ferritic steel. The creep rupture life of Cr5Mo dissimilar welded joints with A302 weld metal decreases due to carbon migration and is about 50％ of that welded with Inconel 182 weld metal.     

Ti-6Al-4V合金双光束激光焊接T形接头拉伸过程特征

采用双侧同步激光焊接的方法获得Ti-6Al-4V合金T形接头，借助红外热成像的方法，研究激光焊接T形接头拉伸过程中典型缺陷如咬边、未熔合、气孔等的影响及特征. 结果表明，拉伸过程中温度的升高虽然出现在两侧蒙皮母材中，但随着变形量的增加，接头咬边处的应力集中效应凸显，温度也在该区域出现了大幅上升，塑性变形增大，并最终在此处发生断裂. 未熔合及气孔缺陷一般处于硬化区中部，不影响该区域的强化作用，温度的大幅增加仍位于蒙皮一侧母材处，最终在温度最高点处发生断裂.     

AM60变形镁合金薄板激光焊接接头的组织与性能

以AM60变形镁合金薄板为研究对象，分析C02激光焊后接头的组织和性能，探讨镁合金激光焊接的工艺特点。结果表明：在合适的工艺参数下，能获得表面成型良好、变形小的焊接接头。金相观察分析发现接头中热影响区不明显，焊缝区组织致密，晶粒细小，晶界上均匀分布着脆性相（Mg17A112），但内部易产生气孔、裂纹等微观缺陷。硬度测试结果显示，焊缝硬度略高，母材和热影响区硬度相当。在本实验条件下采用C02激光焊能实现AM60镁合金的焊接，抗拉强度可达母材的94％，断口表现为混合断裂。     

低活化铁素体/马氏体钢厚板光纤激光焊接接头组织及力学性能分析

针对核聚变反应堆试验包层模块(TBM)中使用的CLF-1低活化铁素体/马氏体钢进行焊接试验,采用15 kW光纤激光,实现了17.5 mm厚CLF-1钢的穿透焊接,得到了正反表面成形良好、无明显缺陷的焊接接头,并对接头显微组织及力学性能进行了分析研究. 结果表明,焊缝区主要为粗大的板条马氏体;熔合线附近热影响区为细小的板条马氏体和少量贝氏体;不完全淬火区为经焊接热循环作用下二次回火的回火索氏体及马氏体双相组织;接头室温及550 ℃高温抗拉强度较高,均断裂于母材;焊缝显微硬度高于母材,且热影响区无明显软化;接头冲击韧性良好. 接头综合力学性能良好.     

Experimental Investigation on the LCF Behavior Affected by Manufacturing Defects and Creep Damage of One Selective Laser Melting Nickel-Based Superalloy at 815℃

Uniaxial tensile tests and stress-controlled low-cycle fatigue(LCF) and creep-fatigue interaction(CFI) tests of Inconel 625 alloy manufactured by selective laser melting(SLM) were performed at 815℃ in air environments.The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy after testing.The results confirmed that significant embrittlement and large scatter in LCF life are resulted from manufacturing defects.The CFI life is decreased sharply to approximately dozens of cycles with the accumulated creep strain;however,the selected dwell time(i.e.,60 s and 300 s)exhibits low sensitivity to the fracture time and elongation to failure.The embrittlement of SLM Inconel 625 was proposed to be due to the low grain uniformity and precipitation of carbides at the grain boundaries.Due to the quality of the SLM process,the accelerated initiation and propagation of fatigue crack are caused by the present unmelted powder particles,which result in the large dispersion of LCF life.Meanwhile,due to the accumulation of creep damage,cracks in the CFI test are initiated along the grain boundaries and then linked together,contributing to a significant decline in fatigue life.     

