局部腐蚀作用下设备的寿命预测

综术字局部腐蚀和应力腐蚀破裂及点腐蚀作用下设备寿命预测技术的进展,由于局部腐蚀萌生、发展具有的内在的随机特征,以及设备长期服役过程中材料,环境等因素波上入的随机干扰,使得单一腐蚀微缺陷具有随机特征,需引入统计方法研究偶然性缺陷群体作用对材料宏观性能的影响。进行局部腐蚀设备寿命预测时,力学研究中对损伤演化及突变的处理方法值得借鉴。     

Fe-Cr-Ni合金碱性应力腐蚀破裂

介绍了核电站蒸汽发生器传热管Fe-Cr-Ni合金，特别是800合金的碱性应力腐蚀破裂,总结了材质成分，热处理，应力，冷加工，环境和电化学等因素对Fe-Cr-Ni合金的碱性应力腐蚀破裂的影响，并归纳了预测应力腐蚀破裂敏感电位的方法。     

湿硫化氢环境中输气管道内腐蚀研究进展

在介绍硫化物应力破裂(SSC)和氢致开裂(HIC)的研究方法的基础上,阐述了湿H2S环境中介质因素,材料因素,管道因素对输气管道内腐蚀的影响。建议进一步开展H2S和CO2共存条件下的腐蚀研究和流场作用下的H2S腐蚀研究并制定硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)实验标准。为合理的管道运行参数选择,管道选材及腐蚀寿命预测提供参考。     

飞机刹车储压器应力腐蚀破裂原因与防护

应力腐蚀是最重要的腐蚀问题之一,它对飞机的使用寿命和飞行安全有很大影响.本文详尽阐述了此种腐蚀的形成条件和腐蚀过程,并利用电化学腐蚀与腐蚀控制原理探讨一架DC-8客机刹车储压器应力腐蚀破裂的原因、腐蚀状态及防腐措施,以达到延长飞机寿命和确保飞行安全的目的.     

装置材料腐蚀寿命预测研究进展

本文探讨了装置材料腐蚀寿命预测的基本理论与方法，分析了装置材料腐蚀寿命预测的发展状况，阐述了利用计算机数据库和专家系统技术解决装置材料腐蚀寿命预测的问题的可行性和优越性。     

7075铝合金T6状态管材破裂分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对7075－T6铝合金管材破裂断口特征及其覆盖物进行了分析，测试了管材表面的应力分布。确定了管材破裂的原因是表面有较大的拉应力，在拉应力和腐蚀介质的共同作用下，产生应力腐蚀破裂，对应力腐蚀的特征，产生条件和机理进行了阐述。讨论了防止应力腐蚀发生的各种方法。     

时效处理对7075合金晶界析出现象及化学性质的影响

工业用7075铝合金在其最大强7075度状态(T6)下,对应力腐蚀破裂的敏感性极强。过时效能减小应力腐蚀破裂的敏感性,但强度却下降了一些。虽然一些研究人员研究了晶界区对应力腐蚀破裂的作用,但对铝合金,特别是高强铝合金的应力腐蚀破裂根源与机理还未取     

膜致应力对应力腐蚀裂尖力学特性的影响

氧化膜破裂理论是目前定量预测核电高温水环境中镍基合金应力腐蚀开裂速率应用最为广泛的理论模型之一,其中应力强度因子是衡量应力腐蚀开裂速率的重要参量。为进一步了解氧化膜破裂机理及裂纹扩展驱动力特性,提出了膜致应力强度因子。为了深入了解膜致应力强度因子在 EAC 裂纹扩展过程中裂尖的力学状况,在不考虑外载的情况下,从理论和数值模拟两方面分析研究了EAC 裂尖基体金属区域的应力应变分布状态,得出了膜致应力强度因子对裂尖Mises应力、等效塑性应变、拉伸应力、拉伸应变及拉伸应变梯度的影响规律,为提高定量预测高温高压水环境中镍基合金及不锈钢 EAC 扩展速率精度奠定基础,进而完善了氧化膜破裂机理。     

