古尼虫草纯化多糖免疫调节活性研究

目的研究古尼虫草多糖的提取纯化及其对小鼠免疫力调节的作用。方法对古尼虫草液体深层发酵菌丝体进行超声提取,经过浓缩、Sevag法除蛋白质、乙醇沉淀得到黄色胞内粗多糖;通过离子交换层析和凝胶色谱层析对粗多糖进行分离纯化,得到CG1和CG2两种主要多糖;采用环磷酰胺建立BALB/c小鼠免疫抑制模型,以胸腺素α1(thymosinα1,Tα1)为阳性对照药,对小鼠自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞的杀伤活性和T淋巴细胞转化活性进行研究,并通过酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定小鼠血浆中免疫相关细胞因子的水平,探讨多糖(CG1和CG2)对小鼠免疫系统的影响。结果 CG1能显著提升NK细胞杀伤活性和T淋巴细胞的增殖,调节免疫相关细胞因子的水平,而CG2作用不明显。结论尼古虫草提取多糖CG1具有提升小鼠免疫力的活性。     

槐花多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响研究

研究槐花多糖对免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能的调节作用。采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺制造免疫抑制小鼠模型,考察槐花多糖对免疫抑制小鼠脏器指数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、淋巴细胞增殖活性、血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α、TNF-γ水平、溶血素水平和溶血空斑形成数量的影响。结果表明槐花多糖能明显提高免疫抑制小鼠的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、巨噬细胞吞噬能力、脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力、溶血素含量和溶血空斑形成数量,促进细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α、TNF-γ分泌。槐花多糖具有免疫增强活性,具有良好的开发应用潜力。     

紫贻贝粗多糖免疫活性研究

对紫贻贝粗多糖的免疫活性进行了研究。建立免疫抑制模型,分析紫贻贝粗多糖对小鼠血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α、SOD、MDA、GSH水平影响。结果表明,小鼠血清IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNF-α随着多糖含量的增加而增加。由此可见,紫贻贝粗多糖具有免疫调节作用。     

刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖化学组成及免疫活性研究

利用离子交换色谱与凝胶色谱纯化获得刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖(EAP),使用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等方法分析其组成结构;通过噻唑蓝(MTT)实验、Griess法及酶联免疫吸附法测定一氧化氮(NO)释放量和IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α等细胞因子含量,评价EAP对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用。结果表明:EAP是一种分子量为925.9 k Da的β型酸性杂多糖,主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、木糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖以摩尔比例64.8∶14.7∶14.2∶3.2∶2.0组成。EAP在50~250μg/m L浓度下对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7未产生明显毒性,且可极显著提高巨噬细胞的活性(p0.01);在EAP处理浓度为50μg/m L时,巨噬细胞的NO释放量和细胞因子IL-10分泌量极显著提高(p0.01),分别为17.2μmol/L和171.5 pg/m L;当浓度200μg/m L时,EAP可极显著提高TNF-α和IL-6的分泌量(p0.01)。结论:刺五加黑木耳酸性多糖具有增强免疫活性的潜力。     

虫草多糖苹果果醋的保健功能评价

目的：虫草多糖与果醋均具有对人体有益的功效,该实验将两者结合,并通过小鼠连续灌胃体内实验,考察虫草多糖果醋抗疲劳、增加免疫力、降血脂和降血糖等方面的功效。方法：首先从蛹虫草子实体中提取虫草多糖。然后以苹果为原料经过酒精发酵和醋酸发酵制备苹果果醋原液,经调配制备苹果果醋。按实验设计添加不同剂量的虫草多糖制备虫草多糖果醋。对成年小鼠进行不同剂量的虫草多糖果醋灌胃后,通过小鼠的负重游泳时间、肝糖原含量和游泳后血乳酸含量测定等判定虫草多糖果醋提高小鼠抗疲劳能力的效果。通过抑制迟发型变态反应和增强碳廓清能力测定判定虫草多糖果醋提高小鼠免疫能力的效果。对成年小鼠在饲喂高脂饲料的同时进行不同剂量的虫草多糖果醋灌胃后,通过血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平测定判定虫草多糖果醋对高血脂的预防效果。对成年小鼠高血糖模型进行不同剂量的虫草多糖果醋灌胃后,通过测定血糖值判定虫草多糖果醋的降血糖效果。结果：通过抗疲劳实验研究发现,虫草多糖果醋组与空白对照组相比小鼠的负重游泳时间显著提高,肝糖原含量显著升高,游泳后血乳酸含量显著降低。通过增强免疫力实验研究发现,虫草多糖果醋组与空白对照组相比,耳肿胀度明显下降,廓清指数和吞噬指数显著提高。通过辅助降血脂实验发现,虫草多糖果醋组与饲喂高脂饲料的空白对照组相比,血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平显著降低,小鼠体质量显著低于空白对照。通过辅助降血糖实验发现,虫草多糖果醋组与空白对照组相比,血糖水平显著降低。并且各种生物活性实验结果均与虫草多糖果醋中虫草多糖的剂量成正比。虫草多糖果醋的功效要好于虫草多糖和果醋单独使用的功效。结论：虫草多糖果醋具有缓解体力疲劳、增强免疫力、辅助降血脂和辅助降血糖的保健功能。     

