感应电场处理后蓝莓泥酶活性及总花青素含量变化

为了避免食品电场加工中因电极使用而产生电化学反应造成食品污染和电极腐蚀的问题,采用交变磁通代替电极作为激励源,在果泥料液中诱导形成感应电场(induced electric field,IEF),实现对蓝莓果泥的IEF处理:分析激励电压、温度和时间对蓝莓果泥多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性及总花青素含量的影响。结果表明,100 V激励电压产生的IEF可减缓PPO和POD酶活的受热损失。150和250 V激励电压下,IEF与高温钝化PPO和POD具有协同作用。IEF可提高花青素分子的热稳定性且电场强度越高稳定作用越强。与未处理果泥相比,经85℃、250 V激励电压的IEF处理30 min的果泥总花青素含量得到最大提升(12.55%),PPO和POD可被完全灭活。该条件下获得的蓝莓果泥表观黏度与鲜榨果泥更为接近,且储藏期内(4℃,8周)的菌落总数维持在1 lg(CFU/mL)以下,显著低于常规热处理(0 V)和未经热处理的果泥。研究为蓝莓果泥的IEF处理提供了数据参考。     

高压脉冲电场对苹果多酚氧化酶的钝化效果

多酚氧化酶(PPO)促褐变影响苹果鲜果和果汁的品质。探讨高压脉冲电场(PEF)钝化苹果鲜果PPO的可行性。在电压、停留时间、频率、脉冲宽度等单因素试验的基础上,采用响应曲面分析法优化钝酶工艺。结果表明,PEF对红富士多酚氧化酶活性抑制的最佳条件为:电压25 k V,频率530 Hz,停留时间45 s和脉冲宽度8μs,此条件下多酚氧化酶的抑制率达51.86%。鲜榨果汁的色值和褐变指数与PPO的相对活力直接相关。PEF处理能够抑制果汁的酶促褐变,与对照组相比,由最优钝化条件下处理的果块制备的果汁(4 h时)的色值极显著大于对照组(P0.01),总可溶性固形物,pH值没有发生显著改变(P0.05),还原型维生素C呈下降趋势,但下降不显著(P0.05)。     

贮藏时间对超高压处理鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响

以热处理(100℃处理5 min)作为对照,评价超高压处理(25℃和400 MPa处理30 min)鲜榨番茄汁贮藏3个月期间的品质和风味变化规律。结果显示超高压处理的鲜榨番茄汁在2个月的贮藏期内,菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌数量均在国家食品卫生标准以内;pH值、PPO和POD活性逐渐降低;维生素C含量降低约24%,而热处理的鲜榨番茄汁中维生素C含量降低约96%;超高压处理的鲜榨番茄汁风味更加接近于番茄的原有香气,而热处理引起风味的显著性变化。因此,超高压处理的鲜榨番茄汁在2个月的贮藏期内品质和风味均优于传统热处理番茄汁。     

超高压处理对梨汁中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

目的研究鲜榨梨汁中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性受高压和热协同处理的影响。方法使用超高压技术单独或协同加热处理加或不加维生素C的鲜榨梨汁,测定其中PPO活性和果汁颜色。结果200～600MPa的压力处理对果汁中PPO活性影响不大,400MPa的压力对PPO有激活作用;高于600MPa的压力使PPO显著失活。维生素C在500MPa以下对果汁中PPO有激活作用,在600MPa以上或热处理结合高压时有钝化PPO的作用。随着保压时间延长和温度升高,梨汁中PPO相对活性逐渐降低。500MPa60℃或750MPa50℃以上的处理条件可使鲜榨梨汁中的PPO失去60%以上的活性,750MPa50℃的处理条件下果汁颜色变化不显著。结论梨的PPO是耐高压的酶。     

