压痕应变法测量残余应力的不确定度分析

压痕应变法是近期出现的一种非常有价值的(焊接)残余应力测量技术,它具有无损、快捷、精确、成本低等特点。采用该技术测量残余应力时的误差大小或不确定度分析是人们关注的问题之一。应用B类评定法对采用该技术测量Q345低合金钢中焊接残余应力的不确定度进行了详尽分析,结果表明,应力相对不确定度的大小主要决定于应变的绝对值,低应变情况下的相对不确定度主要由重复性试验的应变不确定度决定。一般情况下,应力的标准不确定度数值为20～30MPa。     

概率局部应力应变法

实际工程中的结构件往往具有多个不确定因素,包括材料、几何、载荷等。这些不确定因素导致构件的局部应力应变响应和疲劳寿命响应具有随机性。因此对低周疲劳分析中的局部应力应变法进行了概率分析。通过基本随机变量将诺伯法中的循环应力应变曲线(迟滞回线)和诺伯公式表示为概率曲线,基本随机变量反映了构件的不确定因素。通过建立近似拟合多项式的方法,求得局部应力应变的随机响应。将应变寿命曲线视为概率曲线,采用随机累积损伤理论,通过同样方法得到疲劳寿命的随机响应。算例表明结果与蒙特卡罗模拟的结果十分接近。该方法是一个简单有效的疲劳寿命概率分析方法。     

以应变电测量法测量复合材料板的残余应力

以应变电测技术和原理测量复合材料板的残余应力,为工程实际提供力学参数.在复合材料板电路板上粘贴电阻应变片,以切割机切割复合材料板,通过静、动态电阻应变仪测量复合材料板上各测点的残余应变值,通过弹性理论公式计算出各测点的残余应力值.得出了一些结论,对实验结果进行分析讨论.     

发动机铸铁气缸盖热处理前后的残余应力对比

采用压痕应变法、全释放应变法和深孔(DHD)法分别检测两种材料4种型号的发动机铸铁气缸盖在热处理前后的残余应力,分析了热处理消除气缸盖残余应力的效果。结果表明：通过压痕应变法和全释放应变法测得热处理前后气缸盖表面的残余应力基本为压应力,两种方法测得的残余应力水平相当,除3号气缸盖外,其余气缸盖热处理后的表面压应力峰值基本没有下降;通过DHD法测得气缸盖深度方向存在拉应力,热处理工艺没有降低气缸盖深度方向的拉应力峰值;3号气缸盖可以采用热处理工艺消除表面残余应力,其余气缸盖热处理前残余应力的水平较低,无需进行热处理。     

具有焊接残余应力的矩形薄板固有频率计算方法研究

利用Galerkin原理,获得了具有对接焊接残余应力矩形簿板各阶振型函数所对应的自由振动方程;得到了具有对接焊接残余应力矩形簿板的固有频率计算方法。研究得出:残余应力越大,固有频率变化越大;频率阶数越高,受残余应力影响越大;材料密度和尺寸a、b越大,固有频率受残余应力影响越小等结论。     

预应变法调整芳纶－铝层板的残余应力

采用预应变法能有效地调整芳纶-铝层板的层间残余应力[1]。本文分析了3/2铺层的芳纶-铝层板的残余应力与所施加的预应变的关系;并用腐蚀法测定了几种不同的预应变层板中铝层的残余应力;研究了施加预应变对层板的拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响。      

预应变法调整芳纶－铝层板的残余应力

采用预应变法能有效地调整芳纶-铝层板的层间残余应力[1]。本文分析了3/2铺层的芳纶-铝层板的残余应力与所施加的预应变的关系;并用腐蚀法测定了几种不同的预应变层板中铝层的残余应力;研究了施加预应变对层板的拉伸性能和疲劳性能的影响。     

