抗冻融大豆蛋白的制备

采用湿法美拉德反应对大豆蛋白进行糖基化改性,研究了糖基化接枝产物的冻融稳定性。结果表明,湿法糖基化大豆蛋白能有效提高接枝产物的冻融稳定性,在SPI(大豆分离蛋白)浓度40 mg/m L、蛋白与糖质量比1∶3、反应时间4 h、p H 8.0、反应温度95℃条件下的接枝物冻融前后的EAI(乳化活性)分别是未改性蛋白的1.69倍和1.76倍,ESI(乳化稳定性)是未改性蛋白的1.37倍和1.27倍。傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,SPI-D接枝物在1 000 cm-1附近有较强的吸收,在3 700~3 200 cm-1处有一个更宽的振动伸缩吸收,葡聚糖以共价键的形式接入到SPI上。SPI-D接枝物在激发波长为347 nm,发射波长在435 nm处有最大的荧光强度,符合美拉德反应产物的荧光特性,进一步证明SPI与葡聚糖发生了美拉德反应。     

冻融循环对酶切糖基化大豆蛋白稳定性的影响

为研究酶切糖基化大豆蛋白的实际应用效果,采用限制性酶切大豆分离蛋白(SPI)-葡聚糖糖基化产物,以表面吸附量、乳析指数、平均粒度、显微结构为评价指标,比较了分别由SPI、SPI与葡聚糖的糖基化产物(SPID)、酶切糖基化大豆蛋白产物作为乳化剂的乳化体系的冻融稳定性。结果表明,经3次冻融循环后,酶切糖基化大豆蛋白产物乳化体系仍保持较好的稳定性,显著高于SPI、SPI-D对照组。限制性酶切糖基化大豆蛋白可用于改善食品乳化体系的冻融稳定性,为生产冷冻产品专用大豆蛋白提供理论依据。     

湿法糖基化改性对大豆分离蛋白溶解性和乳化能力的影响

研究蛋白-葡萄糖质量比(4∶1,2∶1,1∶1,1∶2),反应温度(70,80,90℃)和反应时间(0,1,2,3,4,5,6 h)对大豆分离蛋白糖基化产物功能特性(溶解性和乳化能力)的影响。结果表明:在蛋白与葡萄糖质量比1:2,反应温度80℃,反应时间2 h条件下制得的糖基化大豆分离蛋白的溶解度最高,达92.93%,是未改性SPI的4.38倍,差异显著(P0.05);在蛋白与葡萄糖质量比1∶1,反应温度90℃,反应时间6 h条件下制得的糖基化大豆分离蛋白的乳化活性最高,达0.63,是未改性SPI的3.94倍;在蛋白与葡萄糖质量比1∶2,反应温度90℃,反应时间3h条件下制得的糖基化大豆分离蛋白的乳化稳定性最高,达50.92,是未改性SPI的1.98倍,存在显著性差异(P0.05)。糖基化改性过程可显著提高大豆分离蛋白的溶解性和乳化性能,这为拓宽其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

微波辅助糖基化对大豆分离蛋白乳化性的影响

该文采用微波辅助糖基化改性大豆分离蛋白以提高大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)的乳化性。通过单因素实验研究微波时间、大豆分离蛋白与葫芦巴胶质量比、糖基化反应时间、反应温度对改性大豆分离蛋白乳化性的影响,并运用响应面法优化微波辅助糖基化改性大豆分离蛋白的最佳工艺条件,研究结果显示,在微波时间3 min、SPI与葫芦巴胶质量比1∶3、反应时间41 min、反应温度58℃时,改性大豆分离蛋白乳化性达到最高,糖基化程度达到最佳的水平,与只进行微波改性的大豆分离蛋白相比,乳化活性提高了51.33%,乳化稳定性提高了294.14%;与未改性的大豆分离蛋白相比,乳化活性提高了88.67%,乳化稳定性提高了788.84%。利用红外光谱和紫外光谱表征改性产物,结果表明大豆分离蛋白与葫芦巴胶发生了糖基化反应。     

