江西省畜禽产品中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸污染情况调查与分析

为了探索江西省畜禽产品中全氟辛酸（perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctanesulfonate,PFOS）的污染现状,采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱对江西省5 个畜禽主产市市售猪、鸡、鸭各组织（n=260）样品中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平进行了分析。结果表明：以湿质量计算可知,鸡血中PFOA的污染水平最高,为0.52 ng/g,其次为猪肝（0.24 ng/g）,然后依次为鸡肝（0.14 ng/g）、鸭血（0.12 ng/g）、鸭肝（0.029 ng/g）,猪肉、鸡肉、鸭肉和猪血中均未检出PFOA的污染;PFOS仅在猪肝中检出,其均值为0.20 ng/g。对人体健康风险评价结果显示,江西省猪、鸡和鸭各组织中PFOA和PFOS不会对人体健康造成即时危害。     

食品接触材料中全氟化合物的迁移规律研究

目的研究全氟化合物从食品接触材料到食品模拟物中的迁移规律。方法根据全氟化合物制品在日常生活中的使用情况,选择4个品牌的纸杯和3个品牌的包装袋进行了试验,以全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸等为研究对象,参考食品接触材料及制品迁移试验通则的具体要求,采用不同食品模拟物、不同操作方式、不同保存时间和温度等因素考察对全氟新烷磺酸、全氟辛酸的迁移量和迁移规律的影响。目标化合物通过C_(18)色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-5 mmol/L的乙酸铵为流动相进行梯度洗脱;流速0.2 mL/min;柱温为30℃;进样量1μL,由三重四级杆质谱进行定性和定量分析。结果数据显示在模拟物为食用油时PFOA的迁移量是最大的,超过0.01 ng/cm~2;其他情况PFOA的溶出量都低于0.002 ng/cm~2; PFOS的溶出量均较少,低于0.002 ng/cm~2。结论初步得到食品接触材料中典型全氟化合物的迁移规律基础数据,说明无论是何种品牌的纸杯或是包装袋,接触食物均会产生PFOA和PFOS的微量溶出,经过膳食暴露可能会引起健康危害。     

广东省典型氟化工区周边蔬菜中3种全氟化合物及2种氯代多氟醚基磺酸的污染调查及膳食暴露评估

目的 调查分析广东省典型氟化工区周边种植的蔬菜中3种全氟化合物及2种氯代多氟醚基磺酸的污染现状及膳食暴露风险。方法 2019年在广东省3个氟化工区周边随机采集种植蔬菜及非氟化工区农贸市场市售样品共96份,采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱法检测样品中全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）、6：2氯代多氟醚基磺酸（6：2 Cl-PFESA）和8：2氯代多氟醚基磺酸（8：2 Cl-PFESA）的浓度,并采用点评估法对食用蔬菜暴露5种化合物的健康风险进行评估。结果 所有样品均检出PFOS和PFOA,仅在2份叶类蔬菜检出氯代多氟醚基磺酸。样品中5种化合物的平均浓度之和（∑₃ PFASs+∑₂ Cl-PFESA）为0.792 ng/g fw （fresh weight,鲜质量）,其中氟化工区周边样品的平均浓度为农贸市场市售样品的2倍。在3类蔬菜样品中,叶类蔬菜5种化合物的平均浓度之和最高,为1.11 ng/g fw。暴露评估结果显示,通过食用氟化工区周边种植的蔬菜暴露PFOS、PFOA和PFHxS的范围为0.185~2.35 ng/kg·BW,其中PFOS和PFOA的危害指数（HI）大于1,2种氯代多氟醚基磺酸的暴露水平较低。结论 居民食用氟化工区周边种植的叶类和瓜果类蔬菜暴露PFOS和PFOA的水平已超过健康指导值,存在潜在健康风险。经蔬菜暴露2种氯代多氟醚基磺酸的健康风险较低,但仍需关注。     

采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定猪肉中的全氟化合物(PFOS、PFOA)

采用HPLC-ESI-MS/MS联用技术,建立了分析检测猪肉肌肉组织中全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的方法.本方法以Waters sunfire C 18柱为液相分离柱,以乙腈-5mmol/L乙酸铵溶液梯度洗脱溶液,PFOS和PFOA在10min内即能达到良好分离,定性定量离子对分别为499.0/79....     

