罗非鱼片的热风微波复合干燥动力学

对罗非鱼片的热风微波复合干燥的动力学进行研究.测定罗非鱼片先在40℃热风温度下分别干燥1 h～5 h,再在200、400W不同微波功率下干燥10min的水分含量,比较不同热风初步干燥的鱼片在不同微波功率下的水分含量的变化,分别建立罗非鱼片在200W和400W微波功率下的热风微波干燥曲线和干燥速率随时间变化的曲线,得出不同热风时间对鱼片的热风微波复合干燥中的水分含量及干燥速率的影响规律.     

不同干燥方式下紫薯全粉的物性品质及花青素含量

采用热风干燥、热泵干燥、真空冷冻干燥和微波辅助真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式制备紫薯全粉,研究了4种不同干燥方式对紫薯全粉持水力、堆积密度、冻融析水力、微观结构、花青素含量和细胞破损程度等指标的影响。结果表明,不同干燥方式对紫薯全粉的物性品质及花青素含量影响显著(P<0.05)。真空冷冻干燥制备的紫薯全粉花青素含量(24.61 mg/100 g)、持水性(9.45 g/g)、冻融析水力(0.10 g/g)均优于其他3种干燥方式。其次是微波辅助真空冷冻干燥,紫薯全粉的花青素含量、持水性、冻融析水力分别为19.69 mg/100 g、9.00 g/g、0.25 g/g,其紫薯全粉的碘蓝值最小为2.74。热风干燥与热泵干燥制备的紫薯全粉色泽明亮但花青素含量低,所得的花青素含量分别为9.91和11.72 mg/100 g,仅为微波辅助真空冷冻的50%左右。扫描电镜结果表明,真空冷冻干燥与微波辅助真空冷冻干燥的紫薯全粉颗粒完整光滑。微波辅助真空冷冻干燥在制备块茎薯类全粉各方面表现仅次于真空冷冻干燥,研究为微波辅助真空冷冻干燥技术在块茎薯类全粉制备及其他农产品干燥领域的应用提供了参考。     

热风干燥和微波干燥对草鱼肉品质的影响

目的 研究微波干燥和热风干燥对草鱼片品质的影响。方法 采用50℃热风干燥和400 W微波干燥对草鱼片进行干燥, 对草鱼片干燥过程中水分含量、质构、色度、脂肪及蛋白质相对含量等进行表征。借助气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)研究不同干燥条件对草鱼片挥发性物质的影响。结果 两种干燥过程中草鱼片水分含量下降, 硬度增加, 亮度降低, 同时鱼肉蛋白质和脂肪的相对湿基含量增加。其中, 热风干燥时间6~8 h, 微波干燥时间4~5 min的草鱼片硬度和咀嚼性较大、弹性适中、红度值(a*)较大。两种干燥方式中草鱼片挥发性物质的种类和含量均增加, 微波干燥和热风干燥共分别检出52种和36种挥发性物质。微波干燥产生了较多的醛类、不饱和醇类、酮类物质, 对鱼肉风味有较大影响。结论 400 W微波干燥较50℃热风干燥更适用于实际加工过程中的快速干燥工艺, 且能够较好的改善鱼肉风味。     

真空油炸紫薯片预处理工艺的优化

研究了真空油炸紫薯片的预处理工艺.应用单因素试验及正交试验设计方法,对切片厚度、漂烫条件、冷冻时间等真空油炸紫薯片质量的预处理因素进行了系统研究,确定了真空油炸紫薯片的最佳预处理工艺:切片厚度3.0 mm;漂烫温度95℃,漂烫时间3.5 min;在-20℃条件下,冷冻18 h;在-0.094～-0.098 MPa真空度条件下,90℃真空油炸15 min.真空油炸紫薯片最大程度地保存了紫薯的营养价值,花青素含量为1.54 mg/g,脂肪质量分数为17.40％,破碎力为468.9 N.产品带有清晰的纹理,口感酥脆,无油腻感.     

热烫对微波干燥紫薯片品质的影响

热烫处理是微波干燥紫薯片的预处理过程,通过测定热烫处理后紫薯片中花色苷的含量、色值、质构以及微观结构,研究不同热烫时间(0 min,1 min,3 min,5 min)对紫薯片品质的影响。结果表明,热烫时间为3 min的紫薯微波干燥后花色苷含量最多,体内结构匀称,横断面更好,热烫时间为0 min的紫薯干燥后的硬度,胶黏性与咀嚼性最大,而不同热烫时间处理的紫薯干燥后的黏性,弹性,黏聚性,回复性等物性差异不大。     