糖基化反应对大豆蛋白-乳糖复合物抗原性及结构的影响

本文将乳糖通过糖基化反应引入到大豆分离蛋白(SPI)上制备大豆分离蛋白-乳糖复合物,采用间接竞争ELISA法测定不同温度、不同质量比、不同反应时间下大豆分离蛋白-乳糖复合物中β-伴大豆球蛋白的抗原性变化,并对糖基化产物进行了结构特性的研究。结果表明,糖基化能有效降低β-伴大豆球蛋白的抗原性,其抗原性从93.79%降到37.75%。糖基化改性后,大豆蛋白中游离氨基含量降低,在反应60 h时,游离氨基含量下降最大;傅里叶红外光谱结果表明,与原大豆分离蛋白相比,大豆分离蛋白-乳糖糖基化产物的α-螺旋、β-转角、无规卷曲的含量下降,而β-折叠的含量增加;SDS-PAGE电泳及PAS染色结果表明,随着糖基化反应的程度增加,SPI谱带逐渐的减弱,说明SPI与乳糖分子发生了共价连接。     

响应面法优化大豆分离蛋白复合酶法糖基化交联改性工艺研究

大豆分离蛋白(SPI)用木瓜蛋白酶适度水解再与氨基葡萄糖在转谷氨酰胺酶的作用下进行糖基化交联改性,制备高乳化性能SPI。在单因素实验基础上以氨基葡萄糖与SPI质量比、SPI水解度和交联反应时间为自变量,以乳化活性为响应值,利用响应面法对SPI糖基化改性条件进行优化。结果表明:最佳反应条件为氨基葡萄糖与SPI质量比0.96∶1、SPI水解度0.64%、交联反应时间3.29 h。在最佳反应条件下,改性SPI乳化活性为16.97 m2/g,是未改性SPI乳化活性的3.25倍,乳化稳定性提高了35个百分点,达到96%。     

大豆分离蛋白-大豆低聚糖糖基化产物溶解性和乳化性分析

以净作和套作大豆为原料,提取大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate, SPI),与大豆低聚糖制备糖基化产物,并对其进行产物鉴定和基本功能特性分析。产物鉴定采用接枝度、十二烷基苯磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)及红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)进行分析。结果表明,套作SPI糖基化的程度整体较净作高,且套作SPI与净作SPI及其糖基化产物的二级结构均存在一定差异。对于套作SPI,蛋糖比3∶1的轭合物溶解度在pH 3～9范围内均有明显改善,反应6 h的轭合物在pH 8.0时溶解度最佳,达96.74%,是套作SPI的1.77倍。蛋糖比1∶3比例反应6 h的轭合物乳化活性最高,为8.536 m²/g,较套作SPI提高59.76%,而蛋糖比1∶2反应6 h的轭合物乳化稳定性最高,为21.481 min,较套作SPI提高35.72%。对于...     

超声辅助美拉德反应提高大豆蛋白冻融性质

为了提高大豆蛋白的冻融性质,试验采用超声辅助美拉德反应的方法改性大豆蛋白,以改性产物的乳化性质和乳析指数为考核指标,研究大豆分离蛋白与葡聚糖(SPI∶D)质量比、反应温度、超声功率、反应时间对改性产物冻融性质的影响。结果表明,SPI∶D为2∶3、反应温度80℃、超声功率500 W、反应时间40 min时,改性产物冻融稳定性较好,SPI-D接枝物与对照SPI相比,乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高了39.89%和43.80%,经1、2、3次冻融循环后乳析指数分别降低了57.76%、75.33%、96.20%,在1、2、3次冻融循环后乳液粒径分别降低了34.04%、42.12%、126.9%。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解大豆浓缩蛋白及糖基化修饰对水解产物溶解性的影响

