Untersuchung verschiedener Schweißverfahren für die Nickel-Basislegierung NiMo 16 Cr 16 Ti

Investigation of Different Welding Processes with Nickel-Alloy NiMo 16 Cr 16 TI The overall favourable corrosion resistance of the nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy NiMo 16Cr 16 Ti against attack by powerful oxidizing acids ensures a wide field of applications for this material. The alloy is readily processable using encased rod electrodes and shielded are welding. However, shielded arc welding should be given preference, as there are considerable differences in the analytical results between smelted welded material from encased rod electrodes and bright rods and wires. The different welded materials influence the corrosion resistance and the possibilities of forging welded constructions.     

Simulationsuntersuchungen der Wärmeeinflußzonen von Schweißverbindungen der Legierung Hastelloy B-2

Simulated Heat-Affected Zone Studies of Hastelloy B-2 Gleeble studies show that as-welded HAZ corrosion resistance of a low carbon nickel-molybdenum alloy can be preserved by using gasshielded-arc or covered electrode welding. A heat-affected zone study was conducted on a low carbon, nickel-molybdenum, corrosion resistant alloy, commercially known as Hastelloy alloy B-2. Six different production heats were thermally cycled with the Gleeble apparatus to 1300 °C (2372 °F) under several conditions to simulate the heat-affected zones produced by a number of different welding processes. Specimens were subsequently tested in boiling 10% HCl and in 20% HCl at 150 °C (302 °F) in an autoclave. Most of the corrosion penetration measurements were found to be less than the maximum allowable limits, reaffirming that the as-welded heat-affected zone corrosion resistance of alloy B-2 can be preserved when welding is accomplished with the recommended shielded metal rec, gas tungsten arc, and gas metal arc processes.     

Precipitation of NiMo in a Ni-Mo base alloy

A study, using electron microscopy and diffraction techniques, was made to characterize a minor second phase present in a corrosion resistant Ni-Mo base alloy (Hastelloy alloy B containing 27.8 wt% Mo and less than 0.002 wt% C. The effect of second phase distribution in the microstructure on tensile properties and corrosion resistance was determined. The only second phase that could be identified by electron diffraction was found to be the intermetallic NiMo phase. It was found that during aging of previously solution treated material, selected grain boundary segments migrate and leave behind NiMo particles. This grain boundary reaction was found to have no detrimental effect on ductility and corrosion resistance.     

Effect of strain rate and temperature on strain hardening behavior of a dissimilar joint between Ti–6Al–4V and Ti17 alloys

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of strain rate and temperature on the tensile properties, strain hardening behavior, strain rate sensitivity, and fracture characteristics of electron beam welded (EBWed) dissimilar joints between Ti–6Al–4V and Ti17 (Ti–5Al–4Mo–4Cr–2Sn–2Zr) titanium alloys. The welding led to significant microstructural changes across the joint, with hexagonal close-packed martensite (α′) and orthorhombic martensite (α″) in the fusion zone (FZ), α′ in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) on the Ti–6Al–4V side, and coarse β in the HAZ on the Ti17 side. A distinctive asymmetrical hardness profile across the dissimilar joint was observed with the highest hardness in the FZ and a lower hardness on the Ti–6Al–4V side than on the Ti17 side, where a soft zone was present. Despite a slight reduction in ductility, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joints lay in-between the two base metals (BMs) of Ti–6Al–4V and Ti17, with the Ti17 alloy having a higher strength. While the YS, UTS, and Voce stress of the joints increased, both hardening capacity and strain hardening exponent decreased with increasing strain rate or decreasing temperature. Stage III hardening occurred in the joints after yielding. The hardening rate was strongly dependent on the strain rate and temperature. As the strain rate increased or temperature decreased, the strain hardening rate increased at a given true stress. The strain rate sensitivity evaluated via both common approach and Lindholm approach was observed to decrease with increasing true strain. The welded joints basically failed in the Ti–6Al–4V BM near the HAZ, and the fracture surfaces exhibited dimple fracture characteristics at different temperatures.     

