Repellence and fumigant toxicity of propionic acid against adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) and S. oryzae (L.)

The biological activity of propionic acid towards adults of the primary stored-grain pests, Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae was investigated by electroantennographic, behavioural and fumigant toxicity assays. Electroantennograms revealed the sensitivity of both sexes of the two species to propionic acid. In two-choice pitfall bioassays, the compound showed dose-dependent repellent effects even in the presence of wheat odours, which attracted the beetles. In the fumigation assay, propionic acid was effective in killing weevil adults. The LC₅₀ values, calculated for both species at 23 and 30 °C, ranged from 5 to 10 μg/L air and are comparable to those of other known fumigants. Propionic acid could have potential for applications in IPM programs for stored-grain beetles because of its safety, high volatility, repellency and fumigant activity.     

5种植物精油对赤拟谷盗的驱避活性研究

为筛选新型环保植物源仓储害虫驱避剂,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取椒蒿、香青兰、窃衣、驱虫斑鸠菊和啤酒花的植物精油,滤纸药膜法测定5种精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的驱避活性。结果表明：2 h后,在浓度为16 nL/cm2时,香青兰、窃衣、驱虫斑鸠菊、椒蒿精油对赤拟谷盗的驱避活性与阳性对照避蚊胺相当,驱避活性等级均为Ⅴ级,驱虫斑鸠菊的驱避等级稍弱于避蚊胺,驱避等级为Ⅳ级;随着浓度的降低,各精油的驱避活性随之较低,但在浓度为1.6 nL/cm2、0.16 nL/cm2时,5种植物精油的驱避活性明显高于阳性对照(驱避率为0%);在浓度为0.016 nL/cm2时,除香青兰精油具有驱避活性(驱避率为37%),驱避等级为Ⅱ级外,其他几种植物精油的驱避活性都为Ⅰ级,甚至无驱避活性;在浓度为0.0016 nL/cm2时,香青兰精油依然具有Ⅱ级的驱避活性,其他植物几乎均无驱避活性,有些还呈现吸引作用;4 h后,各精油的驱避活性均有所下降,但总体趋势与2 h无明显差异。研究结果表明香青兰精油对赤拟谷盗具有较强的驱避活性,值得进一步研究,该研究结果可为仓储害虫的无公害防治提供理论基础。     

Amino Acid Composition of Protein Fractions Extracted from Phaseolus Beans and the Field Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Protein fractions were extracted sequentially with 2% sodium chloride, 30% isopropyl alcohol, 4% lactic acid and 0.5% potassium hydroxide from three varieties of adzuki beans, kafae and red kafae bean, three varieties of lima beans and red lima bean, two varieties of kidney beans and field bean that were grown in the tropics and sub-tropics. The sodium chloride extract had the highest range of protein concentration (51.2 to 81.4%). The sodium chloride extract was separated into two fractions based on solubility in water. The amino acid compositions of the flour from the seed and of the two fractions from the sodium chloride extract were determined. High contents of lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and leucine were obtained, whereas the sulphur-containing amino acids contents were low.     

Toxicity and repellency of dimethoate,pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) using different exposure methods

Tribolium castaneum, the red flour beetle, is one of the major pests of cereal grains and their products. Infestation of raw food products by T. castaneum can be tackled by use of insecticides which offer a rapid and effective control method for different insect pests. In the present study, toxicity and repellency of three widely used insecticides was assessed on adult red flour beetles to investigate how a flour substrate affects the results of the standard laboratory toxicity and repellency test methods. The red flour beetles were exposed to the organophosphates dimethoate and pirimiphos-methyl and the pyrethroid deltamethrin, following the original and two modified residual film methods (toxicity assessment) and by the area preference method to assess repellency. Since the conditions of exposure (glass and filter paper surfaces as exposure substrates) in the original methods are quite different compared to the exposure carried out in stored-product protection, methods were modified to include flour as an exposure substrate. The results showed that according to the LC₅₀ values, toxicity of the investigated insecticides could be arranged in the following order: pirimiphos-methyl > dimethoate > deltamethrin. Also, both mortality and repellency were dependent on the exposure methods, i.e. presence and treatment of flour substrate. Mortality was significantly reduced in comparison to the original method. Repellency was recorded when beetles were exposed to deltamethrin using flour as a substrate, whereas using the filter paper surface (original method) repellency was not obtained. The results of the present study clearly indicate that there is an influence of substrate on the susceptibility of T. castaneum to insecticides and that the efficacy of different insecticides is affected by exposure substrate.     

