油炸温度和时间对猪肉块品质的影响

本文研究了不同油炸温度和时间对猪肉块品质的影响,分析了150、165和180℃条件下油炸不同时间后猪肉块的色泽、硬度、水分含量、脂肪含量、蛋白质羰基含量、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值)和挥发性醛类物质的变化情况。实验结果表明,油炸后猪肉块的亮度降低,红度和黄度升高;硬度在油炸过程中变化显著(p<0.05),150℃油炸470 s时达到最大值37.59 kg;150、165和180℃分别油炸470、330和230 s后猪肉块的水分含量减少了56.25%、52.82%和48.92%(p<0.05),高温短时油炸条件下水分损失较少;脂肪含量在150、165℃时随时间变化不显著,180℃油炸时随时间的延长显著增加(p<0.05);蛋白质羰基含量随油炸时间的延长而增大,180℃油炸150 s时猪肉块的蛋白质羰基含量为2.17 nmol/mg;TBARS值和己醛含量在油炸后迅速增大,之后呈现先减小后均大的趋势,180℃油炸150 s的TBARS值为0.71 mg MDA/kg;挥发性醛类物质中己醛与TBARS值相关性显著,150、180℃条件下的相关系数分别为0.962和0.997。180℃油炸150 s时的猪肉块具有金黄的色泽,硬度适中,脂肪和蛋白质氧化程度较小,具有较好的品质。     

香辣公干鱼罐头的加工工艺研究

研究香辣公干鱼罐头的加工工艺,探讨不同的加工条件（卤制时间、酱油与水的体积比、油炸温度、油炸时间）及调味料（白砂糖、味精、花椒粉、辣椒粉）质量分数对罐头感官品质的影响,并对产品进行理化指标测定。结果表明：公干鱼罐头的最佳加工条件为卤制时间为6 min,酱油∶水体积比为1∶5,油炸温度为180℃,油炸时间为40 s,白砂糖4%、味精0.5%、花椒粉0.2%、辣椒粉9%。通过此方法生产的公干鱼罐头色泽金黄,富有嚼劲,口感麻辣鲜香。     

半干鲢鱼片油炸工艺研究

以鲢鱼为原料,研究油炸前鱼片含水量对油炸产品、油炸条件对鲢鱼片脱水速率、吸油率、产品质构的影响。结果表明,油炸最适条件为180℃,油炸约4.5min,产品最终水分含量在40%左右。油炸前鱼片含水量控制在65%左右,能有效降低油炸时鱼片的吸油且能得到品质较好的鱼片。     

油炸时间和温度对椰味面包罗非鱼品质的影响

本实验以椰味面包罗非鱼为研究对象,以油炸后产品的水分损失量、吸油量、脆性、色泽和感官评定为指标,分别考察油炸时间为1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5 min以及油炸温度为160、170、180、200℃对椰味面包罗非鱼品质的影响;并通过低场核磁共振初步探究油炸过程中水分损失量和吸油量的关系。结果表明:随着油炸时间的延长和油炸温度的升高,面包鱼的水分损失量增大,吸油量增多,呈现正相关关系;且最佳的油炸条件为170℃油炸2.5 min,此条件下得到的面包鱼色泽金黄、外酥里嫩,感官评定的分数最高。     

油炸工艺参数对即食泥鳅品质的影响

为探究泥鳅在油炸过程中品质变化规律,以台湾泥鳅为原料,分析即食泥鳅油炸环节中时间、温度和煎炸油品种等关键因子,对其感官评分、理化指标、色差、水分分布及质构等品质特性的影响,并探究其指标间的相关性。结果表明,随油炸时间延长及油炸温度升高,即食泥鳅的感官总分均呈先上升后下降的趋势,分别在150 s(90.84±2.13)和180℃(92.07±0.90)时得分最高。不同的油炸时间、油炸温度及煎炸油品种所炸制的即食泥鳅的水分含量与含油率、硬度与弹性均呈负相关,自由水向结合水方向移动,b^*值增大。当用180℃调和油油炸150 s时,即食泥鳅品质最佳。根据Pearson相关性分析,感官总分能有效评价即食泥鳅品质特性。     

油炸温度和时间对外裹糊牡蛎品质的影响

以水分含量、油脂含量、颜色、感官评分和油脂吸收为指标,分别考察了油炸温度(165、175、185℃)和油炸时间(60、90、120、150、180 s)对油炸外裹糊牡蛎品质的影响。结果表明,随着油炸温度的升高和时间的延长,油炸外裹糊牡蛎的水分含量降低,油脂含量增加,L*值和b*值减小、a*值增大,感官评分先升高后下降,油脂吸收程度加大;175℃炸制90 s或120 s所得油炸外裹糊牡蛎色泽金黄,外酥里嫩,牡蛎特征风味突出,感官品质最好。     