热处理条件对蓝莓汁中花色苷和加工特性的影响

为研究热处理条件对蓝莓汁生产过程中出现的色泽和功能成分改变的影响,采用沸水热烫和微波加热两种方法对蓝莓进行处理,测定果汁中多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、主要功能性成分花色苷和总酚等含量,以及果汁色泽的变化。热烫处理0~2 min内,PPO的残余活力迅速下降,花色苷含量没有显著变化,果汁颜色变暗,红色减弱,蓝色增强;低频率微波处理,不能起到钝化PPO的效果,而高微波功率作用又对花色苷造成很大的破坏,使得蓝莓中多酚氧化酶的活性增加,之后随着微波频率的进一步增加,PPO的酶活力迅速下降。在实际生产中,应结合低功率微波和短时热烫处理,同时保留蓝莓汁功能成分和维持色泽。     

葛根中多酚氧化酶性质及葛根护色的研究

研究葛根多酚氧化酶(PPO)的性质,以及不同护色方案的护色效果,确定最佳护色方案。结果表明,以邻苯二酚为底物,葛根PPO的最适pH7.0,最适温度40℃,100℃热处理40s可钝化PPO的活性;抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸钠和亚硫酸钠为多酚氧化酶强烈抑制剂;但仅有亚硫酸钠能有效抑制葛根褐变的发生;结合颜色、护色效果、损失以及残留,确定0.2%的亚硫酸钠溶液为护色剂采用喷涂的方式进行护色。     

超高压技术在鲜榨桃汁加工中的应用

以鲜榨桃汁为原料,分别研究了热处理对其多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的灭酶效果影响和超高压对其微生物的灭菌效果影响。结果显示:PPO、POD相对残存酶活随着热处理温度和时间的增加而减小,PPO对热处理的耐受性明显高于POD,最适灭酶条件为75℃1min;菌落总数、霉酵总数和乳酸菌数均随着超高压处理压力和时间的增加而减少,霉菌和酵母菌对超高压的耐受能力明显差于细菌,最适灭菌条件为600MPa10min;按以上最适条件生产的桃汁在1个月贮藏期内达到商业无菌。     

蓝莓中多酚氧化酶的酶学特性

为分析蓝莓中多酚氧化酶的酶学特性,本文对影响蓝莓多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶活力的主要因素:p H、温度、金属离子、抑制剂及热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:蓝莓中PPO最适p H为6.5,最适温度为30℃,Ca~(2+)和Mn~(2+)对蓝莓PPO有抑制作用,Cu~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)对蓝莓PPO有激活作用。柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸及亚硫酸氢钠能抑制PPO酶活,但柠檬酸抑制效果较差。热稳定性实验结果表明:蓝莓果PPO耐热性较差,高温短时可显著抑制PPO酶活性。     

微波处理对板栗仁酶促褐变的影响

研究了微波处理对板栗仁中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响,通过改变微波处理时间和处理量,测定了不同处理条件下板栗仁的PPO、POD活性和色差ΔL*值。结果表明:PPO的活性对栗仁酶促褐变的影响较大,栗仁中POD的热稳定差,易失活。在功率密度8 W/g、处理时间100 s的条件下,PPO活力下降为18.33 U/m L,POD活力为0.53 U/m L,栗仁色差ΔL*值为7.46。说明微波处理栗仁能很好地抑制酶促褐变的发生,起到了较好的护色效果。     

热处理结合γ-氨基丁酸对鲜切苹果生理特性和品质的影响

为提高鲜切苹果贮藏期的品质,本文以富士苹果为材料,研究了45 ℃水整果浸泡(2 min)、果实鲜切后γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)处理(1.5%,10 min)及热处理结合GABA对贮藏期间苹果切片品质的影响。结果表明:4 ℃贮藏8 d时,对照组苹果切片感官品质下降迅速,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量降低,L*值降低,BI值升高,褐变明显发生,多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,DPPH自由基清除率下降,贮藏后期MDA大量积累。与对照相比,热处理、GABA处理及热处理结合GABA均获得较高的感官评分,抑制了果肉可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的下降,保持较高的L*值,减轻褐变的发生,提高了总酚含量,抑制了多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升,减少了抗氧化物质的损失,保持较高的DPPH清除率,并减轻了MDA积累,其中,以热处理结合GABA效果最好。     