Toxicity and repellent action of Coffea arabica against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults under laboratory conditions

Coffea arabica parchment extracts and caffeine isolated from the plant were evaluated randomly against 1-week-old adults of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum for fumigant toxicity and repellent action under laboratory conditions. The effects on detoxification enzymes and neuroenzyme was also determined. Among the various extracts prepared sequentially using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents, the dichloromethane extract did repel insects on contact (EC₅₀ = 4380.65 ppm). The repellence was more prominent when an olfactory response was measured (EC₅₀ = 2571 ppm). The active ingredient isolated from dichloromethane extract was identified as caffeine which showed very strong repellency as compared to the extract. In terms of toxicity of this extract, a significant mortality was recorded in fumigation assay (LC₅₀ = 5555 and 791 ppm, 24 and 48 h post-treatment, respectively). However, caffeine did not induce similar toxicity as the dichloromethane extract. The studies on the impact on detoxification enzymes of T. castaneum showed that dichloromethane extract inhibited carboxyl esterase activity, which possibly led to high toxicity. However, caffeine inhibited glutathione-s-transferase and induced carboxylesterase enzymes. It was, therefore, obvious that C. arabica parchment crude extracts have dual effects against T. castaneum adults, i,e, fumigant toxicity and repellent effects. However, the active compounds responsible for the two activities are surely different as caffeine could only induce repellent action against the beetles and the toxic compound needs to be identified, which is presently being investigated.     

高温流化改良红小豆蒸煮品质及其机理研究

为解决红小豆质地坚硬、蒸煮品质差、煮饭前需长时间浸泡的问题,采用高温流化技术对红小豆进行蒸煮品质改良,以满足其与白米煮饭时同煮同熟的需要。研究了补水量、流化温度、进料速度对红小豆吸水性能以及蒸煮硬度的影响,然后通过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件为:补水量10∶2、流化温度215℃、进料速度62 kg/h。经最佳工艺条件处理的红小豆吸水指数为194.03%、硬度为1 448.08 g,其蒸煮硬度与白米蒸煮硬度相近,达到了与白米煮饭同煮同熟的要求。通过SEM、XRD、DSC、RVA表征处理前后红小豆微观结构、热力学特性和糊化特性,发现高温流化的红小豆细胞间微孔直径增加、细胞壁破损、淀粉结晶度下降、淀粉热力学特性和糊化行为改变,这些变化可能是高温流化改良红小豆蒸煮品质的内在机理。     

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis): Chemical compositions,physicochemical properties,health benefits,and food applications

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), also called red bean, is a legume of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) family. This crop is native to East Asia and is also commercially available in other parts of the world. It is becoming a research focus owing to its distinct nutritional properties (e.g., abundant in polyphenols). The diverse health benefits and multiple utilization of this pulse are associated with its unique composition. However, there is a paucity of reviews focusing on the nutritional properties and potent applications of adzuki beans. This review summarizes the chemical compositions, physicochemical properties, health benefits, processing, and applications of adzuki beans. Suggestions on how to better utilize the adzuki bean are also provided to facilitate its development as a functional grain. Adzuki bean and its components can be further developed into value-added and nutritionally enhanced products.     

Inhibitory Effects of Phenolics and Saponins From Commonly Consumed Food Legumes in China Against Digestive Enzymes Pancreatic Lipase and α-Glycosidase

Total phenolic and saponin components were extracted from 13 commonly consumed food legumes produced in China, and then a systematic comparative study was conducted to investigate their inhibitory effects against digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase, and α-glycosidase, respectively. Saponin extract (1 mg/mL) from black bean exhibited the highest (41.8%) pancreatic lipase inhibitory effect, followed by phenolic extract from adzuki bean with 36.3%, saponin extract from yellow soybean with 34.1%, saponin extract from pinto bean with 32.6%. It is worth mentioning that both phenolic and saponin extracts from the mung bean, adzuki bean, lima bean, and pinto bean exhibited inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase. Among four beans, the adzuki bean had the highest inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase activity. In the α-glycosidase assays, phenolic extracts exhibited stronger α-glycosidase inhibitory activity than that of saponins in general. Phenolic extracts of the adzuki bean, black bean, fava bean, lentil, rock bean, and red kidney bean inhibited over 80% of α-glycosidase activity at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. Both phenolic and saponin extracts from the adzuki bean and rock bean exhibited inhibitory effects against α-glycosidase. The results indicate that adzuki bean is one of the best target beans for further study on their anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects via cell and animal models.     

