低流速排放下气溶胶水洗模型

在发生核电厂严重事故时,乏池水洗作为放射性气溶胶去除的手段之一,应用于先进非能动压水堆中。为评估气溶胶水洗效果,本文建立了蒸汽冷凝、惯性碰撞、重力沉降、离心沉积和布朗扩散等典型气溶胶去除机制模型,同时考虑了可溶性气溶胶颗粒增大现象,采用FORTRAN语言实现了气溶胶水洗效果分析程序。通过构建LACE Espana实验装置分析模型,模拟了3种典型低流速工况,并开展了气溶胶粒径、蒸汽份额以及淹没深度等关键因素的影响分析。结果表明：水洗净化系数（DF）计算值与实验结果的符合程度合理,模型有效性得到初步验证;DF随气溶胶粒径、蒸汽份额以及淹没深度的增大而增大,可溶性气溶胶颗粒增大将显著提高DF。     

不同流型下气溶胶水洗效果影响因素实验研究

在核电厂严重事故下,安全壳内混合气体通过喷射器注入到乏燃料水池中以降低安全壳超压失效的风险,同时减少放射性向环境的释放。本文建立了气溶胶水洗去除实验装置,研究水池对气溶胶的去除机制。开展了不同流型下通过喷射器的混合气体质量流率对气溶胶水洗净化系数(DF)的影响以及蒸汽冷凝对气溶胶去除效果的影响。结果表明：在注入流型为射流的情况下,由于射流注入区液滴拦截和惯性碰撞去除机制的增强,导致DF随着质量流率的增大而增大;在注入流型为气泡流的情况下,上升区气溶胶去除占主要作用,随着质量流率增大,气泡上升速度增快,导致气泡在水池内运动时间减少,DF降低。同时,在蒸汽存在的情况下,气溶胶去除效果明显增强,蒸汽冷凝是气溶胶去除的主要机制。     

气溶胶水洗过滤效率实验研究

AP系列核电厂,在严重事故下采用乏池水洗作为应对安全壳超压失效的重要措施之一,能够显著减小放射性物质向环境的释放,因此,为了评估事故的放射性后果,有必要解明水洗现象和规律.本文建立了气溶胶水洗实验装置,使用TiO2作为模拟气溶胶,通过粒径谱仪测定了水洗前后的气溶胶浓度.实验分别研究了粒径、载气流量、淹没深度及不同鼓泡器...     

上升气泡内气溶胶沉降机理研究

气溶胶池洗过滤是反应堆严重事故中去除放射性源项的重要手段。本文以严重事故条件下上升气泡中气溶胶的滞留过程为背景,设计搭建了可视化单气泡鼓泡实验装置。通过该装置研究了气溶胶在上升气泡中的沉降效率,并与MELCOR中的气溶胶沉降模型计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,气溶胶沉降效率对气泡尺寸的变化较为敏感,当气体流量大于0.1 L/min时,气泡等效直径迅速增加,相应的气溶胶沉降效率快速降低;与MELCOR模型计算结果的对比表明,两者在总体趋势上呈现出较好的一致性,但计算结果低估了液相对气溶胶的实际去除能力,导致这种偏差的主要原因是气泡在上升过程中存在无规则的晃动以及气液界面的波动。     

液池内气溶胶对孔板鼓泡体积影响的实验研究

液池内的孔板鼓泡是安全壳内气体过滤排放过程中的重要现象。过滤过程中,孔板鼓泡体积直接影响气泡的上升速度与气液接触面积,因此是影响过滤器过滤效率的重要参数之一。随着过滤的进行,液池内滞留的气溶胶可能成为孔板鼓泡体积的影响因素之一。本文采用可视化实验,对含BaSO₄和TiO₂气溶胶液池内的孔板鼓泡过程进行研究,观察和分析孔板鼓泡体积的变化规律,进而获取气溶胶对孔板鼓泡体积的影响机制。研究表明,高温液池和TiO₂会使得生成气泡体积增加,添加BaSO₄的影响并不明显,实验还发现了生成气泡顶部含“小气腔”的情况,表面张力及“小气腔”的变化是气泡体积改变的主要机制。      