液体发酵的桑黄多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究液体发酵分离纯化得到的桑黄多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响。研究桑黄多糖对小鼠的免疫器官、碳廓清率以及IL-1、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α细胞因子的影响,发现桑黄多糖能显著提高小鼠胸腺重量和脾脏重量,增强小鼠碳廓清率,增加IL-2和IFN一γ的含量,降低IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α的含量。证实桑黄多糖能显著增强小鼠的机体免疫力,有一定的抗炎作用。     

连翘叶多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

研究连翘叶多糖对环磷酰胺(CTX)所致免疫低下模型小鼠的免疫调节功能。采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺制造免疫抑制小鼠模型,考察不同剂量连翘叶多糖对免疫抑制小鼠脏器指数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、淋巴细胞增殖活性、血清IL-2和IL-4水平、溶血素水平和溶血空斑形成数量的影响。连翘叶多糖能明显提高环磷酰胺所致免疫抑制小鼠的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、巨噬细胞吞噬能力、脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力、血清中IL-2和IL-4水平、溶血素含量和溶血空斑形成数量。连翘叶多糖具有良好的免疫增强活性,在药品与功能食品的开发中具有较高的应用价值。     

黑木耳多糖AAP-10对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用

通过热水浸提、分级醇沉的方法,从产自浙江龙泉地区的黑木耳中提取分离得到一种多糖（命名为AAP-10）;采用一系列理化分析手段对多糖进行了初步表征;采用环磷酰胺（cyclophosphamide,CPA）免疫抑制小鼠动物模型,研究AAP-10对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。结果表明：AAP-10为一种纯度较高、分子质量较均一的多糖;1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测得AAP-10主要由葡萄糖、甘露糖组成（物质的量比为6∶1）;高压凝胶色谱法测得AAP-10的重均分子质量为6.56×105 Da。动物实验结果表明：一定剂量的AAP-10给药能帮助小鼠较快克服CPA注射对其体质量及脾脏造成的负面影响,提高CPA免疫抑制小鼠的脾淋巴细胞转化增殖能力,增强CPA免疫抑制小鼠单核-巨噬细胞的吞噬能力和自然杀伤细胞活性;其中低剂量（2.5 mg/（kg·d））及中剂量（5.0 mg/（kg·d））AAP-10给药效果最佳,说明黑木耳多糖AAP-10具有一定的免疫调节作用。     

仿生石斛多糖对小鼠免疫器官的调节作用

该研究主要通过水提醇沉法提取林下仿生石斛多糖（bionic Dendrobium polysaccharide,BDP）,探讨其对免疫抑制小鼠淋巴器官发育的免疫调节机制。利用环磷酰胺（cyclophosphamide,CTX）建立免疫抑制模型,将6周龄C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为模型组、阳性对照组（左旋咪唑组）、仿生石斛多糖组（剂量为120 mg/kg）,另设健康小鼠作为空白对照组,各组小鼠灌胃相应的药物10 d,检测免疫脏器系数、观察淋巴结的组织病理学变化,酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay,ELISA）法检测血清中免疫细胞因子白介素2（interleukin-2,IL-2）和白介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6）以及免疫球蛋白 G（immunoglobulin G,IgG）和免疫球蛋白 M（immunoglobulin M,IgM）。结果表明,BDP可以提高免疫抑制小鼠的体重以及免疫脏器系数,改善环磷酰胺造成的肠系膜淋巴结损伤,提高血清中相关免疫球蛋白IgG和IgM的分泌,增加血清中细胞因子IL-2、IL-6的分泌,维持机体的免疫稳态。     