糊的组成成分对挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳食用品质的影响

采用深层油炸模型,研究了淀粉、面粉、泡打粉、食盐和水等糊的组成成分对挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳色度、吸油率、质构及感官品质等食用品质的影响。实验结果表明,随淀粉添加量增加,挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳的硬度、吸油率和表观色度b*值均增大;脆度和a*值均先逐渐增加,后逐渐减少。随泡打粉添加量增加,外壳硬度和L*值逐渐减小;吸油率、a*值和b*值均增加(p0.05)。随食盐添加量增加,外壳硬度逐渐增大(p0.05);而吸油率先迅速降低后趋于平稳。随水-粉比增加,外壳硬度逐渐减小,吸油率逐渐增大;易碎性先增加后有所下降。综合考虑,在淀粉添加量30%~50%、泡打粉添加量0.7%~1.1%、食盐添加量1.2%~1.8%、水-粉比1.2∶1~1.4∶1的条件下,得到的挂糊油炸猪肉片外壳具有较高的食用品质。     

基于低场NMR研究油炸温度对牛肉干水分分布与品质的影响

为探讨不同油炸温度(150,160,170,180℃)对牛肉干水分分布与品质的影响,分别测定牛肉干的出品率、剪切力、水分含量、水分活度、颜色、T2弛豫时间和感官评价,并分析它们之间的相关性。结果表明,随着油炸温度的升高,牛肉干的出品率、水分含量、水分活度、a*值、b*值显著降低(P0.05);剪切力显著增加(P0.05);在油炸温度为170℃条件下获得最佳的感官评价值(P0.05)。低场NMR研究发现,拟合后的T2弛豫时间分布为2个主要的峰,然而随着油炸温度的升高使主要峰T21和T22向慢的驰豫方向移动,同时对应的峰面积A21和A22显著降低(P0.05)。结合相关性分析得出T21的变化与牛肉干水分含量、水分活度和出品率之间存在正相关的线性关系。油炸时间对牛肉干品质的影响主要是因肉中水分的迁移所致。     

添加大豆分离蛋白对油炸面包虾品质的影响

油炸产品通常脂肪含量较高,这会缩短产品的货架期,同时会使得消费者对产品接受度的降低。然而,在油炸过程中,油炸产品的吸油量可以通过裹粉或者裹浆而降低。该研究拟在以小麦粉为主体的裹浆粉中添加大豆分离蛋白,以面包虾的裹粉率、水分损失量、吸油量、色泽、质构以及感官评定等为指标,研究添加大豆分离蛋白对油炸面包虾品质的影响。油炸条件为170℃,油炸3 min。结果表明,大豆分离蛋白显著增加面包虾的裹粉率,且发现它能有效降低油炸面包虾产品的水分损失和吸油量。当大豆分离蛋白的添加量从2 g增大到10 g时,油炸面包虾的水分损失和吸油量分别从15.12%和25.07%降低到11.64%和19.82%。此外,在裹浆中添加8%大豆分离蛋白的面包虾具有最好的质构特性且获得较高的综合感官评分。然而,添加大豆分离蛋白到裹浆中并不会对油炸面包虾的亮度、黄度及红度产生极显著的影响。     

预炸-复炸工艺对大黄鱼排品质和风味的影响

为探究预炸-复炸工艺对大黄鱼排的品质和风味的影响,分别选择用油（180℃,30 s）和空气炸锅（180℃,3 min）预炸鱼排,冷冻24 h后分别选择用油（160,180,200℃下炸制1,2,3,4,5 min）和空气炸锅（160,180,200℃下炸制5,7,9,11,13 min）复炸鱼排,通过水分含量及感官评价选择最优工艺,通过色差、质构特征、脂肪含量、丙烯酰胺含量和挥发性物质分析最优工艺下鱼排品质及风味。结果表明：预炸和复炸工艺中最佳条件分别是：180℃油炸30 s-180℃油炸3 min（油-油）、180℃油炸30 s-180℃空气炸锅炸制11 min （油-空）、180℃空气炸锅炸制3 min-180℃空气炸锅炸制9 min （空-空）、180℃空气炸锅炸制3 min-180℃油炸4 min（空-油）。4种炸制工艺中空-油的脂肪含量最高为27.53 g/100 g,空-空的最低为3.22 g/100 g。在质构方面,复炸使用空气炸锅的两组鱼排硬度高于油炸的两组。在定量限为0.01 mg/kg情况下,4组均未检出丙烯酰胺。鱼排中主体风味物质由醛类、醇类及芳香类物质构成。经油...     