气溶胶滤材样品γ探测效率与测量源尺寸的关系

用22.5cm×45cm的聚丙烯滤材制备了一套含6种单能γ发射体(能量60～1116keV)的直径为30～110mm的八种圆片形测量源,分析其在6种HPGe探测器上的各能量的相对探测效率。实验显示各能量在各探测器上探测效率最高时的源直径在50～60mm之间。分析实验结果还发现:探测器晶体直径增大,测量源最佳直径也趋于增大;相对于高能射线而言,低能射线趋于选择直径稍小但厚一些的圆片测量源,但此趋势对平面型HPGe探测器不如同轴型HPGe探测器显著。用MCNP4B程序模拟计算上述不同尺寸的源在GEM60195-P探测器上分析时各相应能量的探测效率,探测效率最高的源尺寸结果和实验吻合。对同一探测器计算得到:本实验能量范围内,对20cm×25cm和45cm×45cm的滤材,测量源最佳直径分别为40～50mm和50～70mm。滤材面积增大,测量源最佳直径也增大。     

过冷度对蒸汽气泡破碎及微气泡喷射过程的影响

为研究过冷度对蒸汽气泡破碎及微气泡喷射过程的影响,利用高速摄像机记录不同过冷度下过冷池中蒸汽气泡凝结过程。实验结果表明:在低过冷度(ΔTsub=17K)下,蒸汽气泡界面波动发展缓慢,气泡不会破碎,而是逐渐分裂凝结;在高过冷度(40KΔTsub75K)下,蒸汽气泡表面上的波动剧烈发展,随后气泡会突然破碎,并形成大量微气泡;在ΔTsub=30K时,气泡突然破碎前会有小气泡分裂现象发生。40KΔTsub75K时气泡破碎形成的微气泡的直径和速度在量级上与气泡微细化沸腾区域的微气泡接近。随过冷度的升高,微气泡的直径减小,速度增加,且蒸汽气泡破碎前其表面上波动的波数迅速增加,波动的最大幅值先增加后减少。     

钠火气溶胶去除方法的研究

研究建立了中国实验快堆钠火气溶胶的去除方法。方法采用湿式除尘器与干式过滤器相结合的方法,建立了一套实验装置。当钠气溶胶入口浓度大于7mg/L时,湿式除尘器的净化效率大于85%,而总的净化效率为96%±2%;当钠气溶胶的入口浓度大于1mg/L而小于7mg/L时,湿式除尘器的净化效率大于74%,而总净化效率为87%±2%;当入口气溶胶浓度小于1 mg/L时,湿式除尘器的净化效率为40%,而总的净化效率只有50%左右。气溶胶经过净化后,通风系统的出口气溶胶浓度小于0.5 mg/L。文章还对气溶胶的行为做了一些初步的研究。     

晃荡对气泡上升运动影响的数值研究

海洋条件中风浪等因素会导致船舶上存在自由液面的容器产生剧烈的晃荡运动。为了分析晃荡条件下液体中的气泡行为特性,在计算流体动力学软件Fluent平台下运用流体体积函数法模型,对晃荡条件下气泡在液体中的上升过程进行数值模拟。计算结果显示,晃荡条件下气泡呈周期性摆动上升,并伴随着聚合与分离现象。分析表明,晃荡对气泡运动行为特性产生的影响不可忽视,剧烈的晃荡运动会影响气泡的脱离尺寸,在加速部分气泡分离的同时阻碍部分气泡的运动而导致气泡聚合;晃荡运动还会致使气泡在水平方向偏离比较大的位移。     

CT图像的体元大小对EGSnrc蒙特卡罗剂量计算的影响

目前的放射治疗计划系统采用经验或半经验常规剂量算法,计算得到的剂量分布不够精确,而蒙特卡罗剂量算法是一种精确的剂量计算方法,但其计算时间冗长问题最终影响临床的应用.本文基于一例病人头部电子计算机体层成像(Computer Tomography,CT)数据,应用EGSnrc(Electron Gamma Shower NRC,EGSnrc)蒙特卡罗程序,研究不同体元大小对剂量分布计算精度和计算时间等的影响.     

水浴除尘器对钠气溶胶除尘效率试验研究

本文介绍了中国实验快堆钠工艺间事故通风系统使用的水浴除尘器的结构、除尘原理,试验流程的设计等。通过试验研究测量了不同风量条件下水浴除尘器的除尘效率,分析了影响水浴除尘器除尘效率的因素。试验结果表明,水浴除尘器在特定条件下,对钠气溶胶除尘效率效果较好。该试验研究结果对快堆核电站除尘设备选择及除尘系统的设计有参考价值。     