蛹虫草胞外多糖的制备、结构分析及其免疫活性

本实验选择蛹虫草菌株CICC 14014液态发酵培养，提取蛹虫草胞外多糖，测定其理化性质及结构，并对其免疫活性进行研究。采用DEAE-Sephacel阴离子交换柱联合Sephadex G-200葡聚糖凝胶柱纯化蛹虫草胞外多糖；利用高效液相色谱法测定多糖分子质量，利用傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴定多糖结构；选用BALB/c小鼠构建免疫损伤模型，考察其体质量及免疫器官指数变化情况，观察其脾脏组织切片形态，计算其T、B细胞增殖率，测定其血清细胞因子及免疫球蛋白质量浓度。结果表明，蛹虫草发酵液中多糖质量浓度为3.15 mg/mL，经分离纯化后所得单一多糖分子质量为3.67 kDa，纯度可达86.13%。动物实验结果表明，蛹虫草胞外多糖可明显提高免疫器官指数，能够有效促使T细胞（低剂量时）、B细胞增殖和免疫球蛋白（immunoglobulin，Ig）G、IgA、IgM、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素（interleukin，IL）-6、IL-2、干扰素（interferon，IFN）-γ的分泌，免疫调节效果显著。研究结果表明蛹虫草胞外多糖可修复环磷酰胺导致的BALB/c小鼠免疫功能损伤，为开发蛹虫草发酵液资源建立了部分理论支撑。     

In vivo immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides derived from Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The effects of polysaccharides from Chlorella pyrenoidosa on immunomodulatory activity were investigated in this paper. Phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages was detected through ingesting chicken red blood cells (CRBC) test to evaluate nonspecific immune response. The cellular immune response was measured using the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in terms of antibody titration level. Oral administration of C. pyrenoidosa polysaccharides, 1 g and 2 g kg⁻¹ body weight significantly enhanced phagocytic rate (23.00 and 26.25%, respectively) and phagocytic index (0.30 and 0.36, respectively) compared with saline-treated control (P<0.05). The value of ear thickness rate was greatly elevated from 10.09% in saline-treated control to 16.22 and 19.48%, respectively in group treated with 1 g and 2 g kg⁻¹ body weight polysaccharides (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the dosage of C. pyrenoidosa polysaccharides and antibody titre (r=0.99, P=0.019) and the antibody titre was significantly increased by 11.80, 21.90 as well as 39.80 in 2 g kg⁻¹ bw compared to 10.30 in the control. Dietary supplementation with C. pyrenoidosa polysaccharides did not affect the growth of the mice during the experiment. These results indicated that immunomodulatory activities in mice were enhanced by administration of polysaccharides derived from C. pyrenoidosa.     

Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a new polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum

In this study, a novel polysaccharide fraction (PGPIV-1-a) was isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum through the combination of DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. PGPIV-1-a was a neutral heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of about 6462 Da. PGPIV-1-a was composed of glucose, arabinose and mannose in the relative molar ratio of 64.79%, 31.16% and 4.05%. The main linkage types in PGPIV-1-a consisted of → 6)-β-Glcp-(1 → and →5)-α-L-Ara-(1→. Bioactivity assay results showed that PGPIV-1-a significantly stimulated the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and enhanced their phagocytic capacity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with higher dosage of PGPIV-1-a (800 μg mL⁻¹) remarkably induced the secretion of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. This study provides a theoretical basis for further systematic investigation and utilisation of Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides.     