浓硫酸中304不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀行为的电化学研究

为了给应用于浓硫酸工业生产的304不锈钢管道的防护提供指导,采用电化学阻抗谱法与动电位扫描法研究了304不锈钢焊接接头各个区域在质量分数为98%的浓硫酸中不同温度下的腐蚀行为。结果表明:304不锈钢焊接接头在浓硫酸中的腐蚀形式以点蚀为主。在相同条件的浓硫酸介质中,焊接接头各区域耐蚀性优劣依次为:基材、焊缝、热影响区,焊接过程对不锈钢的腐蚀起到促进作用。随着硫酸介质温度的逐渐升高,基材的钝化膜比较稳定,而焊缝与热影响区的钝化膜会发生破裂;并且各区域的自腐蚀电流与腐蚀速率会逐渐增大,耐腐蚀性逐渐下降。     

Carbide precipitates and mechanical properties of medium Mn steel joint with metal inert gas welding

Medium Mn steel was metal inert gas(MIG)welded with NiCrMo-3 and 307Si filler wires.The effect of filler wires on the microstructure and mechanical properties of joint was investigated,and the carbide precipitates were contrastively discussed.The results revealed that the microstructure of weld metal,heat-affected zone and base metal are austenite.Obvious grain coarsening occurred in the heat-affected zone(HAZ),and the maximum grain size grew up to 160 pm.In HAZ,C and Cr segregated at grain boundaries,the carbides was identified as Cr7C3.The dispersive(Nb,Mo)C phase was also found in weld metal with NiCrMo-3 filler wire.All the welded joints failed in HAZ during tensile tests.The tensile strength of welded joint with NiCrMo-3 filler wire was 675 MPa,which is much higher than that with 307Si filler wire.In comparison to base metal,higher microhardness and lower impact toughness were obtained in HAZ for these two welded joints,which was attributed to the precipitation of Cr7C3 phase and grain coarsening.The impact toughness around the fusion line is the worst for these two welded joints.     

哈氏C-276合金与16MnR钢在盐酸中的电偶腐蚀行为

石化厂急冷塔中的哈氏C-276合金和16MnR钢易形成电偶对,在塔中HCl气氛下发生腐蚀。测定了哈氏C-276合金与16MnR钢在10%盐酸中的自腐蚀速率、电偶腐蚀速率和稳态极化曲线,探讨了偶接时间、阴阳极面积比、环境温度及腐蚀液流速对阳极电流密度的影响。结果表明:2种金属偶接后,阴极哈氏C-276合金腐蚀速率得到抑制,阳极16MnR钢腐蚀速率急剧增大;2种金属自腐蚀电位相差超过200 mV,电偶电位接近16MnR钢的自腐蚀电位;随偶接时间延长,电偶电流不断衰减,24 h后趋于稳定;阳极电流密度随阴阳极面积比增大、温度升高而增大,但呈非线性增长,一定程度后增长趋势变缓;流动的腐蚀液中的阳极电流密度大于静止腐蚀液中的。     

Die Bedeutung der Werkstoffauswahl für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Chemieapparaten Auswahlkriterien und Prüfverfahren

Materials selection and service properties of chemical plants – criteria of selection and testing methods . Materials selection and technical design – operating temperature and limit of stress – corrosion and abrasion resistance – corrosion testing methods – testing of corrosion behavior of welded joints.     

Mikrostrukturelle,mechanische und korrosive Eigenschaften reibrührgeschweißter Stumpfnähte in Aluminiumlegierungen

Microstructural, mechanical and corrosive properties of friction stir welded aluminium joints Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid state welding process. It allows joining of high strength aluminum alloys, generally considered as difficult-to-weld with conventional technologies, without loss in joint strength. Results of investigations on selfmade FSW butt joints of the aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and 6013-T4 are presented. First, the microstructure of the weld seam and heat affected zone is characterised metallographically and by hardness measurements. By tensile, fatigue endurance (SN) and fatigue crack propagation tests it is demonstrated, that especially the FSW-joints of 2024–T3 sustain high mechanical loadings. Investigations on the corrosion properties reveal a certain sensitivity of the 2024-T3 joints to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion.     

