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弥散燃料与弥散可燃毒物由于具有双重非均匀性,采用传统体积均匀化方法(VHM)会带来较大的计算偏差。反应性等效物理转换(RPT)方法被应用于含弥散燃料的双重非均匀系统,具有方法简单且计算精度较高的特点。本文首先对传统RPT方法和改进RPT(IRPT)方法进行了分析和验证,结果表明,这2种方法对于含有弥散可燃毒物的双重非均匀系统燃耗过程中依然存在相对较大的计算偏差;然后提出环形RPT(RRPT)方法和2步环形RPT(TRRPT)方法分别用于处理含单一颗粒类型和含2种颗粒类型的双重非均匀系统,通过含不同类型可燃毒物的算例验证并与蒙卡颗粒模型基准解对比可知,本文提出的RRPT方法和TRRPT方法可用于处理含弥散燃料和弥散可燃毒物的双重非均匀系统,相比传统方法具有更高计算精度和更广适用范围。 相似文献
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弥散颗粒燃料及可燃毒物由于其固有安全性及自屏效应而被广泛关注,但其双重非均匀性为中子学计算带来挑战。为了研究弥散颗粒系统的双重非均匀性大小,评价体积均匀化方法的适用性,本文针对弥散不同类型、不同相体积、不同颗粒尺寸的颗粒以及不同富集度燃料基体的栅元系统进行了分析,评价栅元系统的颗粒模型与体积均匀化模型在零燃耗下的反应性偏差。分析结果显示,对于弥散燃料颗粒,体积均匀化方法的计算偏差随弥散颗粒尺寸的增加、燃料富集度的增加、以及弥散颗粒相体积的减小而增大;对于弥散可燃毒物颗粒,体积均匀化方法的计算偏差随弥散颗粒的颗粒尺寸的增加、基体燃料富集度的减小、弥散颗粒相体积的增加、以及弥散颗粒吸收截面的增大而增大。同时本文给出了弥散颗粒的双重非均匀性大小的大致顺序,针对双重非均匀性最小和最大的两种毒物颗粒也进行了详细分析,给出了是否需要考虑其双重非均匀性的大致判定条件,为弥散颗粒系统的数值计算提供指导。 相似文献
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弥散颗粒燃料元件中燃料颗粒以随机形式弥散在基体中,难以获得确定几何。同时由于共振自屏现象的存在,呈现出一种双重非均匀系统。当前均匀系统产生的共振积分在双重非均匀系统中使用时,会在较低的共振能群产生一定的共振计算误差。为满足现有组件计算程序直接进行双重非均匀性共振计算的需求。基于Sanchez-Pomraning模型下的特征线固定源计算方法,建立一套双重非均匀共振积分表,最后结合子群方法实现随机介质燃料元件的共振计算。数值结果表明,考虑双重非均匀性产生的积分表,在相同的输运条件下和积分表的适用范围内,由子群共振部分对keff计算带来的绝对偏差能保持在200 pcm内。该工作的意义是对于一些不宜改动的传统组件程序,如HELIOS,通过在线修改共振积分表和子群参数,从而使其直接进行弥散颗粒燃料问题的计算成为可能。 相似文献
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为明确未来高性能压水堆(PWR)可采用的耐事故燃料(ATF)元件设计方案,本研究采用燃料性能、核设计、反应堆热工安全的适用分析方法,从安全性、经济性和燃料性能等方面对几种潜在的ATF设计方案进行综合分析。结果表明:采用SiC复合包壳+高铀密度燃料的方案较好;由于高铀密度燃料(包括UN、U3Si2及UN-U3Si2复合燃料)各自均具有鲜明的特点,其中UN-U3Si2复合燃料在理论上可以成为高铀密度燃料的一大特色,但从中子经济性的角度考虑需要将UN中15N进行富集,而目前的富集技术将大大提高该型燃料的制造成本。因此本研究建议高性能PWR的ATF燃料元件设计宜选择SiC复合包壳+U3Si2燃料的设计方案。 相似文献
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2011年日本福岛核事故后,燃料包壳表面涂层技术成为耐事故燃料研发的主要方向之一。国内外对此开展了大量的研究工作。经过10年多的技术探索,Cr涂层包壳从众多涂层方案中脱颖而出,已成为涂层包壳研发主要技术路线。目前国际上Cr涂层包壳技术已完成了制备工艺、性能评价及设计准则等研究工作,进入了由技术研发到工程应用的重要转型阶段。梳理国外的研发经验可为我国的Cr涂层研究提供参考。法国和美国在Cr涂层包壳研发中开展了大量的堆内外试验,在工程应用上取得了实质性的突破。因此,本文系统梳理了到目前为止法国和美国在Cr涂层研发方面主要研究内容、研究方法及其未来规划。 相似文献
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FeCrAl合金具有良好的抗高温氧化和力学性能,能够作为燃料包壳材料。为研究FeCrAl合金的辐照力学性能,开展了不同元素成分含量和2×1019 cm?2、8×1019 cm?2 2种中子注量辐照下的FeCrAl合金力学性能试验,并在室温和380℃下测试了FeCrAl合金的拉伸性能,获得了不同Cr和Al含量FeCrAl合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度,并研究了Al含量、Cr/Al含量配比及中子辐照对FeCrAl合金力学性能的影响。研究表明,FeCrAl合金强度随着Al含量增加大致呈增加趋势;经2×1019 cm?2中子辐照后,FeCrAl合金强度有较大提升;再经8×1019 cm?2中子辐照后,FeCrAl合金强度升高不明显。该研究结果为耐事故燃料(ATF)包壳材料的研发选型提供了重要的数据支撑。 相似文献
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全陶瓷微密封(FCM)燃料是一种弥散颗粒燃料。由于弥散颗粒燃料存在双重非均匀性,传统的确定论方法及蒙特卡罗方法皆难以处理这种双重非均匀效应以获得有效多群截面。本文基于超细群方法建立FCM燃料的有效多群截面计算方法。为描述燃料棒内TRISO颗粒的非均匀性,在共振能量段,通过采用超细群方法求解包含TRISO颗粒的一维球模型得到超细群缺陷因子,通过超细群缺陷因子修正所有核素的超细群截面即可将颗粒和基质均匀化。由于TRISO颗粒在热能区也存在较强的自屏效应,在热能区,利用穿透概率及碰撞概率等价得到多群缺陷因子,通过多群缺陷因子修正所有核素的多群截面将燃料和基质均匀化。均匀化后的FCM燃料组件即可视为普通压水堆燃料组件进行共振计算。利用丹可夫修正因子等价得到FCM燃料组件各燃料棒的等效一维棒模型,对一维棒模型求解超细群慢化方程从而得到共振能量段的有效自屏截面。数值结果表明,该方法能有效处理FCM燃料的双重非均匀性,得到精确的有效自屏截面。 相似文献
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全陶瓷微胶囊封装(FCM)燃料是重要的候选事故容错燃料,与传统燃料相比,FCM燃料的双重非均匀性使得其有效多群截面计算面临较大的挑战。本文提出一种改进的缺陷因子方法来处理FCM燃料在共振能区和非共振能区的自屏效应,实现FCM燃料的等效均匀化。通过颗粒丹可夫因子守恒来构建新的等效模型以克服传统的体积权重等效模型无法考虑燃料棒间自屏的影响;在共振能量段,基于新的等效一维球模型求解超细群慢化方程获得共振能量段的超细群缺陷因子;在非共振能量段,利用新等效模型的特征值计算获得快群和热群的多群缺陷因子;在此基础上实现FCM燃料棒的等效均匀化。本方法已在高保真中子学程序NECP-X上实现,并在一系列工况下进行了测试,与蒙特卡罗程序的比较表明,本方法能处理不同情况下的双重非均匀性,并可获得准确的有效自屏截面。 相似文献