龙须菜多糖硫酸化对免疫活性的影响

分别采用改良的氯磺酸- 吡啶法和HCl- 甲醇法对龙须菜多糖进行硫酸化修饰与脱硫处理,探讨不同硫酸基含量的天然多糖、硫酸化多糖和脱硫多糖对由环磷酰胺引起的免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明：与模型组比较,天然多糖对提高小鼠的脾脏指数(P ＜ 0.05)、巨噬细胞的吞噬活性(P ＜ 0.05)、脾细胞增殖转化能力(P ＜ 0.05)、NK 细胞杀伤活性(P ＜ 0.01)等作用最强,其次是硫酸化多糖,而脱硫多糖作用最弱;这3 种多糖都能显著促进免疫抑制小鼠的溶血素和溶血空斑的形成(P ＜ 0.01),其中天然多糖和硫酸化多糖优于脱硫多糖。显示龙须菜多糖能显著提高免疫力低下小鼠的免疫功能,但多糖中硫酸基含量与免疫作用非线性关系,增加或脱除天然多糖硫酸基其免疫活性均下降,尤其是脱除硫酸基后免疫活性显著降低。     

The thermomechanical properties of carrot cell wall material

The effect of temperature and moisture on the fabrication of pressed carrot cell wall specimens for Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis was assessed. Results obtained from the water extractability of the material showed that more cell wall material became solubilised when moisture and temperature of the different treatments were increased. Chemical analysis revealed that this involved an increase in the water-soluble uronic acid components. Furthermore, more water-soluble neutral monosaccharides were observed, represented principally by galactose, rhamnose, arabinose and glucose. Pectic polysaccharides became more water soluble when isolated carrot cell wall was pressed at 100°C with a water content 800 g kg⁻¹ (wet weight basis). A molecular weight fraction centred at 100000 Da was observed in the severely pressed material (100°C, 800 g kg⁻¹ water) but was barely present in the mildly pressed (30°C, 500 g kg⁻¹ water) and unpressed specimens, consistent with depolymerisation and solubilisation. In contrast to the chemical modifications, the bending modulus, E′, of the pressed carrot cell wall material remained unchanged for the cell wall specimens moulded under different conditions, consistent with small changes in molecular weight. Pressed cell wall material was stiffer than pressed freeze-dried carrot which could be due to the plasticising role of the intracellular components. The stiffness of both cell wall and freeze-dried carrot specimens decreased with plasticisation by water in the range 10–500 g kg⁻¹. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

油橄榄叶多糖的提取工艺优化及其理化性质和抗氧化活性

为增加油橄榄叶多糖的开发利用价值,以油橄榄叶为实验材料,采用正交试验优化油橄榄叶多糖(OLP)的提取工艺,高效凝胶渗透色谱-多角度激光光散射仪联用(HPGPC-MALLS)测定分子量,PMP柱前衍生高效液相色谱法分析OLP的单糖组成,并评价其抗氧化活性。结果显示,OLP的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1:27.5g/mL,温度95℃,提取时间3.5 h,在此条件下OLP的得率为2.75%;OLP的重均分子量(Mw)为25.36 kDa,数均分子量(Mn)为19.32 kDa,多分散系数为1.313;OLP主要由葡萄糖(Glc)、半乳糖(Gal)和氨基半乳糖(GalN)组成,还含有鼠李糖(Rha)、阿拉伯糖(Ara)、木糖(Xyl)、甘露糖(Man)和氨基葡萄糖(GlcN)等单糖,各单糖的相对摩尔比为56.2:15.9:10.3:8.3:5.9:2.6:0.5:0.3;抗氧化活性实验结果发现,OLP具有较好的抗氧化活性,对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为0.422、0.302和0.268 mg/mL。本研究所得油橄榄叶多糖的提取工...     