X70大变形管环焊接头及断裂机制研究

目的基于应变设计大变形管线环焊接头热影响区的软化问题,解决制约管线安装质量和服役寿命等难题。方法通过显微硬度测试、微观组织分析,研究了X70大变形管接头热影响区的软化原因,并利用数字相关法研究了焊接接头拉伸过程中的断裂机制,还对焊接接头热影响区进行了激光增强探索。结果 X70焊接接头热影响区粗晶区的最大硬度损失达HV0.239;软化区最大应变达到37%以上;经过热影响区激光重熔后,X70钢焊接接头抗拉强度可提高10%以上,断裂位置均位于母材。结论 X70焊接接头热影响区粗晶区存在明显的软化;拉伸过程中在软化区出现了明显的应变集中,是X70焊接接头断裂于近缝区的主要原因;焊接接头热影响区粗晶区粗大的粒状贝氏体和铁素体导致了焊接接头热影响区的软化。     

Effect of the welding mode and filler content on the structure of microalloyed Nb/Ti steel weldments

We describe the changes in the proportions of some microconstituents in the structure of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone and analyze the mechanical and technological properties of the welded joints of high-strength microalloyed Nb/Ti steel made by the E-process and MAG-process of welding with modification of the composition of the filler and welding parameters. The influence of different structures of the filler material and welding parameters on the microstructures of the HAZ and weld metal is studied with an aim to explain the changes in the mechanical and technological properties of the welded joints of microalloyed Nb/Ti steel.     

超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的分析超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊成形后接头的组织及耐蚀性的作用效果。方法采用超声冲击设备对2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头表面进行超声冲击处理,并对超声冲击前后接头的显微组织、显微硬度以及耐腐蚀性能进行了分析。结果经过超声冲击处理后的铝合金接头上表面会产生一层塑性变形层,并且塑性层内位错密度增大,使表层金属得到一定程度的加工硬化,促使冲击后接头各区域的表面硬度明显提高,冲击后接头热机械影响区和热影响区硬度提高达60%以上;腐蚀浸泡试验发现,超声冲击后接头的点腐蚀程度较超声冲击前明显减缓,腐蚀速率约是冲击前的1/2。结论超声冲击有效改善了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头区域材料过时效的软化现象,并且有效改善了接头的抗腐蚀性能。     

Entwicklungstendenzen bei korrosionsbeständigen hochwarmfesten Werkstoffen und ihre schweißtechnische Verarbeitung

Trends of corrosion resistant high-temperature resistant materials and their welding processing High-temperature resistant materials and their joints have to show sufficient mechanical characteristics and good corrosion resistance at temperatures above 500°C during a longer period. This applies also to the Ni-Fe-Cr-alloy Nicrofer 3718 – alloy 330 (material No. 1.4864) which is used primarily in furnace building in connection with the filler metal Thermanit Nicro 82 (material No. 2.4806). Occurring damages on such welded joints show that it is insufficient to determine the seam characteristics only immediately after welding. Rather it is necessary to consider the later processing and operating conditions of the component and to simulate them in an appropriate way at the welding seams during the investigations.     

BT20钛合金激光焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

对BT20钛合金及其激光焊接接头的断裂韧性进行了研究.同时分析了合金及激光焊接接头的硬度分布及显微组织.断裂实验表明,除了一个焊接接头紧凑拉伸(CT)试样是脆性启裂外,其它CT试样均在裂纹延性启裂并缓慢扩展后,发生脆性失稳断裂.母材的断裂韧性明显高于焊接接头,轧制方向对母材断裂韧性的影响不明显.焊接热影响区的断裂韧性介于母材和焊缝金属之间.本研究采用的焊后热处理没有改善焊接接头的断裂韧性,还有进一步恶化的趋势.添加活性剂对焊缝金属的断裂韧性没有明显作用,但对延性裂纹扩展长度有所改善.     

16MnR钢激光冲击工艺及对焊接结构应力腐蚀性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

对16MnR母材进行激光冲击工艺实验,获得优化的激光冲击工艺参数。对激光-MAG复合焊焊接接头进行表面处理,分析接头激光冲击前后状态的残余应力分布及抗应力腐蚀性能变化。结果表明:对16MnR钢平板经激光冲击处理后,在材料表面最大可引入475μm厚度的塑性变形层,并同时引入-593 MPa的压应力分布。采用优化激光冲击工艺对16MnR钢焊接接头进行表面处理后,可有效减小焊接接头表面的残余拉应力分布。在3.5%NaCl(质量分数)条件下对激光冲击处理前后的接头试样进行慢应变速率应力腐蚀实验,发现激光冲击处理前后16MnR钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀敏感指数I_(SSRT)分别为0.106和0.104,表明激光冲击可以提高接头的抗应力腐蚀能力。     