我国居民经大米摄入无机砷的暴露水平及其健康风险评估

目的 评估我国居民经大米摄入无机砷的暴露水平及其健康风险。方法 系统检索PubMed、 CNKI等数据库中2001—2020年发表文献中关于我国大米无机砷含量数据,结合2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据,采用半参数蒙特卡罗模拟法估计我国居民经大米的无机砷摄入量水平；采用目标风险系数法、终生癌症风险法对居民经大米摄入无机砷产生的健康风险进行评估。结果 我国各地大米中无机砷含量范围为0.038～0.1 mg/kg。我国居民经大米的无机砷暴露平均水平整体呈现出南方高于北方的特点(P＜0.05),尤其是南方的江西[1.00、0.59、0.48 μg/(kg·BW·d)]、湖南[0.58、0.39、0.38 μg/(kg·BW·d)]、广西[0.57、0.40、0.34 μg/(kg·BW·d)]等省及自治区暴露水平较高。对各省、市及自治区不同年龄段人群的风险评估结果表明,大米高消费人群的无机砷暴露可能有健康风险,其中以江西、湖南等省份的2～17岁居民中大米高消费人群(P95)的风险较高。各省、市及自治区THQ值范围为0.08～6.96,LCR值范围为0.38× 10-4～3.13× 10-3。结论 经大米摄入无机砷对我国居民中的大米高消费人群可能产生一定的健康风险。     

Monte Carlo模拟对面制品中铝膳食暴露风险的概率评估

结合常见市售面制品中铝的残留量监测结果,采用Crystal Ball软件建立非参数概率评估模型,对居民面制品来源的铝膳食暴露量进行了初步评估。结果表明,所有面制品样品的铝残留量均值为15.5 mg/kg,最高检出值为1437.7 mg/kg,超标率为8.5%。不同类别面制品中铝的残留量差异具有统计学意义(p<0.05),以油炸类面制品的铝残留量均值最高,为22.7 mg/kg。不同年龄人群面制品来源的铝膳食日暴露量的P99百分位数分别为青少年(6~17岁):男性103.89/女性116.47 μg/(kg·d);青年(18~44岁):男性66.36/女性79.36 μg/(kg·d);中年(45~59岁):男性68.23/女性72.41 μg/(kg·d);老年(≥60岁):男性73.80/女性78.89 μg/(kg·d),低于每日可耐受摄入量(ADI)285.7 μg/(kg·d),风险指数最大值为0.41,小于1。面制品来源的铝膳食暴露风险在可接受范围内,普通居民通过面制品摄入铝的健康风险较低。     

液相色谱串联质谱法检测一次性纸杯中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的迁移量

目的 建立液相色谱串联质谱法检测一次性纸杯中全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸向食品模拟物中的迁移量。方法 待测样品经前处理后, 通过C18色谱柱进行分离, 以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱、流速 0.2 mL/min、柱温为30 ℃、进样量2 μL, 由三重四级杆质谱进行定性和定量分析。结果 全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸在0.1~2.0 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均≥0.999; 低、中、高3个添加水平的平均加标回收为81.27%~97.12%; 相对标准偏差为2.9%~7.4%。应用建立的方法对一次性纸杯进行模拟迁移试验, 初步得到了这2种物质在不同模拟状态下的迁移量。结论 该方法选择性强、灵敏性和准确度高, 适用于一次性纸杯中全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸的确证和定量分析。     

中国部分主产区鸡肉中全氟化合物残留水平调查

目的通过对中国鸡肉部分主产区2014年1月至2015年4月的619份鸡肉样品中19种全氟化合物(11种全氟羧酸和8种全氟磺酸盐)浓度的检测,进行全氟化合物在鸡肉中污染状况的分析评价。方法样品采用溶剂萃取固相填料净化结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)进行分析。结果 619份鸡肉样品中全氟化合物的总检出率为83.8%,共检出17种全氟化合物,以全氟戊酸(perfluoropentanoic acid,PFPe A)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoic acid,PFNA)的残留为主,其含量分别为0~1.26μg/kg,0~2.19μg/kg和0~0.76μg/kg。结论鸡肉部分主产区中PFCs的残留水平具有区域差异,人体健康风险评价表明,该4省市的鸡肉中PFOA和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)不会对人体造成即时危害。     

分子印迹固相微萃取-敞开式离子化质谱法快速筛查牛奶中2种全氟化合物残留

目的 建立分子印迹固相微萃取(Molecularly imprinted solid phase microextraction,MISPME)结合敞开式质谱(ambient mass spectrometry,AMS)快速检测牛奶中两种全氟化合物(全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS) )残留量的分析方法。方法 牛奶样品进行蛋白质沉淀预处理后离心,上清液经氮吹干燥后加水复溶,在涡旋的条件下经分子印迹修饰的固相微萃取木签萃取,在敞开式质谱(AMS)和多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式下分析,外标法定量。结果 PFOA和PFOS在1-500 μg/L的浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.99。PFOA和PFOS的检出限分别为0.2和0.3 μg/L,在5,10,50 μg/L 3个添加水平下平均回收率范围均处于84.8%~89.6%之间,相对标准偏差均小于8.41%。结论 分子印迹聚合物修饰的固相微萃取材料对PFOA和PFOS的选择富集性强,MISPME-AMS 方法不需要色谱分离,极大程度提高检测效率。该方法能快速、简便、灵敏的检测牛奶中的PFOA和PFOS。     