Preparation of immunomodulatory hydrolysates from Alaska pollock frame

BACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory peptides can enhance body immunity. There have been few systematic investigations on preparing immunomodulatory peptides from Alaska pollock frame. The aim of this study was to obtain such peptides from Alaska pollock frame and determine their properties. RESULTS: Trypsin protein hydrolysate (TPH) significantly enhanced the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes, T cells and peritoneal macrophages (P < 0.05). Compared with TPH with molecular weight (MW) > 2 kDa, TPH with MW < 2 kDa showed higher lymphocyte proliferation activity at 10, 50 and 500 µg ml^?1. The optimised hydrolysis conditions were a temperature of 50 °C, an enzyme dose of 24 U mg^?1 and a time of 290 min. The proliferation rate and degree of hydrolysis were 28.45 ± 1.79% and 16.87 ± 0.15% respectively. The main amino acids in TPH were proline, aspartate, glutamic acid and leucine. TPH had high solubility and low viscosity. TPH showed high stability under both acid and alkaline conditions or when digested by trypsin and/or pepsin. CONCLUSION: TPH showed high immunomodulatory activity, with molecular weight and amino acid composition being the important factors affecting this activity. TPH had high solubility, low viscosity and high stability. As a good immunomodulator, TPH may therefore have wide application. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction optimisation and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from Allium macrostemon Bunge

A four‐factor and three‐level Box–Behnken design was used to optimise the extraction parameters for polysaccharides from Allium macrostemon Bunge (AMBP). As a result, the optimal conditions for AMBP extraction were the following: extraction temperature, 87 °C; ratio of water to raw material, 12 mL g^?1; extraction time, 100 min; and extraction times, 3. Then, a graded ethanol precipitation was used to fractionate the water‐extractable polysaccharides, resulting in three polysaccharides fractions of AMBP40, AMBP60 and AMBP80. During in vitro antioxidant assay, AMBP40 exhibited relative stronger scavenging activities on hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical and metal chelating activity than AMBP60 and AMBP80. The differences in antioxidant activities in vitro might be due to their differences in molecular weight and uronic acid content.     

Enhancement of Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan by Irradiation

Antimicrobial activity of irradiated chitosan was studied against Escherichia coli B/r. Irradiation of chitosan at 100 kGy under dry conditions was effective in increasing the activity, and inhibited the growth of E coli completely. The molecular weight of chitosan significantly decreased with the increase in irradiation dose, whereas the relative surface charge of chitosan was decreased only 3% by 100 kGy irradiation. Antimicrobial activity assay of chitosan fractionated according to molecular weight showed that 1×10⁵–3×10⁵ fraction was most effective in suppressing the growth of E coli. This fraction comprised only 8% of the 100 kGy irradiated chitosan. On the other hand, chitosan whose molecular weight was less than 1×10⁵ had no activity. The results show that low dose irradiation, specifically 100 kGy, of chitosan gives enough degradation to increase its antimicrobial activity as a result of a change in molecular weight. © 1997 SCI.     

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Homopolysaccharides Related to Starch

One- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were obtained for a variety of homopolysaccharides, including the glucans dextran and pullulan, and the fructans levan and inulin. The NMR results provided information about the primary structure of these polysaccharides. Our results are in agreement with those determined previously by methylation analysis and other classical methods. The number of α(1 → 44) and α(1 → 6) linkages could be quantitated for pullulan. The presence of a single nonreducing glucose residue in the polyfructose inulin could also be demonstrated. In the case of the branched polysaccharides dextran and levan, it was possible to determine the degree of branching. In addition for lower molecular weight polysaccharides such as inulin and partially hydrolyzed dextran, it was possible to detect signals arising from reducing and non-reducing end groups. Their approximate molecular weight could be determined by quantitation of these signals.     

Effects of a glycoconjugate from Lycium barbarum on body composition in growing mice

This study investigated the effect of a kind of glycoconjugate from Lycium barbarum (GLB) on body composition in growing mice. The composition of GLB was determined; the body weight, food conversion rate, visceral index, fat index and mineral concentration in bone and muscle of mice were assessed. The health of the mice was evaluated in a swimming endurance test. The results showed that the contents of neutral sugar, uronic acid, protein and mineral in GLB were (mg g^?1): 287.8, 494.5, 56.3 and 161, respectively. GLB fed at rates of 5 mg kg^?1 d^?1, 10 mg kg^?1 d^?1 and 20 mg kg^?1 d^?1 could reduce the growth rate of body weight, food conversion rate and the subcutaneous fat of mice. The swimming time of the growing mice was increased by GLB treatment. GLB induced an increase in thymus index and a decrease in spleen index. GLB had significant effects on the concentration of Zn and Fe in shank (p < 0.01) and could elevate the concentration of Ca and Zn in haunch muscle. The results showed that GLB was helpful to the development of mice. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry