大豆蛋白/表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯纳米复合颗粒制备Pickering乳液及其性质研究

为了研究大豆蛋白(Soybean Protein,SP)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin Gallate,EGCG)在不同摩尔比下(1:0～1:4)形成的纳米复合颗粒的粒径、Zeta-电位、表面疏水性、抗氧化能力,以及由该纳米复合颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液的乳化特性和微观结构。结果表明,随着SP与EGCG摩尔比的增加,纳米复合颗粒和Pickering乳液的粒径和Zeta-电位绝对值均有不同程度的改变;纳米复合颗粒的表面疏水性减小,抗氧化能力增加;Pickering乳液的乳化性及乳化稳定性逐渐增加。光学显微镜观察显示,由于EGCG的加入,Pickering乳液液滴分布较为均匀,不易发生聚结,有助于乳液体系的稳定。     

小麦醇溶蛋白/卵磷脂复合纳米粒子制备Pickering乳液研究

以小麦醇溶蛋白和卵磷脂为原料,利用pH循环法制备小麦醇溶蛋白/卵磷脂复合纳米粒子,并以此为稳定剂制备Pickering乳液。探究了纳米粒子质量分数、油相体积分数对Pickering乳液的粒径、微观形貌、乳析稳定性、储藏稳定性及流变学特性的影响。结果表明：制备的Pickering乳液为水包油型乳液。当小麦醇溶蛋白/卵磷脂质量比为2∶1时,Pickering乳液的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别为9.33 m²/g和93.33%。固定油相体积分数为50%,当纳米粒子质量分数由0.1%增加到2.0%时,Pickering乳液的粒径由56.19μm减小到36.57μm,乳析指数由46.5%增加到91.0%;固定纳米粒子质量分数为1.5%,当油相体积分数由20%增加到60%时,Pickering乳液的粒径由31.43μm增大到38.79μm,乳析指数由54%增加到93%。流变学结果表明,乳液的表观黏度和弹性性能随着纳米粒子质量分数以及油相体积分数的增加而增加,且都具有剪切稀化的现象,形成了凝胶网络结构;环境应力稳定性实验表明,Pickering乳液具有良好的NaCl离子稳定性。     

乳清分离蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物Pickering乳液的稳定性研究

为提高蛋白基Pickering乳液稳定性,采用美拉德反应制备乳清分离蛋白(WPI)-葡聚糖(Dex)接枝物,然后利用该接枝物制得蛋白基固体颗粒,再与中链甘油三酯制备Pickering乳液,考察WPI-Dex接枝物对蛋白基固体颗粒乳化活性、乳化稳定性和蛋白基Pickering乳液乳析指数的影响,以及Pickering乳液在不同pH、加热温度、贮藏时间下粒径的变化。结果表明：扫描电镜观察到共价接枝Dex将WPI形貌结构由球状转变为片状,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳证实干法美拉德反应成功制备了WPI-Dex接枝物;与WPI相比,WPI-Dex接枝物的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别增加了57.8%和138.5%;WPI和WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液贮藏30 d时的乳析指数分别为52.3%和36.0%,WPI-Dex接枝物使Pickering乳液的乳析稳定性提高了31.2%;WPI-Dex接枝物Pickering乳液具有良好的pH稳定性、热稳定性和贮藏稳定性。综上,蛋白质糖基化接枝修饰是提高天然蛋白质Pickering乳液稳定性的有效方法。     

食品级固体颗粒稳定Pickering乳液机制的探讨

Pickering乳液是一种由固体颗粒分散,稳定于水相和油相的乳液。食品级固体颗粒采用多糖、蛋白质与多酚复合形成用于稳定Pickering乳液。文章从食品级固体颗粒的分类与制备方法,论述固体颗粒结合机制与Pickering乳液的应用,并从构成Pickering乳液固体颗粒、水相和油相三方面因素对乳液稳定性的影响进行综述,分析产生Pickering乳液类型。由食品级固体颗粒的湿润性(接触角)、尺寸及形状、表面电荷和颗粒的浓度,水相的pH值与盐离子浓度,油相的种类和体积分数,论述阐明Pickering乳液的稳定机制。最后对食品级Pickering乳液的应用及其发展趋势给予展望,为食品级Pickering乳液的研究前景提供思路。     