Terpenoids,DEET and short chain fatty acids as toxicants and repellents for Rhyzopertha dominica (coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Ptinidae)

Plant-based products and common repellents have been suggested as promising alternatives for management of stored product insects. In this study, contact toxicity and repellent activity of the safe natural products carvacrol, citronella oil, geraniol, nootkatone, ocimene and R-(+)-pulegone, and the synthetic commercial repellents, N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), and the fatty acid mixture of octanoic, nonanoic, and decanoic acids (C8910) were evaluated against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica and the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne under laboratory conditions. In contact toxicity assays the compounds were tested at concentrations ranging between 0.008 and 0.4 mg/cm². Carvacrol and R-(+)-pulegone exhibited the highest contact toxicity with LC₅₀ values of 0.019 and 0.023 mg/cm² against L. serricorne and LC₅₀ values of 0.012 and 0.019 mg/cm² against R. dominica, respectively. Similarly, C8910, geraniol and citronella oil showed toxic effect against both insects. The repellent activity of compounds was tested using the preference method assay at concentrations ranging between 3.125 and 50.0 μg/cm². The highest repellency percentage (RP) was achieved by C8910 against L. serricorne with a RP value of 76.0% at the lowest concentration (6.25 μg/cm²), while carvacrol showed the highest repellent activity against R. dominica with RP value of 88.0% at 3.125 μg/cm² within 3 h of insect exposure. The tested compounds caused higher repellent activity to R. dominica than L. serricorne. In vitro inhibition studies of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in adults of both species showed that R-(+) pulegone strongly inhibited AChE activity of R. dominica and L. serricorne with 69.0% and 88.0% inhibition at 40 mM, respectively. Carvacrol caused 41.8% inhibition in AChE activity of R. dominica compared to 66.7% of L. serricorne at 40 mM. The results indicated that the tested natural compounds may be useful alternatives for controlling R. dominica and L. serricorne.     

赤小豆淀粉性质的研究

本文研究测定了赤小豆淀粉的各种结构特性,发现淀粉颗粒粒径范围为18～80μm,平均粒径为40.8μm;偏光十字明显,其X-光衍射图样属A型晶体结构,结晶度为40.5%。淀粉碘复合物可见光吸收光谱的最大吸收波长为618nm,链淀粉含量33.2%。赤小豆淀粉在水中的溶胀能力较玉米淀粉大,比木薯淀粉小。赤小豆淀粉糊属于假塑性流体,糊抗剪切能力和凝沉能力均比玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉强,其冷、热糊粘度稳定性较好,单甘酯对赤小豆淀粉糊的影响较为特别。     

Isolation and characterization of a cyanidin-catechin pigment from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)

Adzuki bean is used to prepare many kinds of foods in east Asia, and the seed coat contains water-soluble anthocyanins, catechins, and flavonols. In the present study, ethyl acetate-soluble purplish pigments were isolated from adzuki bean. Pigments of soaked adzuki bean were extracted with 1% HCl in methanol. Ethyl acetate-soluble purple pigments were obtained from the methanol soluble components. Purple pigments 1 and 2 were purified from the ethyl acetate-soluble pigments by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative reversed-phase HPLC. NMR and mass spectra suggested that pigment 1 was a condensation product of cyanidin and (+)-catechin, in which 5-hydroxy and C-4 positions of the cyanidin moiety were substituted by the addition of 5-hydroxy and C-6 positions of the (+)-catechin moiety, respectively. Pigment 2 was an isomer of pigment 1. It is suggested that pigments 1 and 2 contribute to the purplish-red colour of foods prepared using adzuki bean.     

基于UPLC-Q TOF-MS和HPLC-QQQ-MS技术的赤豆酚类化合物定性、定量分析及其抗氧化能力分析

为深入了解赤豆的营养价值,用80%甲醇溶液提取酚类物质,对提取物中不同存在形态的酚类化合物含量及其抗氧化活性进行测定,并对其80%甲醇提取物中酚类物质进行定性、定量分析。结果表明,赤豆80%甲醇提取物中酚酸含量为3.44 mg/g,黄酮含量为2.50 mg/g,其中3 种存在形式酚类萃取物含量及抗氧化能力不同,糖苷键合态酚酸含量最高,可达1.44 mg/g,游离态黄酮含量最高,可达0.85 mg/g;糖苷键合态亚铁离子还原能力最强,可达15.76 mmol/g,酯键合态1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力最强;80%甲醇提取物通过超高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱仪定性分析,初步鉴定出25 种化合物,包括3 种有机酸、6 种酚酸、16 种黄酮;高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱联用仪定量分析可得,芦丁（327.40 μg/g）、儿茶素类（210.70 μg/g）含量丰富。     

Bioactivity and qualitative analysis of some essential oils from Mediterranean plants against stored-product pests: Evaluation of repellency against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Tenebrio molitor (L.)

