New methods of predicting dissimilar steel weld metal microstructures by Schaeffler Diagram(Part 2)

On the base of the methods of predicting weld metal microstructures of pearlitic dissimilar steel welded joints using austenitic type filler materials by Schaeffler Diagram, the other new methods of predicting and expressing weld metal microstructures of two kinds of dissimilar steel welded joints (pearlite/pearlite and austenite/pearlite) using austenitic filler materials by Schaeffler Diagram are suggested. Those new methods resolve some difficult problems which the microstructure kinds in two heterogeneous mixture zones of weld metal neighbouring two kinds of welded base metals are difficult to be accurately ascertained and the fluctuations of weld metal microstructures across fusion line are difficult to be conveniently expressed according to the traditional predicting method. The new predicting methods are more concise and practical.     

Crystallography of Widmanstätten austenite in duplex stainless steel weld metal

Abstract

Two kinds of austenite grow from δ-ferrite during the cooling of the duplex stainless steel weld deposits studied here, Widmanstätten plates and allotriomorphs which precipitate at δ–δ grain boundaries. It is found using microtexture measurements that the preferred crystallographic orientation of the Widmanstätten austenite can be estimated using established theory if it is assumed that there is an interaction between external stress and the growing plates. It is also demonstrated that the Widmanstätten and allotriomorphic forms of austenite may not be identically oriented even when the former appears to originate from the latter; this may be a consequence of differences in the transformation mechanisms of these two forms of austenite.     

Join Al–steel dissimilar metal by novel high frequency electric cooperated arc welding

ABSTRACT

A novel high frequency electric cooperated arc welding method (HFAW) was developed to join aluminium and steel of 3.0?mm thickness without groove. Owing to the skin effect and proximity effect of high frequency current, a part of welding heat was directly distributed all over weld side wall. Consequently, sound double-sided weld formation was achieved under a low MIG heat input and high welding speed. The average thickness of interfacial layer was limited to 2.3?µm. Benefitted from the balanced heat input and thin interfacial layer, the failure mode of the HFAW joint was necking at Al base metal. For traditional MIG joint, however, poor back weld formation and thick interfacial layer resulted in spontaneous fracture at interface.     

Microcracking in multipass weld metal of alloy 690 Part 3 – Prevention of microcracking in reheated weld metal by addition of La to filler metal

Abstract

The effect of addition of La to a filler metal on microcracking (ductility dip cracking) in the multipass weld metal of alloy 690 was investigated with the aim of improving its microcracking susceptibility. The susceptibility to ductility dip cracking in the reheated weld metal could be greatly improved by adding 0·01–0·02 wt-%La to the weld metal. Conversely, excessive La addition to the weld metal led to liquation and solidification cracking in the weld metal. Hot ductility of the weld metal at the cracking temperature was greatly improved by adding 0·01–0·02 wt-%La to the weld metal, implying that the ductility dip cracking susceptibility was decreased as a result of the desegregation of impurity elements of P and S to grain boundaries due to the scavenging effect of La. The liquation and solidification cracking resulting from excessive addition of La to the weld metal is attributed to the formation of liquefiable Ni–La intermetallic compound. A multipass welding test confirmed that microcracks in the multipass weldment were completely prevented by using a filler metal containing an addition of 0·01 wt-%La.     

Improving weld quality of 09MnNiDR steel by using arc-excited ultrasonic

An experimental setup to excite ultrasonic by modulating electrical arc was applied in the submerged arc welding （SAW） process of 09 MnNiDR steel to study its effect on quality of the welds. Arc-excited ultrasonic energy refines grains of the welds and more acicular ferrite （ AF） appears in the fusion zone. It also enhances impact toughness of the joints at -70 ℃ significantly. With the ultrasonic of 50 kHz, the toughness is improved by 47% in the fusion zone and by 82% in the heataffected zone （HAZ）. The fractography of welds shows that the fracture is changed from cleavage fracture to gliding fracture while applying ultrasonic vibration.     

Theoretical analysis of sensitisation in austenitic stainless steel weld metal.Study of low‐temperature sensitisation in austenitic stainless steel weld metal and its improvement by laser surface melting treatment (5th Report)

The results of modelling the processes of carbide formation in the metal of welded joints in 12Cr18Ni10Ti high-alloy steel, produced by manual arc welding with electrodes with different types of coatings – rutile (OK 61.30) and basic (TsL-11) – are presented. Intercrystalline corrosion can be suppressed by initiating the bonding of carbon in carbides by titanium and niobium transferred into the welded joint from the coating.     

Ductile—brittle transition of steel electron beam weld metal in small punch test

Abstract

Toughness evaluation of narrow high energy beam welds via the conventional Charpy V notch (CVN) impact test is not always successful because cracks often deviate from the fusion zone into the heat affected or unaffected base metal zones. The small punch (SP) test was applied to electron beam welds of a 490 MPa strength steel to evaluate the toughness by measuring the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The steel was electron beam welded using various heat inputs and the welds were examined via CVN and SP tests at 40-298 K. The SP DBTTs obtained from the SP energy showed a linear correlation with the CVN DBTTs. The load-deflection curves during the SP tests and the fractography of SP tested specimens indicated the existence of ductile-brittle transitions. The results suggest that the SP test can be used to predict the DBTTs of electron beam welds, which cannot be accomplished via the conventional CVN impact test.     