超声预处理对花生分离蛋白微凝胶颗粒结构及其Pickering乳液特性的影响

为研究超声预处理对花生分离蛋白微凝胶颗粒（peanut protein isolate microgel particles,PPIMP）结构及其Pickering乳液特性的影响,选择超声功率为500 W,处理时间为10、20、30、40 min,通过粒径、Zeta电位、表面疏水性、红外光谱、乳化性等分析PPIMP的结构变化,并对其稳定的Pickering乳液的粒径分布、稳定性指数、流变特性进行系统表征。结果表明,超声时间为20 min时,PPIMP具有最小的粒径、最大的表面疏水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性,PPIMP的α-螺旋相对含量增加、β-折叠相对含量降低,蛋白质间的氢键被超声破坏,蛋白质分子展开。以PPIMP稳定的65%、70%、75%、80%油相体积分数的Pickering乳液,表现出典型非牛顿假塑性行为。油相体积分数为80%时,Pickering乳液最稳定。本研究结果证实了PPIMP可以作为一种有效的Pickering乳液稳定剂,有助于基于PPIMP高稳定性Pickering乳液的制备及在食品中的应用。     

超声辅助优化制备壳寡糖-果胶稳定的Pickering乳液工艺及稳定性分析

为探究超声辅助制备壳寡糖稳定的Pickering乳液的最佳工艺及其稳定性，本文以壳寡糖、果胶为Pickering颗粒原料，以葵花籽油为油相，选取乳化活性指数(EAI)和乳化稳定性指数(ESI)为指标，通过单因素实验和响应面优化超声辅助制备壳寡糖-果胶稳定的Pickering乳液的工艺条件，并考察优化条件下乳液的稳定性。结果表明，壳寡糖-果胶稳定的Pickering乳液的最佳制备工艺为：壳寡糖与果胶质量比为0.05，溶液pH为5.22，油相体积分数为32%，超声功率为350 W，该优化条件下制备的乳液EAI为(5.129±0.003)m2/g,ESI为(796.68±4.43)min；稳定性实验及乳液内部显微结构观察表明，乳液在25～50℃和0～100 mmol/L盐离子(NaCl)条件下具有良好的乳化稳定性。因此，结合超声技术辅助优化获得的新型Pickering乳液，改善了乳液的乳化特性，为壳寡糖Pickering颗粒制备及其应用提供了参考。     

大豆分离蛋白颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering乳液的制备及其性能表征

以鲢鱼鱼糜加工副产物鲢鱼油为油相,大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）热聚集颗粒为稳定剂,构建SPI颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液体系,研究SPI 颗粒浓度（1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%）、油相体积分数（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5）、离子强度（0、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4 mol/L）对Pickering 乳液的粒径、微观结构、流变特性、乳化特性、冻融稳定性等性能的影响。结果显示,SPI-鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液粒径呈多峰分布,当SPI 颗粒浓度增加,液滴粒径逐渐减小,乳化活性（emulsifying activity,EAI）逐渐降低;当SPI 颗粒浓度为2.5%时,乳化稳定性（emulsifying stability,ESI）最高,乳析指数（creaming index,CI）最低。当油相体积分数增高,液滴粒径变大,EAI 逐渐升高,ESI 逐渐降低;油相体积分数为0.3～0.5 时,冻融后的乳液CI 升高且伴有液态油析出。体系中加入氯化钠后,液滴粒径减小,粒度分布更加集中,液滴絮凝度升高,乳液稳定性增强;氯化钠浓度升高,粒径变大、EAI 先降低后升高,ESI 无明显差异。流变学特性分析表明,乳液的弹性模量大于黏性模量,乳液是以弹性为主的体系。结果表明,当SPI 颗粒浓度2.5%、鲢鱼油体积分数0.2及离子强度0.4 mol/L 时,SPI 颗粒稳定的鲢鱼油Pickering 乳液体系分布更加均匀,冻融稳定性更高。     