Essential oils extracted from bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and lavandin (Lavandula hybrida) were tested for repellency against Sitophilus zeamais and Cryptolestes ferrugineus adults and Tenebrio molitor larvae. Composition of L. nobilis essential oil included large amounts of monoterpenes, mainly oxygenated derivatives, while in C. bergamia essential oil limonene was the main compound followed by linalyl acetate and γ-terpinene and linalool. In lavandin oil there was a prevalence of linalool and linalyl acetate, while phenyl propanoids were the main compounds detected in fennel essential oil. Two kinds of bioassays were performed: filter paper tests, carried out in Petri dishes on all three coleopteran species and tests on treated kernels carried out only on S. zeamais adults. In filter paper bioassays, essential oils showed different activity: on S. zeamais, fennel after 3 h of exposure and bergamot after 24 h exerted the highest repellency, similar results were obtained for C. ferrugineus, but lavandin also showed good repellent activity, while for T. molitor larvae bay laurel was the most effective repellent. Repellency tests on kernels against S. zeamais adults suggested that bergamot and lavandin were the most efficient oils. Even if laboratory bioassays are only the first step towards use of essential oils in practical applications, these substances do represent a possible alternative to chemical insecticides in some market niches.     

加工方式对红小豆粉理化性质及预估血糖生成指数的影响

淀粉的理化性质受其品种来源、加工条件的影响,并直接影响到其在人体中的消化吸收.本研究以低预估血糖生成指数(eGI)红小豆粉的制备为目标,考察了蒸煮加工、微波加工、滚筒加工、挤压加工对红小豆粉理化性质和eGI的影响.从不同加工方式对红小豆粉理化性质的影响上看,4种加工方式下淀粉的糊化程度从低到高依次为:微波红小豆粉、蒸煮...     

Effect of adzuki bean sprout fermented milk enriched in γ-aminobutyric acid on mild depression in a mouse model

This study focused on the ability of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprout fermented milk, which is rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), to relieve anxiety and mild depression. A high-yield GABA-producing strain, Lactobacillus brevis J1, from a healthy cow was screened, and its physiological and probiotic properties were evaluated. The effect of adzuki bean sprout fermented milk was investigated in vivo in a chronic depression mouse model. The results showed that Lb. brevis J1 had excellent probiotic properties, grew well at low pH and 3% NaCl, and adhered to the surface of HT-29 cells. The GABA-enriched (241.30 ± 1.62 µg/mL) adzuki bean sprout fermented milk prepared with Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lb. brevis J1 can reduce and possibly prevent mild depression-like symptoms in mice (C57/B6) by increasing social interaction and enhancing the pleasure derived from movement. The research revealed that the GABA_B-cyclic AMP-protein kinase A-cAMP-response element binding protein (GABA_B-cAMP-PKA-CREB) signaling pathway was related to the depression-like symptoms and that levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the hippocampus of mice increased after treatment with the adzuki bean sprout fermented milk. Our results suggest that GABA-enriched dairy products have the potential to prevent or treat mild depression-like symptoms in mice, which suggests a new approach for a dietary therapy to treat chronic social stress.     

Anti-obesity role of adzuki bean extract containing polyphenols: in vivo and in vitro effects

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of polyphenol‐rich adzuki bean extract on lipid metabolism, triglyceride accumulation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: For the in vivo study, rats were divided into four groups: group C was fed a control diet, group A was fed the control diet with 1% adzuki bean extract, group CF was fed a high fat diet, and group AF was fed a high fat diet with 1% adzuki bean extract. For the in vitro study, the ability of adzuki bean extract to suppress triglyceride incorporation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory response was investigated in cultured human adipocytes. Data from the animal study showed that adzuki bean extract improved lipid metabolism in both the normal and high‐fat diet groups. Adzuki bean extract treatment in the high‐fat group resulted in significant reductions in total hepatic lipid accumulation and lipid secretion into the feces. Incubation of adipocytes with adzuki bean extract significantly decreased triglyceride accumulation, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory responses without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that adzuki bean extract has high potential to serve as a natural anti‐obesity agent. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂粮复合豆沙营养及功能品质评价