异种钢接头焊接试验

针对低合金钢、铬钼钢与不锈钢的异种接头组织、性能相差较大、甚至产生裂纹等问题,对比焊条选用、预热、热处理对接头组织性能的影响进行了焊接试验。     

50W470-Q235B异种钢材的焊接裂纹

硅钢片50W470叠压后的定子铁心与Q235B肋板采用气体保护焊焊接后出现裂纹,裂纹偏向肋板侧。基于宏观现象和化学成分进行分析,指出异种钢材韧性差异较大,硅元素溶入焊缝,导致焊缝韧性降低出现裂纹。结合实际情况,从改善焊缝组织状态、降低拘束应力和优化焊接工艺参数入手,制定合适的焊接工艺,换用ER309L焊条,裂纹消失,焊缝成形美观,焊接接头质量符合要求。     

C-Mn-Ti-B超高强度钢焊接熔合区的形成过程及其组织转变

研究了C—Mn—Ti—B超高强度钢焊接熔合区及其组织转变，发现焊接接头的最高硬度位于熔合区和富奥氏体带，而不是通常所认为的淬火区；富奥氏体带的化学成分及浓度接近于焊缝金属中的成分与浓度。考虑焊接接头所经受的热循环、元素扩散以及室温下焊接接头的组织、成分变化，提出了一种新的富奥氏体带形成机制并建立了熔合区的过程模型。该模型认为：焊接热作用下的焊接接头可划分为三个特征区域：熔化区、固液共存区和固相区；在冷却过程中，熔化区转变为富奥氏体带和焊缝混合区(α γ组织)；固液共存区转变为熔合区；固相区转变为通常意义下的纯热影响区和未发生变化的基体。根据此模型，成功地解释了熔合区类马氏体组织和含碳硼化物(Cr、Fe)23；(C、B)6的转变机理。     

Microstructure characteristics of dissimilar metal weld between aluminum alloy and brass

Dissimilar metal joining between 5A02 aluminum alloy and H62 brass sheets was conducted by gas tungsten arc welding with Zn-15% Al and Al-12% Si flux-cored filler wires. The microstructure in the weld and distribution of major alloying elements in the intelfacial layer were examined, and the tensile strength of the resultant joints was measured. Pores appeared in the weld made with Zn-15% Al flax-cored filler wire, the interracial layer mainly consisted of AlCu phase, and the specimens fractured through the weld with tensile strength of 129 MPa. When Al-12% Si flux-cored filler wire was used, Cu diffused into the weld and Al2 Cu phase formed, and the specimens fractured along the interfacial layer with tensile strength of 122 MPa.     

低合金钢焊缝的针状铁素体微观组织

针对X70管线钢多道焊焊缝金属,利用Gleeble1500热模拟机进行了热模拟试验,对焊缝金属中初生针状铁素体组织及其与非金属夹杂物之间的关系以及经历二次热循环后感生形核的针状铁素体组织进行了SEM及TEM分析.结果表明,针状铁素体边界存在着一层富碳的薄膜,其长大既存在切变转变的特征,同时也伴随着C原子的扩散过程.共感生成的二次针状铁索体是在初生针状铁索体基体的高密度位错处形核并以一定的速度迅速长大到有限的尺寸.初生针状铁素体和共感形核针状铁素体都是在奥氏体晶内形核、长大,都具有细化奥氏体晶粒、提高多道焊焊缝金属和焊接热影响区韧性的作用.     

温度对异金属焊接接头CO2腐蚀的影响

为研究温度对异金属焊接接头CO2腐蚀的影响,使用熔化极气体保护焊（MIG）方式焊接X70管线钢和2205双相不锈钢．对基材／焊缝界面的组织和不同温度下的CO2腐蚀形貌进行了观察和分析．结果表明,焊缝侧显微组织呈树枝状奥氏体组织;焊缝存在较窄的熔合区且存在第二类边界线,Ni,Cr等元素存在浓度梯度．与低温相比,高温下焊接接头微合金钢侧产生较严重的CO2腐蚀,微合金钢表面的腐蚀产物膜呈疏松状,焊缝侧腐蚀产物膜较致密．电解液中两侧母材及焊缝的电位差、温度的不同导致离子的迁移速率不同,造成微合金钢和焊缝的腐蚀倾向不同．     

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of shielded metal arc-welded dissimilar joints comprising duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel

This work describes the results of an investigation on a dissimilar weld joint comprising a boiler-grade low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel (DSS). Welds produced by shielded metal arc-welding with two different electrodes (an austenitic and a duplex grade) were examined for their microstructural features and properties. The welds were found to have overmatching mechanical properties. Although the general corrosion resistance of the weld metals was good, their pitting resistance was found to be inferior when compared with the DSS base material.     

防止厚壁异种钢管道焊缝根部产生收缩沟的方法

分析了在核电站核岛安装工程中,对于管道壁厚大于14 mm的超低碳不锈钢管(Z2CN18.10)和碳钢管(P280GH)组成的异种钢对接接头,焊接后在碳钢侧热影响区焊缝根部产生收缩沟的原因.根据获得的数据分析说明了收缩沟现象主要是由于碳钢侧热影响区碳迁移和焊接应力的共同作用造成的,并通过焊接试验验证了收缩沟原因分析的正确性,同时总结了合适的焊接工艺和操作方法,有效解决了收缩沟这一问题.     

Residual stress measurement of Al/steel dissimilar friction stir weld

ABSTRACT

The dissimilar welds between aluminium (Al) alloy, A6061-T6, and stainless steel, type 304, were fabricated by a friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The FSW tool was offset to Al side and the probe was inserted only into Al plate. The softening occurred in Al side due to the heat input during FSW, while the hardness increased by the post-ageing treatment. Tensile strength of dissimilar weld also increased about 8.5% by the post-ageing. The residual stresses were measured based on the cos α method. The residual stresses parallel to the weld line, σ_xr, were predominantly tensile, while those perpendicular to the weld line, σ_yr, were compressive. Post-ageing treatment had little effect on the residual stresses.