大豆分离蛋白-卡拉胶-黄原胶三元复合Pickering乳液的制备与特性分析

本研究制备大豆分离蛋白（Soybean protein isolate,SPI）-卡拉胶-黄原胶三元复合Pickering乳液，考察不同SPI与卡拉胶-黄原胶配比、乳液pH、卡拉胶质量浓度、黄原胶质量浓度以及大豆油内相体积对三元Pickering乳液体系的粒径、Zeta电位、乳化活性指数（Emulsifying activity index,EAI）、乳化稳定性（Emulsifying stability index,ESI）和SPI二级结构的影响，并研究常温贮藏条件下不同内相体积乳液体系的特性变化。结果表明：当SPI与复合多糖的质量浓度比为1:10,pH为9.0，卡拉胶和黄原胶质量浓度均为0.2%，油相体积为10%～85%时，SPI-卡拉胶-黄原胶三元复合Pickering乳液的稳定性均较好，平均粒径达351±24.12 nm,Zeta电位绝对值达99.4±1.4 mV。随着大豆油内相体积从10%增大至85%,Pickering乳液颗粒的粒径分布更加均一、稳定，当油相体积分数为75%时，乳液颗粒分散状态最佳，EAI和ESI达到最大值，SPI α-螺旋和β-折叠含量最高。常温贮藏实验表...     

超声处理制备小麦醇溶蛋白胶体颗粒Pickering乳液及其表征

胶体颗粒的润湿性决定Pickering乳液的形成及稳定性。小麦醇溶蛋白胶体颗粒在酸性(~pH 3.0)条件下具有较强的亲水性,制约稳定的Pickering乳液形成。本研究采用超声乳化制备得到稳定的小麦醇溶蛋白稳定的无表面活性剂(surfactant-free)的食品级Pickering乳液。实验结果表明,剪切乳化的Pickering乳液只能稳定3 d,超声处理的Pickering乳液稳定性明显增强,当超声功率超过40%时,Pickering乳液的平均粒径小于5μm,形成具有强粘弹性的乳液凝胶,能够稳定5个月以上。利用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)研究了乳液的界面结构、蛋白胶体颗粒分布及乳滴的聚集行为,明确了超声处理乳液的稳定机理。本研究制备得到的蛋白基Pickering乳液(surfactant-free),在新型营养物质输送等方面极具应用价值。     

表面活性剂与纳米颗粒协同稳定Pickering有机硅乳液的制备及其应用性能

针对目前有机硅平滑剂乳液往往存在分散稳定性差或高剂量表面活性剂引起的应用性能降低等问题,以聚丙烯酸异辛酯的共聚物胶乳(PEHA)为Pickering颗粒,协同表面活性剂,用于制备“油/水”Pickering有机硅乳液,并将其用于织物后整理。考察了PEHA粒径、表面亲水改性及PEHA质量分数对有机硅乳液分散稳定性的影响,通过对整理残液化学需氧量(COD)和整理织物表面摩擦因数的研究,考察了表面活性剂与Pickering纳米颗粒协同稳定对有机硅乳液应用性能的影响。结果表明：PEHA颗粒吸附在有机硅液滴的表面,形成机械阻隔,提升有机硅乳液的分散稳定性,180 nm的PEHA颗粒的稳定效率最佳,90 nm时的稳定效率最差;表面亲水改性能显著提高PEHA稳定乳液的效率,在质量分数仅为10%时,即可实现乳液稳定;最佳稳定方案可使表面活性剂质量分数降低60%以上;浸轧整理织物时,相比表面活性剂独自稳定的体系,Pickering体系吸附织物效率更高,整理后残液的COD值降低63%,整理织物表面静、动摩擦因数分别降低至0.51与0.49,即“Pickering/表面活性剂”协同稳定有机硅乳液具有良好的应...     