为提高大豆浓缩蛋白(soy protein concentrate,SPC)在等电点处的溶解性,采用木瓜蛋白酶对大豆浓缩蛋白进行酶解,形成可溶性大豆蛋白,然后将其与葡聚糖进行糖基化反应,形成亲水的蛋白质-多糖复合物。结果表明:大豆浓缩蛋白酶解最佳条件为大豆蛋白与水质量配比5:100、酶添加量10000U/g、反应温度55～60℃;糖基化最佳条件为葡聚糖与蛋白配比1:1、反应时间3.5h;大豆浓缩蛋白在等电点附近(pH4)的氮溶指数由原来的9.53%提高到39.12%。本实验制备的等电点可溶大豆蛋白,可增加其在中等酸度食品中的应用。     

葡聚糖-大豆分离蛋白耦联接枝工艺优化及接枝产物理化特性研究

为研究条件温和、高接枝度、低褐变程度的糖接枝技术,以葡聚糖、大豆分离蛋白为原料,研究大豆分离蛋白-葡聚糖接枝物的制备工艺。选取物料比、接枝温度及接枝时间进行单因素实验;采用物料比、接枝温度及接枝时间为变量,以接枝度(DG)为响应值,通过响应面实验设计,优化糖接枝蛋白制备工艺,并进行理化特性分析。结果表明,糖接枝反应的最佳工艺条件为:蛋白:糖(质量比)1:1.2,接枝温度83 ℃,接枝时间7.3 h,此工艺条件下,接枝度可达56.38%,褐变程度为0.041。分别以聚丙烯酰胺电泳、氨基酸分析鉴定糖接枝蛋白,表明葡聚糖以共价键接枝在蛋白上。糖接枝蛋白在pH为7.0处的溶解性与原蛋白相比提高40.48%;乳化活性和乳化稳定性明显提高,分别比原蛋白提高69.76%和62.11%。     

Glycation of soy protein isolate with two ketoses: d-Allulose and fructose

Modification of food proteins to have improved functional properties is of great importance. In this study, modification of soy protein isolate (SPI) was achieved through glycation. SPI was glycated in a spray dryer (SD) and an incubator followed by freeze drying (FD). d -Allulose, an important rare sugar, was used in SPI glycation as the carbohydrate source, and results were compared with fructose. In addition to the sugar type, two different SPI powder: sugar ratios (1:1 and 5:1) were investigated. For the glycated samples, emulsification activity, free amino groups, protein solubility, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, antioxidant activity experiments and time-domain NMR relaxometry measurements for hydration were conducted. According to the results, the solubility of SPI that is limited in native form has shown a significant improvement after glycation through both FD and SD methods. Besides, glycation through the FD method was found to be more favourable due to its milder conditions than the SD method. Considering the physicochemical properties, the best combination for the highest glycation degree was found to be the samples prepared at the 1:1 ratio with d -Allulose in the FD method. Overall, it was concluded that glycation of SPI enhanced its functional properties such as antioxidant and emulsification activities.     

超声预处理对大豆分离蛋白糖基化复合物酸诱导凝胶性质的影响

对溶液体系中大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖和麦芽糖之间的糖基化反应进行超声预处理,探讨超声预处理对SPI/糖复合物酸诱导凝胶性质的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明糖分子与SPI形成了共价复合物。超声预处理20 min时,SPI/糖复合物的接枝度最大。葡萄糖和麦芽糖与SPI的糖基化作用会降低蛋白质的表面疏水性（H0）和平均粒径（D43）,而超声预处理能够使SPI/糖复合物具有更高的H0和更低的D43。由于疏水相互作用的减小,糖基化反应会削弱SPI酸诱导凝胶网络,导致凝胶强度和凝胶持水性降低。然而,超声预处理能够降低或消除糖基化反应对SPI酸诱导凝胶的弱化作用,甚至能够改善蛋白质的凝胶性。     

Effect of glycosylation on the mechanical properties of edible soy protein packaging film

In this paper, we explore the glycosylation conditions (glucomannan content, reaction time, temperature and humidity) to probe the relationship between glycosylation and mechanical properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) film. The mechanical properties were characterized by studying the tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB). Furthermore, degree of glycosylation, free glucomannan content, surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl groups content, lysine and arginine content of glycosylation soy protein with different reaction time were investigated to certify the significant effect of glycosylation on mechanical properties of soy protein film. What is more, the comparison of TS and EB, contact angle values and water vapor permeability of glycosylation SPI (GSPI), SPI and mixture of SPI and glucomannan films showed the excellence of GSPI. At the end, the analysis of scanning electron microscope was applied to reveal the effect of glycosylation on the structure of films. These results suggested that glycosylation with glucomannan is an ideal method to enhance the mechanical properties of soy protein isolate film.     