紫薯片热风与微波联合干燥特性及品质评价

对紫薯片热风与微波联合干燥特性进行了研究,考察了6种数学模型的适用性,对干燥后紫薯片的色泽、复水比以及干燥时间和能耗进行了分析,并与单独干燥进行比较。结果表明:紫薯片热风-微波联合干燥前期与单独热风干燥相应阶段一致,后期分为升速和降速阶段。微波-热风联合干燥前期与单独微波干燥相应阶段一致,后期只有降速阶段;联合干燥的热风干燥过程和微波干燥过程分别采用Verma模型和Modified Page模型进行描述;联合干燥所得紫薯片褐变较热风干燥严重,与微波干燥差异不显著。微波-热风联合干燥花青素降解最严重,热风-微波联合干燥花青素保留效果最好。联合干燥复水比低于热风干燥,高于微波干燥。热风-微波联合干燥干燥时间和能耗都介于微波干燥和热风干燥之间。微波-热风联合干燥干燥时间最长,能耗最高。热风-微波联合干燥具有干燥产品品质好、能耗较低的特点,更适合于紫薯片的干燥。     

不同干燥工艺下紫薯全粉品质分析

为筛选出适合工业化生产的高花色苷含量低糊化度的紫薯生全粉制备工艺,对单一型热风干燥、微波干燥及复合型热风联合微波干燥等技术下制作紫薯全粉的花色苷、糊化度、感官评分、综合评分等指标数值变化进行测定和分析。结果表明：最优单一热风干燥条件为40°C干燥8 h,此时紫薯全粉花色苷含量1.648 mg/g,糊化度23.39%,综合得分为97.01分,生产出的紫薯生全粉品质好但耗时久;最优单一微波干燥条件为420 W干燥10 min,此时紫薯全粉花色苷含量2.645 mg/g,糊化度高达93.33%,此时综合得分为82.00分,微波干燥法制得的紫薯全粉普遍糊化度过高,不适宜用作紫薯生全粉生产;最优热风联合微波干燥条件为热风温度50°C干燥水分含量40%时转换280 W微波干燥至水分含量8%以下,花色苷含量为1.161 mg/g,糊化度为59.11%,该法制得紫薯全粉综合评分为84.04分。热风联合微波干燥操作控制简易,能在大幅缩短干燥时间的前提下保证紫薯生全粉的品质,适用于工业化快速生产。     

热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响

为研究热风、微波及其联合干燥对蒜片品质的影响,以大蒜片为原料,以干燥速率、硫代亚磺酸酯含量、感官评分、色泽L值、复水比和综合得分为指标,比较不同热风温度和微波功率对蒜片干燥特性和品质的影响,并以热风温度、转换点干基含水量、微波功率为实验因素,设计L₉(33)正交实验对热风微波联合干燥蒜片的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:60 ℃热风干燥和550 W微波干燥所得蒜片干品的综合得分较高,分别为83.64和80.74分。热风温度和微波功率对联合干燥蒜片的综合得分影响极显著(p<0.01);转换点干基含水量对综合得分影响显著(p<0.05)。热风微波联合干燥蒜片的最佳工艺条件为前期热风65 ℃干燥至转换点干基含水量1.00 g/g,后期采用功率550 W微波干燥至干基含水量0.18 g/g。在此条件下,联合干燥制备脱水蒜片的干燥速率最快,硫代亚磺酸酯含量最高为1.7739 mmol/100 g,综合得分最高为92.21分,感官品质较好。因此,热风微波联合干燥技术是适合蒜片干燥的较好方法。     

微波真空干燥菠萝粉初步研究

初步研究微波真空干燥菠萝粉的工艺条件.分析不同微波功率,时间及糊精添加量对菠萝粉干燥特性的影响,并与70℃热风干燥产品在Vc保留率、色泽、溶解时间等方面进行比较.结果表明,采用微波功率1 800 W,干燥时间40 min,麦芽糊精与菠萝浆质量比为3:20(W:W)的微波真空干燥工艺条件,产品色泽良好,水分含量为4.9%,微波真空干燥产品多项指标均优于热风干燥产品.     

紫菜热风/微波联合干燥工艺优化及品质分析

本研究采用热风/微波联合干燥紫菜,以紫菜干燥总时间、干紫菜中蛋白和总糖含量作为评价指标,采用中心组合试验设计、二次多项式(或神经网络)拟合、遗传算法对干燥工艺进行优化,得到紫菜干燥的最佳工艺。结果表明:与微波(先)+热风(后)干燥相比,采用热风(先)+微波(后)的干燥方式能够更加有效地缩短干燥周期,紫菜前期在65℃热风干燥1 h后,采用400 W微波干燥到含水量降至0.1 g/g DM所需的干燥总时间最短,为62.5±1.4 min。对比两种干燥方式最优工艺条件下所得到的干紫菜中蛋白和总糖含量,热风(先)+微波(后)干燥所得到的干紫菜品质要优于微波(先)+热风(后)干燥。前期采用48℃热风干燥3 h,后期在240 W微波功率下干燥所得干紫菜中蛋白质含量最高,为68.82±1.46 mg/g DM;前期采用65℃热风干燥2 h,后期在240 W微波功率下干燥所得干紫菜中总糖含量最高,为124.72±7.17 mg/g DM。总体上,热风(先)+微波(后)的联合干燥方式更适合于紫菜的干制。     