超高压和热灭菌对芒果原浆品质影响的比较

对比分析了超高压(UHP)及热处理在达到商业杀菌要求的基础上对芒果原浆感官品质、营养成分及理化性质的影响。实验结果表明,随着压力值(300～500MPa)的上升菌落总数逐渐减少,超高压处理(450MPa,28℃,20min)及热处理(85℃,10min)条件下均可达到商业无菌;上述两种处理条件处理后芒果原浆pH、可溶性固形物含量与对照样差异不显著(P0.05);超高压处理样品的L*、b*值与对照样差异显著(P0.05),a*值与对照样差异不显著(P0.05),热处理样品的L*、a*、b*值与对照样相比差异均显著(P0.05),超高压处理样品更好地保持了原有色泽;超高压处理样品的还原型VC保留率达91.18%,远高于热处理;感官分析通过定量描述分析法对不同处理方式处理后的样品进行分析评定,结果表明,超高压处理样品在色、香、味等方面都接近对照样。因此,超高压技术不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,而且最大限度地保证了芒果原浆的品质。     

COLOR, POLYPHENOLOXIDASE, AND SENSORY CHANGES IN BANANA JUICE AS AFFECTED BY HEAT AND ULTRAFILTRATION

A study was conducted to determine the effects of banana maturity (less mature; maturity stage 3, more mature; maturity stage 7), heat treatment of banana puree, heat pasteurization of juice, and ultrafiltration (UF) of juice on color, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, and flavor of puree and juice. Heating puree to 90C inactivated PPO and reduced browning in puree and juice, especially in puree from more mature bananas which had greater PPO activity. PPO activity decreased considerably during cold-setting and filtration of juice, and was not detectable in unheated, pad-filtered juice from less mature bananas. UF of juice through a 10,000 mwco membrance, but not a 30,000, removed all PPO activity and reduced juice browning. Pasteurization of juice (hot fill at 90C) increased browning, but not as much as PPO activity in the puree. Pasteurization had no effect on juice flavor if the puree had been heated to 90C previously as puree, but altered the flavor (i. e., more cooked banana flavor) of juice that had not been previously heated to 90C. Pasteurized juice that had not been heated to 90C as puree had similar flavor (no significant difference) as pasteurized juice that had been heated to 90C as puree.     

Frozen Wild Blueberry-Tofu-Soymilk Desserts

Both wild (lowbush) blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) and soybeans (Glycine max L.) possess a variety of antioxidants, and both foods appear to have multiple health benefits. Our objectives were to identify whether wild blueberry juice concentrate was more acceptable than puree in frozen desserts with a soy milk‐tofu base; to determine whether fat‐free products were as acceptable as those with 10% added fat; and to compare several levels of blueberry juice concentrate. Four frozen dessert formulations were prepared in duplicate from soy milk, silken tofu, sucrose, stabilizer, BJC or puree, soybean oil or polydextrose, sweetened dried blueberries, salt, and lemon juice. Samples were assayed for total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, color, overrun, and solids. Fifty‐five persons evaluated the samples using a 9‐point hedonic scale for color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. Samples containing blueberry juice concentrate were darker and less blue. Anthocyanin levels were highest in the puree sample and the fat‐free product with 7.8% blueberry juice concentrate. However, antioxidant activity was highest (28 Trolox equivalents per gram) in the samples made with soybean oil and 7.4% blueberry juice concentrate. The puree formulation received higher hedonic scores than did the low‐fat blueberry juice concentrate formulations. The puree formulation received overall acceptability scores of like very much or like extremely by 45% of the consumers. These findings may aid processors in defining potential formulations that combine 2 healthful food ingredients.     

蓝莓红巧梅花茶饮料加工工艺的研究

用果胶酶制备鲜蓝莓汁,反应温度为50℃、加酶量0.5%、酶解4h。制备红巧梅花茶的浸渍温度为80℃、加水量50mL、浸渍时间为60min。复合原汁最佳配比为鲜蓝莓汁:红巧梅花茶汁=2:3(体积比)混合,确定风味调配加工工艺为复合原汁含量20%、蜂蜜添加8%、VC添加0.3%。蓝莓红巧梅花茶饮料色泽、口感、风味俱佳,且营养丰富,适合大众口味。     