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核能的广泛利用伴随着乏燃料的产生和累积,乏燃料后处理技术将乏燃料再循环利用受到重要推崇,但乏燃料后处理设施的安全是发展后处理技术的重要前提,后处理中的有机相着火事故作为后处理的设计基准事故之一,得到了国内外的重要关注。为分析后处理厂在有机相着火事故中,有机相的燃烧行为、放射性气溶胶的扩散和沉积、高效过滤器的性能等,美国、日本等国分别建立了实验设施并进行了有机相燃烧的实验研究。本文综合评述了国内外关于后处理厂有机相着火事故的试验技术方法和研究结果,提出了当前研究存在的问题以及未来有待进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
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Kyle Johnson Valter Ström Janne Wallenius Denise Adorno Lopes 《Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology》2017,54(3):280-286
In this study, the oxidation of various accident tolerant fuel candidates produced under different conditions have been evaluated and compared relative to the reference standard – UO2. The candidates considered in this study were UN, U3Si2, U3Si5, and a composite material composed of UN–U3Si2. With the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, it was possible to fabricate samples of UN with varying porosity, as well as a high-density composite of UN–U3Si2?(10%). Using thermogravimetry in air, the oxidation behaviors of each material and the various microstructures of UN were assessed. These results reveal that it is possible to fabricate UN to very high densities using the SPS method, such that its resistance to oxidation can be improved compared to U3Si5 and UO2, and compete favorably with the principal ATF candidates, U3Si2, which shows a particularly violent reaction under the conditions of this study, and the UN–U3Si2?(10%) composite. 相似文献
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板状燃料元件用于研究堆中表现出良好的辐照性能。通过对国内外一些使用板状燃料元件研究堆堵流事故实例的调研,发现板状燃料元件板间的栅距通常很小,堆芯冷却剂流道狭窄,堵流事故的发生大都由异物进入流道或燃料肿胀引起。选取中国先进研究堆(China Advanced Research Reactor,CARR)作为特征研究对象,采用RELAP5/MOD3.2热工计算程序,对CARR堆芯、堆本体、单盒组件、堆外冷却回路等进行了热工水力模拟计算,结果表明:当反应堆功率提升时,堵塞的流道内燃料组件温度上升,冷却剂开始发生沸腾,功率会发生明显波动。通过中子注量率与功率的监控以及燃料温度的分析,有助于及早探知和预防堵流事故的进一步发展扩大。 相似文献
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《Packaging, Transport, Storage and Security of Radioactive Material》2013,24(3):211-218
AbstractRecent studies on the long-term behaviour of high-burnup spent fuel have shown that, under normal conditions of storage, challenges to cladding integrity from various postulated damage mechanisms, such as delayed hydride cracking, stress-corrosion cracking and long-term creep, would not lead to any significant safety concerns during dry storage, and regulatory rules have subsequently been established to ensure that a compatible level of safety is maintained. However, similar regulatory rules have not yet been developed to address failures of fuel rod cladding that could potentially lead to reconfigured fuel geometry under hypothetical transport accidents. At issue is the effect on cladding ductility of potential changes in zirconium hydride morphology during dry storage. Recent studies have shown that above a certain level of cladding hoop stress, the decaying temperature history during dry storage can cause the hydrogen in solid solution to precipitate in the form of radial hydrides, which, depending on their relative concentration, can induce brittle failures in the cladding. From a US regulatory perspective such cladding failures, if they were to cause fuel reconfiguration, could invalidate the cask's criticality and