边销茶中蒽醌污染状况及其暴露风险评估

目的 了解我国边销茶中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的污染状况,评估我国边销茶饮用人群的暴露水平及健康风险。方法 用气相色谱串联质谱法（GC-MS/MS）测定边销茶样品中蒽醌（以9,10-蒽醌为代表）的含量,基于2016—2017年边销茶中9,10-蒽醌食品安全风险监测数据,结合内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区、青海省居民的边销茶消费量数据,通过简单分布评估法对当地居民通过饮用边销茶蒽醌的暴露量进行估计,并与每日允许摄入量（ADI,6.8 μg/kg·BW）比较后进行风险评估。结果 141份边销茶样品中蒽醌总检出率为75.18%,平均含量为0.029 2 mg/kg,我国尚未制定茶叶中蒽醌的限量标准,以2014年欧盟法规条例（EU）No 1146/2014中规定的茶叶中蒽醌最大残留限量0.02 mg/kg作为参考,总超标率为57.45%。定型包装和散装的边销茶蒽醌超标率分别为64.63%和47.46%。简单分布评估结果显示,我国内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省饮茶者全人群每日通过边销茶摄入蒽醌的平均水平为9.37×10^-4 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.013 8%;边销茶高消费人群的每日暴露量（P95暴露量）为3.12×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,占ADI的0.045 9%。不同性别-年龄组中,45~59岁女性组每日平均暴露量和P95暴露量最高,分别为1.41×10^-3和6.16×10^-3 μg/kg·BW,远低于ADI值。结论 内蒙古自治区、西藏自治区和青海省居民经边销茶摄入的蒽醌对人体造成的健康风险较低,处在可接受水平。但我国边销茶中普遍存在蒽醌污染,需要进一步对茶叶中蒽醌进行溯源分析并控制污染源。另外,为积极应对欧盟等国家和地区对我国出口茶叶的蒽醌含量限定,建议相关部门研究制定茶叶中蒽醌的合理限量规定。     

Dietary exposure to selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in four European regions

The dietary exposure to selected PFAAs was estimated in four selected European states (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Italy and Norway) representing Western, Southern, Eastern and Northern Europe. The harmonised sampling programme designed in the European Union project PERFOOD was targeted at identifying seven selected PFAAs, including perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in food items that are most important both in terms of consumption and based on known high contamination patterns. The estimated average dietary exposure for adults (18–64 years) and children (3–9 years) is generally below or close to 1 ng kg^–1 BW day^–1 for all seven PFAAs. Considering the high consumption of food groups that contribute most to the exposure does not result in estimates exceeding 4 ng kg^–1 BW day^–1. Thus, based on the TDIs proposed by EFSA for PFOS (150 ng kg^–1 BW day^–1) and PFOA (1500 ng kg^–1 BW day^–1), no concern can be identified. There are distinct dietary exposure patterns from region to region as a result of different food consumption and contamination patterns. Foods of plant origin (e.g. fruit and vegetables) are most important for the dietary exposure to PFHxA, PFOA and PFHxS, while the consumption of foods of animal origin (particularly fish and seafood) mostly contributes to the dietary exposure to PFDA and PFUnDA. For the dietary exposure to PFNA and PFOS, food of animal and plant origin contributes with equal importance. In conclusion, region-to-region differences as well as the relative importance of food of different origin for each PFAA should be paid more attention in further research.     

Exposure of an adult population to perfluorinated substances using duplicate diet portions and biomonitoring data