应力腐蚀机理和基于FEM的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展模拟技术的研究进展

本研究总结了应力腐蚀研究的5个经典理论:活性通路理论、钝化膜破坏理论、氢脆理论、腐蚀产物楔入模型和环境破裂三阶段理论。详细介绍了最为广泛接受的钝化膜破坏理论,在此基础上,从单一参数计算和应力腐蚀裂纹扩展模拟两个方面着重介绍了基于有限元方法对应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的研究方法和技术,单一参数计算可以满足获取应力腐蚀裂纹扩展预测模型关键参数,但是将裂纹尖端认为是一个点的假设存在不合理,应力腐蚀裂纹扩展模拟可以将载荷和环境因素综合考虑在内,但还仍然不能仿真出裂纹微观扩展现象。研究结合实践总结提出了应力腐蚀裂纹扩展模拟的工程技术方法,讨论了有限元技术在应力腐蚀研究方面不能实现微观物理过程、时间相关性等存在的问题,指出了基于应力腐蚀时间相关性的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展模拟研究是应力腐蚀破坏预防及预测研究工作的重点。     

预腐蚀铝基复合材料疲劳寿命的预测方法

根据铝基复合材料(AMC)的腐蚀特征研究结果,采用基于疲劳缺口系数表征和基于断裂力学等效应力强度因子表征的两种方法建模,对铝基复合材料结构预腐蚀后的疲劳寿命进行预测,并与试验结果进行对比验证.结果表明:基于疲劳缺口系数表征的预测结果在高周疲劳段与试验值更接近,可用于确定直升机高周疲劳结构件腐蚀缺陷容限尺寸和腐蚀缺陷检查...     

核反应堆关键焊接结构应力腐蚀裂纹失效评估

以沸水堆堆芯围板焊接热影响区应力腐蚀开裂为例进行了裂纹扩展评估研究.采用有限元模拟与试验检测数据验证相结合的方法对焊接热影响区焊接残余应力场及应力腐蚀开裂扩展过程进行模拟.通过有限元方法计算了应力腐蚀开裂裂纹尖端应力强度因子,再根据应力腐蚀裂纹扩展试验数据获得裂纹尖端应力强度因子与裂纹扩展速率的关系,最终预测了沸水堆堆芯围板的使用寿命,解决了重大构件基于应力腐蚀开裂失效的安全评估问题.该研究过程为重大构件的腐蚀疲劳裂纹失效的安全使用提供了可借鉴的方法.     

基于TPE-XGBoost算法的镍基600合金应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率预测模型

运行经验表明,应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是镍基600合金在压水堆核电站一回路高温高压水环境中的主要失效形式。针对镍基600合金SCC影响因素多、机理复杂,现有预测模型应用性不高的问题,利用TPE-XGBoost算法,通过机器学习挖掘应力强度因子、温度、屈服强度、溶解氢含量、裂纹扩展方向、载荷类型、热处理工艺等影响因素与裂纹扩展速率之间的关系,建立反映多维数据关联关系的非参数镍基600合金应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率预测模型。结果表明,TPE-XGBoost算法可以实现高维度数据集超参数快速优化,且有效避免优化结果陷入局部最优解,使得预测模型具有良好的泛化能力,将应用于压水堆核电站镍基600合金部件反应堆冷却剂条件应力腐蚀裂纹扩展工程预测。     

Evaluation of potential ranges for susceptibility to SCC by electrochemical measurements,constant strain rate and constant load stress corrosion cracking experiments

For the prediction of possible failures due to SCC as well as for corrosion prevention by anodic or cathodic protection, the evaluation of critical potential ranges for susceptibility to SCC is of great practical importance. For this purpose, accelerated testing techniques have been described in the literature basing on the conception that critical potential ranges for SCC are characterized by marked differences of the slope of the stationary and nonstationary measured current-potential-curves. The validity of this conception was investigated for two systems: (i) 18/8 stainless steel/boiling 42% MgCl₂ and (ii) low-alloy C-Mn-steel/3M Na₂CO₃ (40 to 70 °C). Experimental data were obtained by (i) potentiodynamically with high and low potential sweep rates measured current-potential-curves; (ii) constant-load and (iii) constant strain rate SCC experiments. The SCC experiments were run under potentiostatic control and followed by careful metallografic investigation of the specimens. From the experimental results one has to conclude that differences in the slope of the current-potential-curves measured with variable, high and low potential sweep rates, are no necessary precondition for the occurence of SCC. Possibly they can give indication for experimental conditions under which SCC might be expected, but they are no substitute for conventional test methods to investigate susceptibility of materials to SCC.     