不同干燥方法对紫薯品质特性的影响

为了提高紫薯干制品的品质,研究了热风干燥、微波干燥、真空干燥、太阳能辅助热泵联合干燥4种方法对紫薯干制加工过程中理化特性、组织结构的影响。结果表明：不同干燥方法所得产品在能耗、色泽、功效成分、硬度以及组织结构方面存在着显著性差异,微波干燥效率最高,但产品色泽和组织结构较差,真空干燥产品功效成分保持率最高,但干燥效率最低、能耗最大,而太阳能热泵干燥所得产品在干燥效率、能耗、色泽及组织结构等方面的综合表现最佳,所得产品质量好。     

Effect of different moisture equilibration process on the quality of apple chips dried by instant controlled pressure drop (dic)‐assisted hot air drying

Moisture equilibration process (MEP) is an important process before controlled pressure drop (DIC) drying to obtain greater products quality and avoid producing bubbles. The aim of this work was to study the effect of MEP on the quality of apple chips dried by instant controlled pressure drop‐assisted hot air drying (DIC‐AD). After predrying by AD, four types of moisture equilibration solutions were applied to equilibrate the moisture of apple chips before DIC. The quality of apple chips equilibrated in water for 10 min was superior to those for 30 and 60 min with better color, brittleness, hardness, puffing degree (PD), and microstructure. Sugar solutions showed positive effect on brittleness and hardness, PD, and soluble solids of apple chips. In addition, calcium chloride was beneficial to the color of apple chips, and the product showed good rehydration and PD possibly due to the reaction between pectin and calcium ions.

Practical applications

Instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) was a new sort of united drying method that can combine with other drying technology, such as hot air drying and freezing drying. In practical production, apple slices are usually dried to low moisture content for long time storage and regained appropriate moisture content before drying. After predrying, moisture equilibration process (MEP) is an important process before DIC drying which made water homogenous distributed in the sample to obtain greater products quality and avoid producing bubbles during DIC drying. In this study, MEP with different solutions including water, fructose syrup, maltitol, and calcium chloride were performed before DIC drying, and the changes of physiochemical properties of dried products were studied. Based on the analysis of experimental results, predried apple slice equilibrated in water for 10 min, 10% fructose syrup and 30% maltitol solution might produce apple chips with better quality.     

IMPINGEMENT DRYING OF POTATO CHIPS

The effect of superheated steam temperature (115, 130, and 145C) and convective heat transfer coefficient (100 and 160 W/m²C) on the drying rate and product quality attributes (shrinkage, density, porosity, color, texture, and nutrition loss) of potato chips was investigated. Furthermore, potato chips dried by impinging superheated steam (130 and 145C, h = 100 W/m²C) were compared to air dried (same conditions), commercial, and fried potato chips. Temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient had a significant effect on the drying rate during superheated steam impingement drying. Potato chips dried at higher drying temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient showed less shrinkage, lower bulk density, higher porosity, and darker color when compared to chips dried at lower temperatures and convective heat transfer coefficients. They were also less hard and had a lower vitamin C content. A higher rate of evaporation during the falling rate period was obtained when superheated steam drying was compared to air impingement drying. Potato chips produced using superheated steam impingement drying showed more shrinkage, higher bulk density, lower porosity, and lighter color than chips dried with air under the same temperature and with the same convective heat transfer coefficient (130, and 145C, h = 100 W/m²C). Moreover, superheated steam‐dried potato chips retained more vitamin C during the drying process.     

Comparison of the effect of microwave freeze drying and microwave vacuum drying upon the process and quality characteristics of potato/banana re‐structured chips

This study investigated the drying characteristics of microwave freeze‐drying (MFD)/microwave vacuum drying (MVD) of banana/potato restructured chips of varying proportion and microwave power. The results showed the MFD drying time had a maximum one‐hour time difference between the samples treated with 2 W g^?1 and 3 W g^?1 microwave power; and the higher potato content samples have about 30 min predominance than low potato content samples in drying time and the total drying time of MVD samples was less than 60 min. For the rehydration ratio, MFD samples were far superior to the MVD samples. The MFD samples had more than 4.5 rehydration ratio. The data of the colour difference metre showed that 3 W g^?1 microwave power would make samples slightly charred. The biggest differences between the MFD and MVD chips lie in their texture and shape; the hardness of MVD samples was 30.86 N, thrice higher than MFD samples.     