生物解离大豆乳状液中蛋白质结构特征分析

以不同酶解时间（1、2、3 h）、不同酶添加量（1%、2%）生物解离大豆过程中形成的乳状液蛋白质为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜、乳化活性指数（emulsion activity index,EAI）和乳化稳定性指数（emulsion stability index,ESI）、表面疏水性、氨基酸分析及傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征乳状液蛋白质/多肽表面性质及结构特征。结果显示：随着酶解的进行,乳状液中蛋白质由致密有序的网状结构变为疏松、多孔结构,EAI和ESI呈逐渐降低趋势;同时,疏水性氨基酸比例增多,表面疏水性指数（S0）下降,由于疏水性残基之间通过疏水相互作用发生聚集,对蛋白质的疏水区域产生屏蔽作用,导致S0下降;傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示,随着酶解程度的增加,α-螺旋、β-折叠结构减少,无规则卷曲结构增加,表明酶解过程中引起了分子间作用力变化,导致乳状液蛋白质的构象变化。上述结果是酶解过程中乳状液失稳的主要原因之一,为生物解离乳状液破乳机制提供理论支持。     

大豆分离蛋白-花青素共价复合物制备纳米颗粒及其Pickering乳液特性分析

构建大豆分离蛋白-花青素共价复合纳米颗粒,以粒径、Zeta电位、自由基清除能力、光学显微镜观察为指标,对纳米颗粒和Pickering乳液进行研究。结果表明,通过添加花青素在一定程度上改变了纳米颗粒和Pickering乳液的粒径分布与Zeta电位值;对比可知,添加花青素后纳米颗粒和乳液体系更加稳定。此外,当花青素添加量为0.15%时,纳米颗粒的粒径分布较为均一,粒径相对体积最大;纳米颗粒Zeta电位绝对值最大;自由基清除能力相对较强;并且以0.15%花青素添加量的纳米颗粒制备的Pickering乳液液滴分布较为均匀,不易发生聚集,较为稳定。     

Emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein: Effect of protein concentration and oil volume fraction

The effect of protein concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% w/v) and oil volume fractions (5, 15, 25, 35 and 45% v/v) on properties of stabilized emulsions of sweet potato proteins (SPPs) were investigated by use of the emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), droplet size, rheological properties, interfacial properties and optical microscopy measurements at neutral pH. The protein concentration or oil volume fraction significantly affected droplet size, interfacial protein concentration, emulsion apparent viscosity, EAI and ESI. Increasing of protein concentration greatly decreased droplet size, EAI and apparent viscosity of SPP emulsions; however, there was a pronounced increase in ESI and interfacial protein concentration (P < 0.05). In contrast, increasing of oil volume fraction greatly increased droplet size, EAI and emulsion apparent viscosity of SPP emulsions, but decreased ESI and interfacial protein concentration significantly (P < 0.05). The rheological curve suggested that SPP emulsions were shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids. Optical microscopy clearly demonstrated that droplet aggregates were formed at a lower protein concentration of <0.5% (w/v) due to low interfacial protein concentration, while at higher oil volume fractions of >25% (v/v) there was obvious coalescence. In addition, the main components of adsorbed SPP at the oil–water interface were Sporamin A, Sporamin B and some high-molecular-weight aggregates formed by disulfide linkage.     

Interfacial and emulsifying properties of lentil protein isolate

The dynamic interfacial tension (DIFT) at oil–water interface, diffusion coefficients, surface hydrophobicity, zeta potential and emulsifying properties, including emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI) and droplet size of lentil protein isolate (LPI), were measured at different pH and LPI concentration, in order to elucidate its emulsifying behaviour. Sodium caseinate (NaCas), whey protein isolate (WPI), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (Lys) were used as benchmark proteins and their emulsifying property was compared with that of LPI. The speed of diffusion-controlled migration of these proteins to the oil/water interface, was in the following order: NaCas > LPI > WPI > BSA > Lys, while their surface hydrophobicity was in the following order: BSA > LPI > NaCas > WPI > Lys. The EAI of emulsions stabilised by the above proteins ranged from 90.3 to 123.3 m²/g and it was 93.3 ± 0.2 m²/g in LPI-stabilised emulsion. However, the stability of LPI-stabilised emulsions was slightly lower compared to that of WPI and NaCas-stabilised emulsions at the same protein concentration at pH 7.0. The ESI of LPI emulsions improved substantially with decrease in droplet size when protein concentration was increased (20–30 mg/ml). Reduction of disulphide bonds enhanced both the EAI and ESI compared to untreated samples. Heat treatment of LPI dispersions resulted in poor emulsion stability due to molecular aggregation. The stability of LPI-stabilised emulsions was found to decrease in the presence of NaCl. This study showed that LPI can be as effective emulsifiers of oil-in-water emulsions as are WPI and NaCas at ?20 mg/ml concentrations both at low and neutral pH. The emulsifying property of LPI can be improved by reducing the intra and inter-disulphide bond by using appropriate reducing agents.     

疏水改性木薯淀粉的制备及其对肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性的影响

为了提高木薯淀粉的疏水性,使其作为颗粒乳化剂改善肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)的乳化特性,实验利用辛烯基琥珀酸酐(octenyl succinate anhydride,OSA)对原料木薯淀粉(native tapioca starch,NTS)进行疏水改性处理,得到不同改性水平和取代度(DS值)的疏水改性木薯淀粉(octenyl succinate tapioca starch,OSTS),并利用OSTS与MP制备复合乳化液。通过XRD、FT-IR、SEM和PLM分析了OSTS的结构变化,并测定了乳化液的乳液指数(EI值)、乳化活性(emulsifying activity index,EAI)、乳化稳定性(emulsion stability index,ESI)、Zeta-电位、粒径分布、巯基含量和界面蛋白含量。结果显示,在木薯淀粉分子中成功引入了疏水基团,疏水改性处理对木薯淀粉颗粒的晶体结构基本无影响;随淀粉改性水平和DS值的增加OSTS-MP复合乳化液的EAI和ESI呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),3.0%OSTS-MP复合乳化液稳定性最...     

Characterization of Phase Separation Behavior, Emulsion Stability, Rheology, and Microstructure of Egg White–Polysaccharide Mixtures

ABSTRACT:  Phase separation behavior of egg white-pectin/guar gum mixtures was investigated. These systems led to phase separation arisen by either depletion flocculation or thermodynamic incompatibility. The influence of polysaccharides on the emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), creaming stability, microstructure, and rheological properties was also studied at different polysaccharide concentrations (0% to 0.5%, [w/v]). Increasing pectin and guar gum concentration from 0.01% to 0.5% significantly improved EAI by 51% and 25%, respectively. The highest ESI and EAI values were obtained in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) pectin/guar gum. Microscopic images showed that emulsions containing polysaccharides had small droplets as compared to that of emulsions without polysaccharides. The addition of polysaccharides improved emulsion stability against creaming. Egg white-stabilized emulsions with and without polysaccharides reflect the pseudoplastic behavior with  n  < 1.0. Polysaccharides, especially at high concentrations, affected the viscoelastic behavior of the emulsions; storage ( G ') and loss modulus ( G ") crossed-over at lower frequency values as compared to that of emulsions containing no polysaccharide.     