In vitro digestibility of rare sugar (D-allulose) added pectin–soy protein gels

Confectionery gels are known to be high-caloric products due their high sugar content. Changing their formulations by substituting the sugar with alternative natural sweeteners and functionalising them, the addition of proteins has gained attention. Understanding the rate of digestion of these products is also important for selecting the appropriate formulation. In this study, in vitro gastric digestion behaviour of the gels formulated with D-allulose, a low-calorie rare sugar, soy protein isolate (SPI) (1%, 2.5%) and pectin (4%) were examined. Digestion decreased the hardness of the gels (P < 0.05), but, at 2.5% SPI concentration. Moisture content of the samples increased after digestion and presence of SPI induced higher water uptake. At the end of 2 h of digestion, 1% soy protein isolate containing gels had the highest brix values showing that after a certain concentration, soy protein isolate governed the system due to improved soy protein–pectin interaction or due to improved gelation with Maillard reaction. NMR relaxometry experiments further confirmed the changes in the gels with the increase in T₂ values. Power law model was fitted for the dissolution behaviour using the ^oBrix values of the digestion medium. Dissolution of sugar and the contribution of SPI to the gel network were clearly observed in SEM images. Results showed that these gels had the potential to slow down the emptying rate of stomach thus could lead to ‘fullness’ for a longer time.     

糖基化反应对花生分离蛋白乳化性的影响

为通过糖基化提高花生分离蛋白的乳化性,探讨了接枝度、不同还原糖种类、反应温度以及还原糖比例对花生分离蛋白乳化性的影响。结果表明:采用葡萄糖与花生分离蛋白反应所得产物的接枝度较麦芽糖高,即葡萄糖的反应性好于麦芽糖;采用葡萄糖与麦芽糖糖基化后花生分离蛋白的乳化性均得到提高,且葡萄糖所得乳化活性较高,而麦芽糖所得乳化稳定性较高;反应温度高于花生分离蛋白的变性温度(60℃)时,其乳化性反而降低;花生分离蛋白与糖的质量比为1∶2时比1∶1和1∶3更有利于改善蛋白质的乳化性;糖基化改性后,花生分离蛋白的乳化性接近于食品中常用的酪蛋白酸钠。     

大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化特性

大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）与葡萄糖按质量比1∶1混合后通过美拉德反应生成大豆糖蛋白, 通过测定不同反应温度（70、80、90 ℃）、反应时间（0、1、2、3、4、5、6 h）大豆糖蛋白的还原能力、羟自由 基清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、游离氨基含量、 褐变程度、紫外光谱扫描分析和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）等指标,探讨大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化性及其作用机理。结果表明：随着反应时间的延 长、反应温度的升高,大豆糖蛋白的抗氧化性越高、游离氨基含量下降越多、反应褐变程度越大,90 ℃、6 h制 得的大豆糖蛋白还原能力达到最高,比SPI还原能力高4.6 倍;90 ℃、5 h的大豆糖蛋白羟自由基清除能力最高,为 5.87%,是SPI羟自由基清除率的1.69 倍;同时在90 ℃、5 h制得的大豆糖蛋白还具有最高的DPPH自由基清除率,比 SPI提高了2.68 倍。由大豆糖蛋白的紫外光谱二阶导数分析可知,经过美拉德反应后蛋白中色氨酸发生偏移,而从 SDS-PAGE的分析中也看出蛋白质与糖发生聚合。因此,大豆蛋白葡萄糖反应生成的大豆糖蛋白具有很强的抗氧化 性,并且抗氧化性与蛋白结构的变化密切相关。     

Influence of sugars on the characteristics of glucono-δ-lactone-induced soy protein isolate gels