Radiofrequency inactivation of oxidative food enzymes in model systems and apple derivatives

The effect of increasing radiofrequency (RF) electric fields on the activity of oxidative enzymes was studied in model systems and food. In particular, the mechanisms of enzyme inactivation by RF treatments were studied on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and lipoxygenase (LOX) model systems. RF treatments efficiently inactivated both enzymes, although PPO was more sensitive to an increase in the RF electric field. RF efficacy was attributed to the generated thermal effect, while the contribution of the electromagnetic field resulted negligible.Following, the efficacy of RF in blanching vegetables to obtain color stable derivatives was evaluated. To this aim, RF and conventionally water blanched apples were processed to get purees which were analyzed for color, sensory attributes and consumer preference. RF allowed apples to be adequately blanched. In particular, the puree obtained from the RF blanched apples was judged comparable to the conventionally water blanched one for color and sensory attributes. However, a slightly higher perceivable sweetness of the RF blanched sample was found, probably due to the fact that the RF treatment allowed any contact with water to be avoided.     

Noni puree (Morinda citrifolia) mixed in beef patties enhanced color stability

Ground beef, mixed with 0, 2, 4, and 6% Noni puree, was formed into 150-g patties, aerobically packaged, and displayed in retail for 5d. After 2 and 3d, patties with higher concentrations of Noni were perceived as redder and less discolored (P<0.05) by visual panelists. Noni patties were found to have greater (P<0.05) a* values than controls, even though all patties became less red during display. After 3 and 5d of retail display, patties with higher concentrations of Noni puree also had lower TBARS (were less oxidized; P<0.05). In fresh taste panels, panelists perceived the patties to have less beef flavor and greater incidence of off-flavors (P<0.05) as Noni puree concentration increased. The potential of Noni puree to improve the color stability and shelf life of fresh ground beef is very promising, but the flavors produced by the addition of Noni in ground beef may be detrimental to its use.     

High Pressure and Temperature Effects on Enzyme Inactivation in Strawberry and Orange Products

High hydrostatic pressure treatment (50-400 MPa) combined with heat treatment (20–60°C) effects on peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and pectin methylesterase (PME) activities of fruit-derived products were studied. Assays were carried out on fresh orange juice and strawberry puree. Pressurization/depressurization treatments caused a significant loss of strawberry PPO (60%) up to 250 MPa and POD activity (25%) up to 230 MPa, while some activation was observed for treatments carried out in 250–400 MPa range for both enzymes. Optimal inactivation of POD was using 230 Mpa and 43°C in strawberry puree. Combinations of high pressure and temperature effectively reduced POD activity in orange juice (50%) to 35°C. The effects of high pressure and temperature on PME activity in orange juice were very similar to those for POD.     

高压脉冲电场和热处理对蓝莓汁品质的影响

以蓝莓汁为原料,比较了高压脉冲电场（PEF）杀菌和热力杀菌处理对蓝莓汁中微生物和理化指标的影响,以及不同处理的蓝莓汁在贮藏期间的品质变化规律。结果表明：PEF可以有效杀灭蓝莓汁中的微生物;PEF杀菌对蓝莓汁色泽参数影响程度小;杀菌处理后,贮藏期内PEF处理和热处理对蓝莓汁的还原糖、总酸、可溶性固形物含量、总酚含量影响较小,PEF处理较热处理能更好地保持蓝莓汁中的VC和花青素含量。     

Polyphenoloxidase Activity and Color of Blanched and High Hydrostatic Pressure Treated Banana Puree

The effects of blanching and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments on natural flora evolution, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and color of banana puree adjusted to pH 3.4 and water activity (a_w) of 0.97 were evaluated during 15 days storage at 25°C. Standard plate as well as yeast and mold counts of HHP treated purees were <10 CFU/g throughout storage. Blanching time was found to affect (P<0.05) puree color. HHP treatments retained the initial color of the banana purees. Longer browning induction times and slower browning rates were observed when a longer blanching time was combined with a 689 MPa pressure treatment. A residual PPO activity < 5% was observed in the puree when a 7 min blanch was followed by HHP treatment at 689 MPa for 10 min.