基于KBRF算法的镍基690合金应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率预测模型

镍基690合金广泛用于压水堆核电站核岛主设备关键部件及焊缝,高温高压水环境应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是其潜在的失效机理。由于SCC行为影响因素多达二十余种,因此存在参数化模型预测精度不高的问题。本文通过融合随机森林机器学习算法(Random Forest, RF)与基于领域知识的MRP-386参数化模型,建立了镍基690合金SCC裂纹扩展速率KBRF(Knowledge-Based Random Forest)预测模型,结果表明,领域知识的引入增强了KBRF模型的鲁棒性,准确性较MRP-386参数化模型和RF等机器学习模型显著提高,预测结果与实验值较为接近,将应用于我国压水堆核电站镍基690合金部件及焊缝在反应堆冷却剂中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展工程预测。     

Crack initiation model for sensitized 304 stainless steel in high temperature water

To investigate the initiation behavior of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in high temperature water, a constant load SCC test method combined with in situ crack observation technique was employed. The in situ crack observation system allowed us to detect small cracks of at least 100 μm. As a result, a fracture time decreased with an increase in an applied stress. The first cracks were observed at most 3 h before the specimen was fractured under all the stress conditions. After that, many cracks were initiated in a short time to fracture. The fracture was caused by coalescence of multiple cracks rather than by growth of some primary cracks. The simulation model for surface crack initiation was newly developed using a Monte Carlo method, which was based on damage mechanics and stress analysis around the existing cracks. The simulation could represent the empirical results of changes in the crack distribution and the cumulative number of cracks during the SCC tests. It was concluded, therefore, that the crack initiation process should be considered in simulating the life prediction of the material in this SCC system.     

电厂蒸汽回路系统中腐蚀损伤的决定论预测

局部腐蚀,包括点腐蚀、应力腐蚀开裂和腐蚀疲劳是导致电厂发电装置损伤的重要原因,它们诱发50%以上的意外停机事故。迄今,腐蚀破坏的预测一直沿用经验和统计的方法,但是,由于已证实该方法的适用性和其结果的准确性欠佳,故不宜作为例行检修规程的基础。本文提出了预测局部腐蚀损伤的决定论方法,并使用这个方法说明点腐蚀如何引发低压蒸汽轮机涡轮盘Wilson线下游部位的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC),我们的计算表明SCC的萌发与扩展对蒸汽小氧含量、冷凝液膜的环境和涡轮盘所承受的应力这三个因素敏感。     

疲劳寿命预测方法综述

综述了疲劳裂纹形成寿命和疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的预测方法,评述了各种不同预测方法的基本假设、估算步骤和特点,并对疲劳寿命预测方法进一步的发展方向作了展望。     

Effect of stress corrosion cracking on stress-strain response of steel wires used in prestressed concrete beams

This paper presents an experimental study of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) process on 8-mm-diameter wires which are used industrially in precast concrete prestressed by pre-tension. The service life of steel wires under accelerated SCC and the reduction of their mechanical performance are studied. A dynamic analysis to detect the damage to corroded wire due to SCC before brittle failure and the influence of internal defects on the service life of stress corroded wire are also presented. The study shows that stress corrosion cracking is characterized by an evolution to SCC from pitting corrosion attacks that result in the development of both micro-cracking and micro-voids in the steel bulk. The stress level does not influence the composition of corrosion products. It is a major factor of SCC development, leading to a considerable reduction in the ultimate strain and thus to brittle failure of the corroded wires. Local defects on the steel surface increase the SCC effect due to stress corrosion concentration. A reduction in the elastic modulus and the elastic limit, which may reach 25% and 15%, respectively, can be expected due to steel micro-cracking. No damage detection through mechanical analysis seems possible before the brittle failure occurs as the corrosion is very localized and so does not globally reduce the tension in the wires.     

Prediction of time to failure in stress corrosion cracking of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solution by artificial neural network

Despite the numerous researches in Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) risk of austenitic stainless steels in aqueous chloride solution, no formulation or reliable method for prediction of time to failure as a result of SCC has yet been defined. In this paper, the capability of artificial neural network for estimation of the time to failure for SCC of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solution together with sensitivity analysis has been expressed. The output results showed that artificial neural network can predict the time to failure for about 74% of the variance of SCC experimental data. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis also demonstrated the effects of input parameters (Temperature, Applied stress and Cr concentration) on SCC of 304 stainless steel in aqueous chloride solutions.     

应用神经网络技术预测应力腐蚀开裂

利用已有的应力腐蚀开裂数据训练人工神经网络，对奥氏体不锈钢在含有氯离子和氧的溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性进行了预测。所用的网络结构为三层结构，氯离子和氧含量作为网络输入，腐蚀开裂敏感性作为输出。学习算法为反向传播算法，以预测精度作为标准，训练得到网络的优化结构为2-6-1。结果表明，该劂络对应力腐蚀的预测比较准确，用神经网络技术预测应力腐蚀开裂敏感性是可行的。