The effects of the reducing sugars (glucose and lactose) and the non-reducing sugar (sucrose), heated in combination with soy protein isolate (SPI) at neutral pH, on the physicochemical and rheological properties of SPI were determined. After formation of gels induced by glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), the textural profile and physicochemical bonds of the non-heated and heated SPI gels were investigated. The gelation of SPI was induced in three stages of processing that is similar to some tofu-making procedures. First, SPI was heated in the presence of sugars at neutral pH above the denaturation temperature of SPI; then gelation was induced by GDL at iso-electric pH and finally the acidic gels were heat treated again. Heat treatment with glucose at neutral pH resulted in SPI with higher glycation degree than with lactose, whereas SPI heat treated in the presence of sucrose was not glycated. GDL-induced gels of SPI glycated with glucose was more soluble in water than gels of SPI reacted with lactose, which in turn was more soluble than the control and gels of SPI heated in the presence of sucrose. This indicates a change in the net charge of proteins caused by the glycation reaction. Glucose and lactose had a protective effect on protein denaturation at neutral pH, albeit less than sucrose, resulting in GDL-induced gels with increased water holding capacity and reduced gel hardness than sucrose. Chemical analysis indicated that disulphide bonds were involved in maintaining the structure of the gels, and solubility profiles of gels in different buffers indicate that other types of covalent bonds besides disulphide bonds were formed in gels of glycated SPI, resulting in reduced gel elasticity.     

聚磷酸钠对大豆分离蛋白的修饰研究

采用多聚磷酸钠对大豆分离蛋白进行磷酸化修饰,研究磷酸化反应的工艺条件及改性后大豆分离蛋白几种功能特性的变化。结果表明:当大豆分离蛋白4%、三聚磷酸钠9%、反应初始pH9、反应时间3h时,磷酸化程度最大;磷酸化后的大豆分离蛋白的溶解性、乳化性以及粘度都有不同程度的改善。     

单月桂酸甘油酯添加量对大豆分离蛋白复合膜成膜特性的影响

研究了单月桂酸甘油酯(glycerol monolaurate,GML)添加量对大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)复合膜成膜特性的影响,并运用傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热和扫描电子显微镜技术初步探讨了两者的成膜机制。结果表明:随着GML添加量的增加,GML-SPI复合膜的抗拉强度和断裂延伸率呈先上升后下降趋势,该复合膜的水蒸气透过率、透光率、水溶性逐渐下降,而亮度和白度有所增加。傅里叶变换红外光谱证实,复合膜中GML和SPI两种组分主要通过氢键、疏水作用力等次级键相互结合;X射线衍射和差示扫描量热结果显示,与空白对照组相比,GML-SPI复合膜的结晶度和熔融温度均有所提高;扫描电子显微镜结果表明,添加GML有利于减少复合膜内部空隙,但GML添加量超过0.8%时,复合膜中GML和SPI两类组分会出现两相分离现象。本研究成果可为以SPI复合膜为代表的新型可食性包装材料的研发与应用提供理论依据。     

发芽糙米蛋白-葡聚糖共价接枝复合物的开发及其物理化学性能、乳液稳定性的评价

将发芽糙米蛋白（germinated brown rice protein,GBRP）和葡聚糖通过美拉德反应开发一种新型的乳化剂。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪分析发芽糙米蛋白-葡聚糖共价复合物（germinated brown rice protein-dextran conjugate,GBRP-Dex Con）。结果表明,通过与葡聚糖共价结合,相比于GBRP,GBRP-Dex Con的溶解度提高了10%（pH 7.0）;变性温度（122.2 ℃）提高了14.7 ℃（GBRP为107.5 ℃）;GBRP-Dex Con清除DPPH自由基能力及总还原能力显著提高（P＜0.05）。通过测定美藤果油乳状液的粒径及物理稳定性发现,GBRPDex Con在稳定乳状液比GBRP、发芽糙米蛋白-葡聚糖混合物（GBRP-Dex Mix）以及作为常规乳化剂的大豆分离蛋白更为有效。本方法制备的乳化剂GBRP-Dex Con具有优异的性能和应用到食品工业的潜力。