不同处理工艺对真空油炸毛豆品质的影响

研究了2种预处理工艺结合真空油炸对毛豆水分质量分数、脂肪质量分数和色差的影响.结果表明,与冷冻预处理和直接油炸(对照)相比,预干燥可以有效地降低毛豆的脂肪质量分数,且没有显著性地影响毛豆的色泽(P>0.05).随着前期热风预干燥时间的延长,真空油炸后毛豆的水分与脂肪质量分数逐渐减小,毛豆油炸干燥速度逐渐降低;另一方面,随着真空油炸时间的延长,毛豆自由水分逐渐减少,其后期干燥速率也逐渐降低.     

响应面法优化慈姑脆片微波加工工艺

以慈姑为原料,采用微波加工方式制成即食慈姑脆片,考察了装载量、切片厚度、微波功率对慈姑脆片脆度、硬度及b*值的影响,并采用响应面试验优化微波加工工艺。结果表明,即食慈姑脆片微波加工最佳工艺条件为:慈姑片装载量52 g,切片厚度2.4 mm,微波功率210 W,最终慈姑脆片脆度为1873.47 g,所得慈姑脆片色泽鲜亮均匀、酥脆爽口、具有慈姑独特风味。通过比较微波干燥、恒温干燥、热风联合微波干燥和热泵干燥的慈姑脆片主要特性,结果表明微波干燥的慈姑脆片主要特性比较优良。     

Effect of superheated steam prefrying treatment on the quality of potato chips

Superheated steam drying (SSD) was used as a prefrying treatment prior to deep‐fat frying for potato slices. The effect of SSD at 130, 150 or 180 °C and steam velocity of 2.0 m s^?1 on the fat uptake, colour and texture of fried potato chips was evaluated; microstructure and degree of starch gelatinization were also evaluated to help explain the fat uptake results. SSD and frying yielded potato chips with the fat content from 0.263 ± 0.002 to 0.304 ± 0.002 kg kg^?1 (d.b.), while frying without SSD led to chips with the fat content as high as 0.359 ± 0.003 kg kg^?1 (d.b.). SSD did not promote starch gelatinization. Lower fat uptake was correlated to modified surface structure and lower moisture content of potato slices prior to frying. Frying with/without SSD pretreatment yielded potato chips of similar hardness, crispness and lightness. On the other hand, SSD significantly increased redness and yellowness of the fried chips.     

微波-热风联用制取笋干工艺条件优化

为获得干燥时间短、干燥品质好的笋干,以竹笋为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,根据中心组合试验设计原理,分析微波干燥功率、微波干燥时间和热风干燥温度3 个因素对笋干感官评分、总干燥时间、复水比、色差和硬度指标的影响,以确定微波-热风联用制取笋干最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制取笋干的最佳工艺条件为：微波干燥功率6.3 W/g、微波干燥时间60 s、热风干燥温度65 ℃。在此条件下得到的笋干感官评分85.6、总干燥时间200 min、复水比6.17,干制品色差ΔE* 19.99、复水制品色差ΔE* 13.92、干制品硬度19 511.23 g、复水制品硬度20010.71 g,该工艺研究结果可为笋干产业化发展提供理论支持。     

Characterization of microwave vacuum-dried durian chips

Durian CV. Monthong was subjected to microwave vacuum drying (at 13.33 kPa) to produce durian chips. Various levels of microwave power (3.88 W g⁻¹, 5.49 W g⁻¹ and 7.23 W g⁻¹) were used. Prior to the microwave vacuum drying, the sliced durian was either chilled at 4 °C or frozen at −18 °C. Both pretreatments yielded non-significant difference in dissipation factor (p > 0.05). Among several thin layer models, the Page model was found to be the best for explaining the drying characteristics of durian chips. An increase in the microwave power intensity produced a clear increase in the drying rate and did not affect lightness and yellowness of the durian chips (p > 0.05). The structure and hardness of the dried durian chips were comparable to that of conventionally fried durian chips. In addition, microwave vacuum drying reduced the fat content of the durian chips by at least 90%, compared with conventionally deep fried durian chips.     

Effect of Microwave Frying on Acrylamide Generation,Mass Transfer,Color, and Texture in French Fries

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microwave power on acrylamide generation, as well as moisture and oil fluxes and quality attributes of microwave-fried potatoes. Concretely, 25 g of potato strips, in 250 mL of fresh oil (at room temperature), were subjected to three different microwave powers (315, 430, and 600 W) in a conventional microwave oven. Microwave frying resulted in an acrylamide reduction ranged from 37 to 83% compared to deep-oil frying. Microwave-fried French fries presented lower moisture and higher fat content than deep-oil fried potatoes. Concretely, microwave-fried potatoes presented values of moisture and texture more similar to potato chips than French fries, nonetheless with lower fat levels (less than 20 g/100 g wb) and acrylamide content (lower than 100 μg/kg wb) at the reference time. This study presents an alternative way of frying to address the production of healthier potato chips.