Because dietary intake is supposed to be an important route of human exposure we quantified the dietary intake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA), and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) using 214 duplicate diet samples. The study was carried out with a study population of 15 female and 16 male healthy subjects aged 16-45 years. The participants collected daily duplicate diet samples over seven consecutive days in 2005. Duplicate samples were homogenized and their ultrasonic extracts were cleaned up by SPE and subjected to HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In addition, individual intakes were estimated based on blood levels of PFOS and PFOA using a pharmacokinetic model. Blood samples were collected once during the sampling period. The median (90th percentile) daily dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA was 1.4 ng/kg b.w. (3.8 ng/kg b.w.) and 2.9 ng/kg b.w. (8.4 ng/kg b.w.), respectively. PFHxS and PFHxA could be detected only in some samples above detection limit with median (maximum) daily intakes of 2.0 ng/kg b.w. (4.0 ng/kg b.w.) and 4.3 ng/kg b.w. (9.2 ng/kg b.w.), respectively. Because PFOSA could not be detected above the limit of detection of 0.2 ng/g f.w. this indirect route of exposure seems to be of less significance. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the German population is exposed to PFOS and PFOA, but the median dietary intake did not reach the recommended tolerable daily intake by far. Biomonitoring data predict an exposure in a comparable range. We suppose that, normally, food intake is the main source of exposure of the general population to PFOS and PFOA.     

青海省成年居民膳食铝暴露风险评估

目的 评价青海省成年居民膳食铝的暴露水平及潜在的健康风险。方法 利用2015—2020年青海省7类共499份主要含铝食品的铝含量数据,以及《第五次中国总膳食研究》和2010—2013年中国居民营养与健康监测中的食物消费量数据,采用点评估的方法,评估青海省不同年龄-性别组成年居民的铝暴露水平及潜在风险。结果 7类主要含铝食品铝的平均含量为72.210 mg/kg,最大值为1 220.000 mg/kg。总检出率为77.96%(389/499),总超标率为19.72%(57/289)。其中,即食海蜇的检出率和超标率均为最高,分别为100.00%(11/11)、90.91%(10/11)。青海省成年居民铝的平均每日暴露量为0.080 mg/(kg·d),占暂定每周耐受摄入量(PTWI)的27.86%,谷物及其制品对青海省成年居民膳食铝暴露的贡献率最高,达88.07%。不同年龄-性别组成年居民以≥60岁年龄组女性每日铝暴露量最高,平均为0.086 mg/(kg·d),占PTWI的30.05%。各年龄-性别组成年居民膳食铝中位暴露量(铝含量取P50)和平均暴露量(铝含量取均值)占PTWI百分比均＜1。结论 青海省成年居民膳食铝摄入的健康风险较低,谷物及其制品为主要贡献食品。     

食品接触材料中全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)检测方法的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）由于具有生物蓄积性、多种毒性和难降解的特点,近年来受到越来越多的国内外学者的关注。作为一种广泛存在的典型全氟化合物,PFOS通过各种途径不同程度地污染了许多日常食物,如快餐包装纸对食物的污染、一次性纸杯对饮料的污染、不粘锅涂层对饭菜的污染等,其中食品接触材料是最易被忽视的一个污染途径。PFOS具有急性毒性、肝脏毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、细胞毒性及生殖毒性等多种毒性作用,但在被污染的食品接触材料中,PFOS的含量往往比较低,因此对其快速准确地测定有一定的难度。本文主要综述了PFOS的毒性、PFOS在各种介质中的污染水平、PFOS向食品中的迁移状况以及检测食品接触材料中PFOS的各种方法,并对食品接触材料中PFOS的检测及其发展作出总结与展望。     

烟台海域海产品中副溶血弧菌的膳食 暴露风险定量评价

目的获得烟台海域海产品中副溶血弧菌的(Vibrio parahemolyticus,VP)致病风险值,量化描述海产品中VP的膳食暴露风险。方法以贝塔-泊松模型(Beta-poison)作为剂量-反应模型,运用@Risk软件拟合海产品中VP的概率分布以及计算基于蒙特卡罗模拟的量化风险值。结果烟台15~64岁居民摄食单份(可食部,100 g/份)海产品的VP发病总体风险均值为3.824×10-5,年均发病率为0.00502次/人·年。贝类致病风险均值和年均发病率最高,分别为1.027×10-4、2.14×10-3。致病风险均值和年均发病率由大到小为:贝类其他类海藻类头足类甲壳类鱼类。7~9月份海产品中VP的致病风险均值和人均发病率分别为9.673±6.631×10-5和0.00633±0.00434次/人·季度,远高于4~6月份和10~11月份。结论烟台海域海产品中存在VP致病风险,贝类中VP致病风险值较高,7~9月份是高风险时间节点;海产品中VP污染是引起烟台常住居民食源性疾病的主要病原菌之一,尤其夏季控制海产品中VP的污染量,能够有效的降低VP致病风险。     