SiC/SiC-哈氏合金异质连接机制及其氟熔盐腐蚀特性分析

以Cu-2.67Ni钎料, 采用钎焊工艺获得了SiC/SiC复合材料-哈氏合金异质接头, 并研究了其在800 ℃的FLiNaK熔盐中的腐蚀行为。利用不同手段表征了接头微观结构和氟熔盐腐蚀行为。结果表明, Ni、Cr、Mo等合金元素以及SiC中的Si元素发生互扩散。Cr元素替代Ni元素, 在焊料-复合材料界面富集并形成不连续碳化物层。高温钎焊加速Ni扩散并侵蚀SiC, 低温钎焊导致焊料熔融不充分。钎焊过程中的元素扩散改变了哈氏合金的组成,导致其耐腐蚀性能恶化。Cr与Si的选择性溶出导致钎焊接头及合金的腐蚀损伤, 这与热力学计算结果一致。     

Characterization of microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR

The joint of dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR low alloy high strength steel are welded by tungsten inert gas arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) respectively. The microstructures of welded joints are investigated using scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The relationship between mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and microstructure of welded joints is evaluated. Results indicate that there are a decarburized layer and an unmixed zone close to the fusion line. It is also indicated that, austenite and acicular ferrite structures distribute uniformly in the weld metal, which is advantageous for better toughness and ductility of joints. Mechanical properties of joints welded by the two kinds of welding technology are satisfied. However, the corrosion resistance of the weldment produced by GTAW is superior to that by SMAW in chloride solution. Based on the present work, it is concluded that GTAW is the suitable welding procedure for joining dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR.     

Analysis of the events of failures of pipelines made of austenitic steel in nuclear power-generating industry

On the basis of the experience of long-term operation of nuclear power plants with RBMK (high-power channel reactors) and water-cooled water-moderated reactors, we analyze the events of failures of pipelines made of Kh18N10T steel. It is shown that the main mechanism of failures of welded joints in pipelines made of this type of steel is intercrystalline corrosion cracking. As the causes of the appearance of defects of this sort, one can mention the joint action of high levels of stresses, significant amounts of oxygen in the heat carrier, and sensitization of steel in the heat-affected zone of welded joints in pipelines. We propose compensating measures aimed at decreasing the negative effect of intercrystalline corrosion cracking in the process of operation. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 46–55, July–August, 2006.     

Abnormal distribution of microhardness in tungsten inert gas arc butt-welded AZ61 magnesium alloy plates

In this study, the effects of heat input on the distribution of microhardness of tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welded hot-extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy joints were investigated. The results show that with an increase of heat input, the distributions of microhardness at the top and bottom of the welded joints are different because they are determined by both the effect of grain coarsening and the effect of dispersion strengthening. With an increase of the heat input, the microhardness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) at the top and bottom of welded joints and the fusion zone (FZ) at the bottom of welded joints decreased gradually, while the microhardness of the FZ at the top of welded joints decreased initially and then increased sharply. The reason for the abnormal distribution of microhardness of the FZ at the top of the welded joints is that this area is close to the heat source during welding and then large numbers of hard β-Mg₁₇(Al,Zn)₁₂ particles are precipitated. Hence, in this case, the effect of dispersion strengthening dominated the microhardness.     

Mikrostruktur und mechanische Eigenschaften der reibgeschweißten γ‐TiAl‐Feingusslegierung Ti‐47Al‐3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)‐0.8(B+Si)

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded γ‐TiAl based alloy Ti‐47Al‐3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)‐0.8(B+Si) in investment cast condition. This paper describes properties of joints produced by friction welding of the intermetallic γ‐TiAl based alloy Ti‐47Al‐3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)‐0.8(B+Si) in investment cast and hot‐isostatically pressed condition. The effect of friction welding parameters on microstructure and local properties are examined and discussed. It is found that the properties of the joint are essentially affected by properties of as‐cast Ti‐47Al‐3.5(Mn+Cr+Nb)‐0.8(B+Si) base material, both at room temperature and 700 °C.