FUZZY CLUSTERING MODELING AND EVALUATION OF SURFACE INTERACTIONS AND EMULSIONS OF SELECTED WHEAT PROTEIN COMBINED TO IOTA-CARRAGEENAN AND GUM ARABIC SOLUTIONS

Gums and proteins are valuable ingredients with a wide spectrum of applications. Surface properties (surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsion activity index [EAI] and emulsion stability index [ESI]) of 4% deamidated wheat protein (DWP) in a combination with iota-carrageenan (IC) (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5%) or gum arabic (GA) (0.5, 1 and 5%) were investigated. The results showed that the addition of IC to 4% DWP significantly increased the surface tension, interfacial tension, EAI and ESI, whereas the addition of GA to 4% DWP significantly increased the surface tension and decreased the interfacial tension and EAI (except at 5% of GA). In addition, a fuzzy-based clustering model was used to predict the surface properties of the DWP. The fuzzy model achieved accuracies of (97%, 90%, 97% and 75%) for predicting (EAI, ESI, surface tension and interfacial tension), respectively. This approach can be applied to predict many other parameters and properties in the food industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The surface properties (surface tension, interfacial tension, emulsion activity index and emulsion stability index) of wheat protein (DWP) in combination with iota-carrageenan or gum arabic were investigated. In addition, subtractive clustering-based fuzzy models for predicting the surface properties of DWP was constructed. This modeling can be used as an indicator of usefulness of fuzzy clustering in such a system which directly can be used as a tool by the food processors to produce a high quality beverage product.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液在体外消化中稳定性的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌在消化过程中对大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液稳定性的影响。本试验设计胃肠消化模型,通过对加菌与不加菌的O/W型和W/O型乳液的乳化活性指数（Emulsifying activity index,EAI）、乳化稳定指数（Emulsification stability index,ESI）、浊度、粒径、Zeta电位检测和显微观察,考察乳液是否出现分离、絮凝、聚集上浮等现象。结果表明,在胃消化阶段,O/W型和W/O型乳液EAI、ESI、粒径、电位都明显减小,显微观察显示液滴密度减小,体积增大;加入枯草芽孢杆菌的乳液与不加菌乳液相比,各指标减小的幅度更大。在小肠消化阶段,O/W型和W/O型乳液EAI和ESI整体呈上升趋势,而粒径和电位则明显下降,另外,两者的显微观察显示液滴密度减小,体积也减小。与不加菌的相比,加入枯草芽孢杆菌后乳液EAI、ESI、粒径显著降低,电位显著升高（P<0.05）。综合上述结果,枯草芽孢杆菌促进了大豆蛋白-磷脂复合乳液在消化过程中的破乳现象。     

高速剪切均质对鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化特性和结构的影响

将鸡肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）-山茶油混悬液进行高速剪切均质（high-speed shear homogenization,HSSH）处理,制得9 种不同剪切速率（11 500、14 500、20 500 r/min）和剪切时间（3、5、7 min）的乳状液样品。研究HSSH对乳液中MP的乳化活性指数（emulsifying activity index,EAI）、乳化稳定性指数（emulsifying stability index,ESI）、溶解度、二级和三级结构的影响,同时研究HSSH对乳液液滴粒径的影响。结果表明：MP的EAI随剪切速率（11 500～20 500 r/min）增加和剪切时间（3～7 min）延长而增大,ESI在剪切速率为14 500 r/min时几乎不受剪切时间影响且均获得＞90%的高值;剪切速率14 500 r/min乳液中MP溶解度最高,11 500 r/min与14 500 r/min组乳状液中MP的二级结构含量随时间延长变化趋势一致,即α-螺旋、β-转角含量随着时间延长逐渐下降,β-折叠和无规卷曲含量则显著升高（P＜0.05）;表征MP三级结构的表面疏水性和活性巯基含量均在20 500 r/min、7 min剪切条件下出现最大值,此时MP的溶解度最小、乳液液滴粒径最大、乳液稳定性最差。因此,适当的HSSH能改变MP的二级和三级结构,并改善MP的乳化活性和乳化稳定性;但过度剪切却导致MP分子过度展开,并造成乳状液失稳。