气溶胶中210Bi对210Po测量结果推算的影响

气溶胶中²¹⁰Pb和²¹⁰Po两者之间浓度处于不平衡状态,被核素²¹⁰Bi隔开,²¹⁰Bi初始活度浓度往往未知,²¹⁰Po活度浓度较难推算到采样初始时刻的量值。本文从理论上分析了²¹⁰Bi对²¹⁰Po测量结果推算影响大小。大多实际情况空气中²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb比小于1,需要考虑空气中²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb的比值,需在一个月内对²¹⁰Bi进行快速测量,否则无法衡量采样时刻²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb的大小。建议在初始空气中²¹⁰Bi的活度浓度值未知的情况下,采取短时间采样、快速测量等措施以避免这种误差。     

气溶胶粒径分布对肺模型评价氡子体有效剂量的影响

剂量学近似方法常用于评估氡子体有效剂量。在回顾ICRP66号肺模型的基础上,计算分析了气溶胶粒径对肺部区域沉积份额的影响。在此基础上,计算讨论了气溶胶粒径分布对氡子体有效剂量转换系数的影响,结合粒径分布实验测量值,综述了典型环境下氡子体有效剂量转换系数同未结合态份额及结合态粒径分布的关系。     

Effect of impact angle and projectile size on sputtering efficiency of solid benzene investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to investigate the effect of the cluster size on the sputtering yield dependence on the impact angle. Ar₃₆₆ and Ar₂₉₅₃ cluster projectiles with 14.75 keV of incident energy are directed at the surface of a solid benzene crystal described by a coarse-grained representation at angles between 0° and 70°. It is observed that the shape of the angular dependence of sputtering efficiency is strongly affected by the cluster size. For the Ar₃₆₆ cluster, the sputtering yield only slightly increases with the impact angle, has a broad maximum around 40°, and decreases at larger angles. For the Ar₂₉₅₃ cluster, the yield strongly increases with the impact angle, has a maximum around 45° followed by a steep decrease at larger angles. For both investigated cluster projectiles the primary energy is deposited so close to the surface so that the sputtering efficiency only weekly benefits from the shift of the deposited energy profile toward the surface which occurs at larger impact angles. In this study, molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to probe the effect of the impact angle on the efficiency of ejection molecules emitted from solid benzene by 14.75 keV Ar₃₆₆ and Ar₂₉₅₃ clusters.     

Sensitivity analysis of bubble size and probe geometry on the measurements of interfacial area concentration in gas-liquid two-phase flow

Interfacial area concentration measurement is quite important in gas-liquid two-phase flow. To determine the accuracy of measurement of the interfacial area using electrical resistivity probes, numerical simulations of a passing bubble through sensors are carried out. The two-sensors method, the four-sensors method and the correlative method are tested and the effects of sensor spacing, bubble diameter and hitting angle of the bubbles on the accuracy of each measurement method are investigated. The results indicated that the two-sensors method is insensitive to the ratio between sensor spacing and bubble diameter, and hitting angle. It overestimates the interfacial area for small hitting angles while it gives a reasonable accuracy for smaller bubbles and large hitting angles. The four-sensors method gives accurate interfacial area measurements particularly for the larger bubble diameters and smaller hitting angles, while for smaller bubbles and larger hitting angles, the escape probability of bubbles through the sensors becomes large and the accuracy becomes worse. The correlative method gives an overall accuracy for interfacial area measurement. Particularly, it gives accurate measurements for larger bubbles and larger hitting angles while for smaller hitting angles, the spatial dependence of the correlation functions affects the accuracy.     

Curve fitting to defect size distributions for the calculation of failure probabilities

The imperfection size distribution of pipe welds reported by Raussi and Tiainen [1] is analysed. A lognormal distribution and a Weibull distribution are shown to be compatible with the data.     

Measurement and modeling of average void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area

The local void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area concentration for co-current air-water bubbly flow through a horizontal pipe of 50.3 mm internal diameter were investigated experimentally using the double-sensor resistivity probe method. The local and area-averaged void fractions and interfacial area concentrations were analyzed as a function of liquid and gas flow rates. These parameters were found to increase systematically with decreasing liquid flow and increasing gas flow. However, variations with the liquid flow were not as significant as with the gas flow. A consistent variation of the gas phase drift velocity and distribution parameter with the liquid flow rate was observed. It was demonstrated that presentation of the average void fraction in terms of flowing volumetric concentration was more appropriate for horizontal bubbly flow. Several bubble break-up mechanisms were discussed. It was concluded that average pressure fluctuations generated by the turbulent liquid fluctuations acting across a bubble diameter are the only mechanism which causes distortion of a bubble. Based on this force and the competing surface tension force, a theoretical model was developed for mean bubble size and interfacial area concentration. The theoretically predicted mean bubble size and interfacial area concentration were found to agree reasonably well with those measured by the double-sensor resistivity method.