油气工程用Inconel 718合金激光焊接头的氢脆行为

采用激光焊接工艺,对油气工程用4 mm厚经1030 ℃×2 h固溶+780 ℃×8 h时效和1030 ℃×2 h固溶+780 ℃×16 h时效两种热处理后的Inconel 718合金进行激光焊接,结合微观组织分析、拉伸性能分析和断口形貌分析,对合金母材及激光焊接头在原位充氢条件下的氢脆行为进行了研究。结果表明:长时间时效导致δ相大量析出,使合金母材的氢脆敏感性指数从正常时效态的0.27提高到过时效态的0.48。激光焊接头整体的氢脆敏感性没有受焊前热处理的影响,分别为0.39和0.38;由于焊缝内Laves相的析出,导致激光焊接头的氢脆敏感性高于正常时效态的母材。     

Observation of type IV cracking in welded joints of high chromium ferritic heat resistant steels

Abstract

Type IV cracking in welded joints of high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels at 923 K is investigated in the present study. First, internal pressure creep tests were performed to investigate the features of cracking at 923 K and at stresses of 108–167 MPa. Results showed that at low stresses cracks occurred in the fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ), showing low deformation, a vast amount of creep voids and short creep life: these were identified to be type IV cracks. However, as the stress was increased the crack locations moved further away from the fusion line, the creep void area density decreased, and the slope of the main crack ratio curve increased. At high stress, cracks occurred in the base metal and were identified to be normal cracks. Second, creep tests were carried out on one pass welded specimens to clarify the relationship between the creep property deterioration in the FGHAZ and the weld thermal cycle. Type IV cracking was repeated successfully and results showed good correspondence with the position of cracks among the softened region, the highest creep void area density and the fracture location. Both internally pressurised and one pass welded specimens showed that at low stress the FGHAZ was the weak zone and creep voids played an important role in type IV cracking.     

TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢激光焊接头裂纹分析及防止措施

采用激光焊对TiNi形状记忆合金与不锈钢异种材料进行焊接,用扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了TiNi合金/不锈钢接头裂纹及断口特征,分析了焊缝裂纹的形成机理,并提出了防止裂纹的措施.结果表明,裂纹多以微裂纹的形式出现于焊缝中心和TiNi合金侧熔合区.焊缝中存在大量的脆性化合物是产生裂纹的内在原因,接头受到拉伸应力是产生裂纹的必要条件,焊缝裂纹是二者共同作用的结果.通过焊接区加镍和钴中间层材料、改变激光光斑位置、焊接区施加轴向力及优化激光焊接参数的方法均能在一定程度上改善焊缝金属的裂纹敏感性,其中加金属中间层效果更为明显,加镍和钴中间层后,接头抗拉强度分别达到372和347 MPa,比未加中间层的接头的抗拉强度分别提高98.9%和85.6%.     

Microstructure and creep strength of welds in advanced ferritic power plant steels

Abstract

The microstructure and creep strength of simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens and welded joints have been investigated for advanced 9-12%Cr steels in order to understand the mechanisms responsible for Type IV cracks and to improve the creep strength of welded joints at high temperature. The creep and creep rupture tests were carried out at 650° C (923 K) for up to about 10⁴ h. The creep crack growth tests were also carried out for welded joints, base metal and simulated HAZ specimens using the CT specimens. The creep rupture time of simulated HAZ specimens has its minimum after heating to A_C3 temperature, which produces fine-grained martensitic microstructure. Decreasing the width of HAZ by means of electron beam (EB) welding is effective for the extension of creep life but the brittle Type IV fracture appears even in the EB welded joints at low stress and long time conditions. Most of the welded joint specimens were fractured in fine-grained HAZ and resulted in shorter creep life than those of base metals as a result of the formation of creep voids and cracks. It should also be noted that in the fine-grained zone, the recovery of martensitic microstructure during creep is inhomogeneous as shown by the formation of coarse subgrains in the region of fine subgrains. Using a specially designed FEM code for Type IV crack growth behaviour, the vacancy diffusion under multi-axial stress conditions of welded joints in HAZ is analysed. The effect of creep ductility and void formation ahead of the crack tip on creep crack growth rate is successfully simulated.