Determinants of plasma PFOA and PFOS levels among 652 Danish men

Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are used in a variety of industrial and consumer products and have been detected worldwide in human blood. The sources for human exposure are not well described, but dietary intake is suggested as an important source. In this study of 652 Danish men from the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, we examined intake of 10 major dietary groups, tap water drinks, alcohol consumption, cooking method, geographical area, age, smoking status, and BMI as potential determinants of PFOA and PFOS plasma levels. Living in the Aarhus area was associated with higher PFOA and PFOS plasma levels compared with living in the Copenhagen area, and never smokers had higher levels than current smokers. Frying as compared with other cooking methods was a determinant of PFOA and PFOS levels. BMI and alcohol consumption were inversely associated with both compounds. Among the dietary groups, only intake of eggs was significantly positively associated with PFOS plasma levels. In future studies, PFOA and PFOS levels in air, dust and water samples should be measured to elucidate further the sources of exposure; exposure through diet needs to be studied in greater detail. Our finding of a higher body burden of PFOA and PFOS among never smokers also warrants further evaluation.     

食用菌中氯化石蜡的污染水平及摄入风险评估

目的 了解中国市场上食用菌中氯化石蜡(Chlorinated paraffins, CPs)的污染状况, 为CPs的综合摄入风险评估提供科学数据。方法 采集中国市场上24种不同食用菌品种(共计79个样品)。样品经加速溶剂萃取(accelerated solvent extraction, ASE)、净化, 采用电子捕获负离子模式下气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography- mass spectrometry, GC-MS)检测, 分析CPs的浓度与同族体分布。结果 在不同品种的食用菌样品中, 短链氯化石蜡(short-chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs)干重浓度范围在92.75~3688.35 ng/g之间, 平均浓度为797.49 ng/g; 中链氯化石蜡(medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, MCCPs)干重浓度范围在未检测到(Not detected, ND)~588.68 ng/g之间, 平均浓度为235.78 ng/g。SCCPs的同族体组成以C10Cl8为主, MCCPs的同族体以C14Cl8为主。线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)表明不同食用菌样品中的CPs的污染模式无明显差异。SCCPs和MCCPs的估计每日摄入量(estimated daily intake, EDI)平均值分别为334.67和99.01 ng·kg-1·d-1, 由此计算的暴露边界值(margin of exposure, MOE)大于1000。结论 食用菌样品中SCCPs和MCCPs有着相似来源, 其摄入量低于SCCPs和MCCPs间接暴露风险阈值（10和4 mg·kg-1·d-1）。表明食用菌中CPs对居民没有潜在的健康风险。     

Analysis of selected perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in beer to evaluate the effect of beer consumption on human PFAS exposure: a pilot study

This report describes the development of a method for the determination and quantification of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in beer. A total of 93 beer samples were analyzed for the presence of PFASs by means of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The results of this study have made it possible to calculate possible PFAS uptake via beer as well as the potential PFAS-related health risk as a result of beer consumption with regard to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of perfluoro-n-octanoic acid (PFOA) (1,500 ng/kg bodyweight and day) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (150 ng/kg bodyweight and day). PFOS concentrations above the limit of quantification were detected in 50 % of the samples. The highest PFOS concentration detected in any of the beers was 18.4 ng/L, and the highest PFOA concentration was 56.9 ng/L. The calculated maximum uptake of both substances for which a TDI level exists were 2.44 ng/kg bodyweight/day for PFOA and 0.79 ng/kg bodyweight/day for PFOS assuming that an adult consumed his/her total daily liquid uptake exclusively by drinking 3 L of beer, equivalent to the maximum measured concentration (worst-case scenario). In regard to the model calculations made here, the maximum uptake of PFOA and PFOS via consumption of beer can be considered negligible at 0.85 % of the concentration that would be required to reach the TDI for PFOS and 0.16 % for PFOA.     

Determinants of fetal exposure to polyfluoroalkyl compounds in Baltimore, Maryland

Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are ubiquitous, man-made chemicals. Human data suggest that in utero exposures to these chemicals occur and some evidence of developmental toxicity in animals exists. To assess the distribution and determinants of fetal exposure to PFCs, we analyzed cord serum samples from 299 singleton newborns delivered between 2004 and 2005 in Baltimore, MD for 10 PFCs by employing on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PFOS and PFOA were detected in 99 and 100% of umbilical cord sera, with geometric mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.6 ng/mL, respectively. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were highly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.64 after natural log transformation, p < 0.01). Eight other PFCs were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations than PFOS and PFOA. Geometric mean concentrations of PFOS for Asians (6.0 ng/mL) and Blacks (5.1 ng/mL) were higher than those for Whites (4.2 ng/mL), while PFOA levels were more evenly distributed by race. Other maternal demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, including age, education, marital status, and living in the city limits were not significantly associated with cord concentrations. Our findings suggest that in utero exposure to PFOS and PFOA is ubiquitous in a population of babies born in Baltimore, MD.