以薏米、苦荞分别与红小豆、红芸豆制成杂粮复合豆沙,检测其蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉等宏量营养素以及黄酮、多酚、花青素等微量活性成分含量,并对营养品质及功能成分进行综合评价。结果表明,与红小豆沙和红芸豆沙相比,薏米或苦荞复合豆沙的蛋白质、总淀粉、慢消化淀粉、抗性淀粉、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、黄酮、多酚、花青素等营养功能成分含量均显著增加(P0.05)。基于主要营养、功能物质含量,采用主成分分析(PCA),7个豆沙样品营养价值由高到低依次为:苦荞红小豆沙薏米红小豆沙苦荞红芸豆沙薏米红芸豆沙红小豆沙红小豆沙(市售)红芸豆沙,这表明杂粮复合豆沙具有更高的营养功能品质。     

Control of Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP. with essential oils from four Citrus spp. plants

The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), is a major pest of cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in storage units, making the grains unsuitable for consumption. The adverse effects of chemical control methods have been motivating the demand for alternatives in pest control, such as the use of natural products like essential oils. The aim of this study was to obtain and chemically identify the components of essential oils extracted from fruit peels of Citrus latifolia Tanaka, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck and Citrus paradisi Macf., as well as to determine the contact and fumigant toxicity of these oils and their repellent effect on C. maculatus adults. The GC-MS analysis identified 45 compounds in the essential oils; the major components were described as follows: C. latifolia (limonene 57.7%, γ-terpinene 17.2%, β-pinene 12.3%, α-pinene 2.0%), and C. sinensis (limonene 93.8%, myrcene 2.1%), C. reticulata (limonene 94.2%, myrcene 1.6%) and C. paradisi (limonene 94.2%, myrcene 1.8%). In the contact toxicity tests using treated cowpeas the LC₅₀ values ranged from 943.9 to 1037.7 ppm, with the lowest value for C. latifolia and the highest for C. sinensis. The number of eggs and newly emerged adults was inversely proportional to essential oil concentration increase. In the fumigant toxicity test, LC₅₀ values ranged from 10.2 to 12.98 μL/L air, with C. latifolia showing the best results. In the repellency test, the essential oils were classified as neutral at all concentrations. The percentages of oviposition reduction ranged from 29.74 to 71.66%, while reduction in emergence varied from 15.43 to 85.31%. Essential oils of citrus peels (industrial waste) could be widely used for C. maculatus control. Moreover, they could gain economic value if used on a large scale to produce essential oils.     

蔗糖对不同品种赤小豆淀粉性能的影响

以三种不同赤小豆淀粉为原料,通过分析添加蔗糖前后淀粉的糊化性能、热力学性能、消化性能等特性,探究蔗糖对淀粉性能的影响。结果表明：直链淀粉含量较高的珍珠红赤小豆淀粉,具有较大的粒径、较高的峰值黏度和回生值,但其糊化温度和最终黏度较低;当添加10%的蔗糖后,三种淀粉的平均粒径、峰值黏度、凝沉性和快速消化淀粉（Rapidly digestible starch,RDS）显著降低（P<0.05）,而三种淀粉的糊化温度、热焓值、回生值和衰减值却显著增加（P<0.05）;慢速消化淀粉（Slowly digestible starch,SDS）含量除珍珠红赤小豆淀粉外均显著增加（P<0.05）,淀粉凝胶性以及抗性淀粉（Resistant starch,RS）虽有下降,但不显著。蔗糖的添加促进了赤小豆淀粉的回生;抑制了淀粉的糊化、降低了抗老化性和消化性。     

Evaluation of potential use of nootkatone against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [S. oryzae (L.)](Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone that shows insecticidal activity against insects and ticks. Its contact toxicity and repellency against two major stored-product insect pests, maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [Sitophilus oryzae (L.)], were investigated in the current study. Contact toxicity was evaluated using a no-choice test with treated filter paper, while repellency was evaluated using a choice test with treated corn (for maize weevils) or wheat (for rice weevils). Nootkatone showed low contact toxicity (ranging from 0 to 51%) against the two weevil species at the tested concentrations (ranging from 11.58 μg/cm² to 1158.08 μg/cm²) on filter papers. In choice tests, corn treated with 0.10% or higher and wheat treated with 0.5% nootkatone or higher had significantly fewer maize or rice weevils compared with the solvent only treated control, indicating a repellent effect. The repellency percentage ranged between 46.3 and 93.1% against maize weevils and 39.2-67.2% for rice weevils.