应用局部应力-应变法计算联轴器膜片疲劳寿命

由于轴线间的角向不对中,联轴器旋转时膜片中产生交变应力,引起疲劳问题。使用中需要考虑其疲劳寿命。本文对六孔圆环形和束腰形膜片,利用有限元方法和薄板弯曲理论建立膜片应力计算模型。引入改进的局部应力－应变法,建立计算膜片联轴器膜片疲劳裂纹形成寿命的模型和方法。定量分析两种形式膜片的应力、附加载荷和疲劳寿命,最后,得出对膜片组设计有参考价值的结论。结论表明,对于设计合理的膜片,其疲劳寿命能满足机组工作要求。     

小孔法测量正交各向异性材料残余应力

讨论了小孔法测量正交各向异性材料残余应力。以正交各向异性无限大板孔边应力场解析解为基础, 导出了释放应变矩阵计算表达式, 并用一个算例验证了该计算式的正确性。      

工程结构表面涂层残余应力的测量

在工程结构中广泛采用表面涂层技术，由于涂层材料与基体材料的热膨胀系数等特性不同，涂层存在一定的残余应力，易使涂层爆裂甚至剥落，造成涂层失效，结构报废，本文研究电测盲孔法测量涂层的残余应力，用来分析产生残余应力的各种影响因素。     

微穿孔板传递矩阵计算方法的改进及实验

传统的声电类比法对双层微穿孔板吸声结构进行计算时,忽略了空腔声质量的影响,对于空腔距离比较短,频率比较低时是适用的,但是当空腔距离比较大或频率比较高时,则存在误差。用传递矩阵法对微穿孔板吸声结构进行分析：解决了空腔声阻抗的近似计算带来的误差;对于微孔部分传递矩阵中的声阻抗计算仍然采用马大猷教授的理论,不需要引入修正参数δx。通过上述工作,进行了微穿孔板吸声结构的吸声系数的计算和相应的实验验证,理论计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

Direct differentiation method for sensitivity analysis based on transfer matrix method for multibody systems

On one hand, the new version of transfer matrix method for multibody systems (NV‐MSTMM), has been proposed by formulating transfer equations of elements in acceleration level instead of position level as in the original discrete time transfer matrix method of multibody systems to study multibody system dynamics. This new formulation avoids local linearization and allows using any integration algorithms. On the other hand, sensitivity analysis is an important way to improve the optimization efficiency of multibody system dynamics. In this paper, a totally novel direct differentiation method based on NV‐MSTMM for sensitivity analysis of multibody systems is developed. Based on direct differentiation method, sensitivity analysis matrix for each kind of element is established. By assembling transfer matrices and sensitivity analysis matrices based on differentiation law of multiplication, the sensitivity analysis equation of overall transfer equation is deduced. The computing procedure of the proposed method is also presented. All these improvements as well as three numerical examples show that the direct differentiation method based on NV‐MSTMM is suitable for optimizing the dynamic sensitivity in multi–rigid‐body systems.     

基于传递矩阵法的车辆-轨道垂向耦合系统动力分析方法

为准确高效求解车辆-轨道耦合系统动力响应,利用轨道结构的周期性特征,基于传递矩阵法(transfer matrix method,TMM)提出了一种便捷的轨道子系统建模和求解方法.该方法根据轨道系统结构特点,分别将有砟轨道和CRTSⅡ型无砟轨道系统的周期性重复部分划分为不同轨道元胞结构,在元胞结合面引入刚度方程假定,基...     

应用传递矩阵测量中间薄层材料声特性

将薄层材料看作三层复合材料的中间层,通过实测得到材料的总传递矩阵和前后两层材料的传递矩阵,中间层材料的传递矩阵可由前材料传递矩阵的逆矩阵、组合材料整体传递矩阵和后材料传递矩阵的逆矩阵相乘得到,由传递矩阵可计算得到中间层材料的声学特性。以基毡和海绵材料为例,通过实验研究并验证中间层材料声特性计算方法的准确性。该方法为薄层材料法向吸收系数和隔声量的测量提供了新的手段。     

Aspects of residual thermal stresses in continuous-fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites

An analytical model is presented that predicts the thermal stresses which arise from mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion between a fibre and the surrounding matrix in a continuous fibre composite. The model consists of two coaxial isotropic cylinders. Stress transfer between the fibre and the matrix near an unstressed free surface has been modelled by means of a shear-lag analysis. Away from the free surface the theoretical approach satisfies exactly the conditions for equilibrium and continuity of stress at the fibre-matrix interface. Application of the model to a composite consisting of a glass-ceramic calcium alumino-silicate (CAS) matrix containing unidirectional Nicalon fibres points to a strong dependence of stress on fibre volume fraction. Surface effects are significant for depths of the order of one fibre diameter. Near-surface shear stresses resulting from cooling from the stress-free temperature are sufficiently high to suggest that a portion of fibre close to the surface is debonded at room temperature. Experimental results acquired with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a heating stage are consistent with this prediction. Consequently, the model has been modified in a simple way to incorporate frictional slip at the interface, according to the Coulomb friction law. Although detailed measurements are limited by the resolution of the technique, experimental evidence suggests that the transfer length is within an order of magnitude of the model prediction.     

A new method for measurement of three dimensional residual stresses in a multi-pass butt welded joint

In this paper, a new method for the measurement of three dimensional residual stresses in a multi-pass butt welded joint is presented. The method involves the measurement of strain changes at a through hole surface as a coupon of material with the hole is separated from the body of interest and split. The finite element calculations are used to relate the strain changes at the measurenent points to the initial residual stresses at the hole location. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by using it to measure a known stress field in a bent beam. The method has been used to measure the through thickness distribution of three dimensional residual stresses in a multi-pass butt welded joint. It could also be applied to the measurement of residual stresses in other welded joints.     

The formation of residual stresses in laminated thermoplastic composites

The means by which residual stresses are generated in continuous carbon-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites are reviewed, with specific attention to the macroscopic stresses which form on a ply-to-ply level. Different means for their estimation are assessed, and approximate stress levels are defined for a variety of materials. The capacity for stress relaxation to occur during processing is examined, and it is shown that little useful stress-relieving ability can be promoted in such systems.     

Bearing dynamic parameters identification of a flexible rotor-bearing system based on transfer matrix method

Bearing dynamic parameters are important factors governing the vibration characteristics of rotating machinery; however, they are difficult to determine due to limited experimentation, and inaccurate in modelling. In this paper, a parameter identification method is presented to identify the bearing dynamic parameters of a flexible rotor-bearing system. In this method, the parameter identification problem is formulated as an inverse problem. The bearing dynamic parameters have been characterized through minimizing the error squared of the rotor-bearing system unbalance response between the experiment results and the computational ones. The intergeneration projection genetic algorithm is used to minimize the error squared. As an efficient method for analysing the dynamic behaviour of a rotor-bearing system, an improved transfer matrix method has been employed to calculate the unbalance response. This approach has been applied to identify the bearing dynamic parameters of a test rig supported by two anisotropic bearings, according to the unbalance response experimental data. Results indicated that this method could identify the bearing dynamic parameters. It is also robust to the noise effects.     

含焊接残余应力薄圆板结构自由振动近似解

研究焊接残余应力对薄圆板结构振动特性的影响,解决薄圆板结构振动中存在非均匀分布预应力问题.根据含预应力结构的应变-应力方程,建立含预应力薄圆板结构的运动控制方程.基于Rayleigh-Ritz法构造Lagrange能量泛函方程.将预应力和位移试函数展开成三角级数形式,对含预应力薄圆板结构的自由振动问题进行求解.以周边简...     

U形试块残余应力超声检测及有限元分析

为验证超声检测残余应力的精度与检测深度问题,该文提出并设计一种能够施加定值载荷应力的U形试块来模拟构件中的残余应力。通过残余应力超声检测系统激励5 MHz、4 MHz等其他不同频率的超声换能器,对U形试块在缺口施加拉压载荷,使试块处于闭合、张开的不同状态来模拟构件中的拉压状态,对U形试块的上表面不同位置和后侧面不同深度处的应力值进行超声残余应力无损检测。同时将其检测结果与同等条件下ABAQUS有限元仿真分析的结果进行对比,验证该系统对表面残余应力及试块内部梯度残余应力检测的准确性。另外,该试块也为残余应力超声检测系统的校准提供方法。