shielding licensing analyses, which are based on coherent geometry. This paper describes a methodology for high-burnup spent fuel to determine the frequency of cladding failure and failure modes under drop accidents, considering end-of-storage spent fuel conditions. The degree to which spent fuel reconfiguration could occur during handling or transport accidents would depend to a large extent on the number of fuel rod failures and the type and geometry of the failure modes. Such information can only be developed analytically, as there are no direct experimental data that can provide guidance on the level of damage that can be expected. To this end, this paper focuses on the development of a methodology for modelling and analysis that deals with this general problem on a generic basis. First, consideration is given to defining accident loading that is equivalent to the bounding hypothetical transport accident of a 9 m drop onto an essentially unyielding surface. Second, an analytically robust material constitutive model, an essential element in a successful structural analysis, is required. A model of material behaviour, with embedded failure criteria, for cladding containing various concentrations of circumferentially and radially oriented hydrides has been developed and implemented in a finite-element code. The hydride precipitation model, which describes the hydride structure of the cladding at the end of dry storage, and the hydride-dependent properties of high-burnup fuel cladding form the main input to the constitutive model. The third element in the overall process is to utilise this material model and its host finite-element code in the structural analysis of a transport cask subjected to bounding accident loading to calculate fuel rod failures and failure mode configurations. This requires detailed modelling of the transport cask and its internal structure, which includes the canister, basket, fuel assembly grids and fuel rods. The overall methodology is described. 相似文献
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T. Nakamura K. Kusagaya M. Yoshinaga H. Uetsuka T. Yamashita 《Progress in Nuclear Energy》2001,38(3-4):379-382
Pulse irradiation tests of two types of rock-like oxide (ROX) fuel, i.e. yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and YSZ/Spinel composite, were conducted in the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor (NSRR) to investigate the fuel behavior under reactivity-initiated accident conditions. The ROX fuels failed with cladding burst at fuel volumetric enthalpies above 10 GJ m−3, which was comparable to that of UO2 fuel. The failure of the ROX fuels, however, occurred with considerable fuel melting and was quite different to that of UO2 fuel, which was caused by cladding melting and embrittlement due to heavy oxidation. Lower fuel melting temperature of the ROX fuels compared to that of UO2 contributed to the different fuel failure modes. Certain amount of molten ROX fuel dispersed out at the failure. However, the mechanical energy generation due to the molten fuel/water interaction was negligible for the ROX fuels at peak fuel enthalpies below 12 GJ m−3. 相似文献
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Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 36–40, July, 1990. 相似文献