添加不同成分的外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程中的传质动力学

将大豆纤维、黄原胶和乳清蛋白分别添加到基本外裹糊（中筋小麦粉、玉米淀粉、泡打粉、食盐）中制成 外裹糊鱼块,在170 ℃大豆油中油炸30、60、90、120、150 s和180 s,测定油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分及油脂、表面油 脂和表面渗透油脂质量分数,采用菲克第二定律和一级动力学方程分析油炸过程中的传质动力学,通过苏丹红染 色实验模拟油脂吸收。结果显示：大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组外壳水分质量分数均随油炸时间的延长而降 低,而鱼块水分质量分数先降低后升高再降低;油炸0～120 s时,大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组外壳油脂质 量分数均升高,油炸120～180 s时降低。菲克第二定律拟合大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组水分扩散系数分别 为0.003 8、0.003 3 s－1和0.003 9 s－1;一级动力学方程拟合大豆纤维组、黄原胶组和乳清蛋白组油脂吸收的传质系数 分别为0.062、0.059 s－1和0.061 s－1。油炸30～60 s,3 组外裹糊鱼块的油脂渗透幅度差异不显著;油炸90～180 s, 乳清蛋白组油脂渗透最深,黄原胶组最浅。表明外裹糊中分别添加大豆纤维、黄原胶和乳清蛋白影响了外裹糊鱼块 深度油炸过程中的水分蒸发和油脂吸收,导致传质系数差异明显。     

Optimization of processing conditions to reduce oil uptake and enhance physico-chemical properties of deep fried rice crackers

Physico-chemical properties of fried rice crackers were studied as a function of fish powder content, processing conditions, frying temperature and frying time. The results showed that addition of fish powder content at 5, 10 and 15 g/100 g reduced the oil uptake by approximately 10, 14 and 22 g/100 g (db), respectively in comparison to the control without fish powder. The deep fried rice crackers mixed with fish powder tended to be lower in hardness, lower in expansion ratio and higher in bulk density in comparison to the control sample. The color parameter, L^∗ of fried rice crackers decreased with increase in fish powder content. In contrast, a^∗ and b^∗ values increased with increase in fish powder content. The moisture content of deep fried rice crackers decreased with increase in frying temperature and frying time. The oil uptake in fried rice crackers increased with increase in frying time but decreased with increase in frying temperature. With increase in frying temperature and time, the texture of rice crackers became harder, the bulk density increased, and the expansion ratio decreased. The optimum conditions resulting in desirable physico-chemical properties and minimum oil uptake were rice crackers with fish powder content of 9 g/100 g, fried at a temperature of 220 °C for 60 s.     

Recovery and distribution of natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol,polyphenols and terpenic acids) after pan-frying of Mediterranean finfish in virgin olive oil

Samples of eight finfish representing the most popular fish species in Greece were pan-fried in virgin olive oil according to the Greek traditional culinary practice. Analyses for polyphenols, hydroxy pentacyclic triterpene acids (HPTA) and α-tocopherol were performed in the fresh and fried oils and fish. Polyphenols and HPTA were determined by GC/MS and α-tocopherol by HPLC. Nine polyphenols were determined in the frying oil samples; six of them were also found in fried fish. The terpenic acids oleanolic, maslinic and ursolic were also determined in frying oils and fried fish. No polyphenols and no HPTA were detectable in raw fish, while α-tocopherol was present in all samples. Besides water loss and oil absorption, pan frying caused the partial loss of all the antioxidants studied in the fried oils, as well as their enrichment in the fried fish. The overall retention of α-tocopherol in the fried oil and fish ranged from 30% to 80%, the respective values for polpyphenols and HPTA ranging between 51–87% and 46–88%. The polarity of the antioxidants studied, seems to affect to some extent their partition between the frying oil and the water-containing fish.     

油炸方式对高白鲑肌肉食用品质的影响

探究采用空气油炸锅获得传统油炸效果的途径,并比较2 种油炸方式下获得高白鲑肌肉食用品质的差异。通过对熟化后的鱼块进行肌肉损失率、质构、色泽测定,筛选出传统油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-100 s和180 ℃-80 s,空气油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-12 min和180 ℃-10 min。比较2 种油炸方式下高白鲑鱼块的肌肉基本营养成分差异,在获得相似感官品质条件下,空气油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数为16.21%～17.54%,低于传统油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数18.68%～20.33%。对加工后鱼块取肉进行风味物质检测和感官评定发现2 种油炸方式处理的鱼肉挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和感官评分具有相似性。综上可知,空气油炸的高白鲑鱼块在外观、质构、营养成分、呈味物质及感官方面能与传统油炸达到类似效果并减少油脂的使用。     

添加成分对外裹糊流变性能及外裹糊鱼块油炸过程油脂渗透的影响

将分别添加黄原胶（0.4%）、大豆纤维（2%）、乳清蛋白（4%）的外裹糊制作油炸外裹糊鱼块,通过测定外裹糊的黏性模量（G”）和弹性模量（G’）以及油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分和油脂含量、微观结构、苏丹红染色水平和油脂分布,探讨添加成分对外裹糊流变性能及外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程油脂渗透的影响。结果显示：4 种外裹糊（包括对照组,即外裹糊中未添加黄原胶、大豆纤维或乳清蛋白）的G”值和G’值随温度升高先减小后增大,最后趋于稳定,黄原胶组外裹糊的G”值和G’值最大。油炸后黄原胶组的外壳结构紧密,鱼块孔隙小且数量少,具有较高的水分含量和较低的油脂含量。苏丹红染色幅度最大的是对照组,油脂已通过外壳渗入鱼块;黄原胶组染色幅度最小,只出现在外壳中。油脂主要分布在外壳孔隙周围,黄原胶组的荧光强度最低,其次是乳清蛋白组和大豆纤维组,对照组的荧光强度最高。研究结果表明外裹糊中分别添加黄原胶、大豆纤维、乳清蛋白明显影响了外裹糊的流变性能,抑制了外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程的油脂渗透。     

低温真空油炸小黄鱼加工工艺优化及包装方式对其贮藏品质的影响

以小黄鱼为研究对象,采用低温真空油炸技术研制休闲调理产品,优化了低温真空油炸加工工艺(预烘干温度和时间、真空油炸温度和时间等),比较了低温真空油炸和常压油炸产品的品质差异,并研究了包装方式对低温真空油炸小黄鱼贮藏品质的影响,以期为小黄鱼调理食品的开发提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果显示:小黄鱼低温真空油炸的最优工艺为预烘干温度50℃、烘干时间2 h、油炸温度95℃、油炸时间3500 s,油炸后离心脱油时间300 s。与常压油炸相比,低温真空油炸小黄鱼水分含量降低了12.48%,含油量降低了11.6%,L值提高了9.59%,综合感官评分更高。两种油炸方式小黄鱼产品的风味差异显著,真空油炸和常压油炸小黄鱼分别检测出21种和14种挥发性物质,其中真空油炸更利于醛类和醇类化合物的产生,风味更佳。通过比较不同包装方式真空油炸小黄鱼贮藏期间品质的变化,发现真空油炸小黄鱼气调包装效果优于常规包装,且70% N₂+30% CO₂包装效果优于100% N₂包装,最短货架期超过60 d。     

The influence of oil type and frying temperatures on the texture and oil content of French fries

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of the frying medium and temperatures on fat content and texture of French fries. The material taken for the study consisted of seven types of vegetable oil: refined sunflower, rape, soy, olive oil, palm, partially hydrogenated rape oil (modified oil I) and a blend of vegetable oils (modified oil II). The French fries prepared from Asterix potato variety were fried at oils heated to 150, 160, 170, 180 and 190 °C. The length of frying (12, 10, 8, 6.5 and 4.5 min, respectively) depended on oil temperature. Fat content and the texture of French fries were determined. The type of frying medium significantly affects the texture of French fries. Temperature influenced both the fat content and texture of product. The increase of frying temperature decreased fat uptake and hardness of French fries. French fries fried in rape oil exhibited the most delicate texture and the lowest oil absorption when compared with French fries fried in other types of oil under investigation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

水分含量对马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系脂肪吸收的影响

以马铃薯淀粉为原材料,与水进行模拟,在180 ℃条件下对马铃薯淀粉凝胶样品进行常压油炸,研究油炸样品中总油脂含量,以及各部分油脂含量的分布情况。结果表明：随着水分含量的增加,马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系油炸样品的总油脂含量、表面油脂含量和表面渗透油脂含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯淀粉凝胶体系油炸样品的总油脂含量和组织结构油脂含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,表面渗透油脂含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。随着水分含量的增加,表面渗透油脂含量在油炸样品总油脂含量中占据最大部分,其次是组织结构油脂含量,最少的是表面油脂含量。不同部分油脂含量的变化呈现一定的规律性,但变化幅度有一定的差异。     

Effect of frying time on acrylamide content and quality aspects of French fries

The effect of frying time on quality and acrylamide (AA) content of French fried potatoes, obtained simulating home-cooking practices, was studied in order to investigate the optimal conditions to minimize the amount of produced toxicant together with the maintenance of good culinary quality. French fries were obtained from fresh potatoes using a domestic fryer with static basket; a 4:1 oil:product ratio and a fixed initial oil temperature of 180 °C were used. Several batches were fried at different times (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 min). During frying tests the oil, the sticks surface and core temperatures were measured by thermocouples. Analysis of water removal, oil uptake, colour, texture and AA content were carried out on fried final products. AA content increased exponentially increasing the frying time. In our working conditions after around 4 min of frying, when the temperature of potato surface and the oil bath reached, respectively, 120 and 140 °C, the increase of time became a key factor in terms of the quantity of AA and its formation rate. On the basis of colour, oil content and AA level the best culinary product was obtained after 5 min of frying.