美国营养标签发展特征及其对我国食品营养标签制度的启示

美国是世界上营养标签起步早、类别多、制度比较完善的国家。本文基于营养事实标签以及心脏检查标志、指引星标签、NuVal评分标签、前面事实标签等包装正面(Front of package,FOP)标签概况总结美国营养标签发展特征发现,美国营养标签实施主体多元、适用性广,营养事实标签与FOP标签优势互补;营养标签电子信息化与国际化趋势显著。因此,结合我国营养标签实际情况,建议新增与营养健康密切相关的营养成分信息,为FOP标签设计提供支撑;加强中国居民膳食指南对营养标签的科普与使用推荐;完善生鲜农产品营养成分数据库,加快FOP标签在生鲜农产品的运用;通过政府监管与行业自律,构建企业FOP标签认证管理体系。     

美国食品Facts up Front标签的主要经验与启发

采集美国Facts up Front标签官方网站发布的资料与信息,从Facts up Front标签的特点、类型,与相近包装正面（FOP）标签的基本情况对比,与其他包装正面（FOP）标签的实施效果比较等方面凝练实践经验,并为中国启动与发展包装正面（FOP）标签提出建议。     

意大利营养信息电池标签发展经验及启示

从意大利政府官方网站、相关报道与文献梳理总结了营养信息电池标签内容、特点及发展经验，该标签采用特定营养素体系的营养素度量法模型，显示能量、脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、糖、盐含量及采用电池含量显示能量与营养素占成年居民每日膳食参考摄入量的比重；采用自愿方式标示标签，与地中海膳食模式相匹配，在意大利备受欢迎。但在申请欧盟包装正面标签时，因采用“电量越多，营养质量越低”被批评违反直觉。该标签在制定使用手册、启动未包装食品应用计划以及开展与其他包装正面标签比较等方面的实践经验对中国包装正面标签完善与推广有重要借鉴意义。     

美国明智选择计划标签的特点、失败原因与警示

包装正面(Front of Package, FOP)标签是帮助消费者快速选择健康食品的新型营养标签。虽然美国的FOP标签起步早,种类多,对世界影响力大,但并非都是成功案例。在我国FOP标签启动阶段,分析美国明智选择计划标签失败原因具有警示意义。通过梳理相关文献发现,美国明智选择计划标签清晰直观且认证标准公开透明,因对非健康食品认证而被美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)停止使用。该标签失败的原因主要是认证标准偏低、政府监管存在漏洞、行业自律缺失和营养事实标签宣教不足等。因此,在我国开放FOP标签认证的前提是政府制定高标准的认证要求,健全市场监管机制,确立认证退出机制,发挥行业协会协调监督作用,创新营养成分表科普方式以提高居民使用意识。     

美国NuVal评分标签发展的经验分析与启示

为探索企业主导包装正面（FOP）标签提供的启发，研究利用美国NuVal评分标签官方资料总结国际经验。结果发现，NuVal评分标签基于整体营养质量指数，用1~100表达包装食品、生鲜农产品的营养价值，评分越高，营养状况越好。标签与食品价格相结合，方便消费者比较所支付的营养价值。因此，中国可尝试设计营养评价信息与价格一体化的FOP标签，并在生鲜农产品试行推广，以及按照国民营养需求适时调整FOP标签算法。     

智利包装正面食品警告标签发展经验及对中国的启示

通过智利卫生部官方网站、文献等渠道收集智利包装正面食品警告标签的有关资料,从警告标签推行背景、算法、实施效果、与他国警告标签对比、与其他包装正面标签作用比较等方面总结其成功经验,为中国优化包装正面标签提供若干启发。     

英国食品GDAs标签的发展经验及对中国的启发

对英国食品每日摄入量指南（GDAs）标签开展案例研究，结果发现，GDAs标签从包装背面标签转为FOP标签，实施已有20年以上。该标签采用特定营养素体系度量法模型，显示每份食品能量、糖、脂肪、饱和脂肪、盐的含量及其每日参考摄入量占比，既没有颜色编码又没有形象的图标显示，且实施效果不如多数FOP标签。对此，中国可考虑将营养成分表信息以食品份量单位直观显示在包装正面，方便消费者关注与理解。     

含糖饮料强制FOP标识国际实践与经验——以新加坡营养等级标签为例

通过新加坡卫生部官方网站、文献等渠道收集有关新加坡营养等级标签资料，总结新加坡营养等级标签的政策演进、标准规则、支撑措施及实施效果。营养等级标签在强制营养成分表披露糖信息、评价多形式含糖饮料、禁止高糖饮料广告等方面的实践经验对中国实施含糖饮料强制FOP标识具有重要启示。     

《食品营养标签管理规范》问答

一、基本定义和实施 1．什么是食品营养标签？ 食品营养标签是向消费者提供食品营养成分信息和特性的说明,包括营养成分表、营养声称和营养成分功能声称。 2．为什么我国要制定食品营养标签？     

《食品营养标签管理规范》实施

我国《食品营养标签管理规范》已于5月1日起正式实施。 食品营养标签显示食品的营养特性和相关营养学信息,是消费者了解食品营养成分和特征的主要途径。营养标签包括营养成分表、营养声称和营养成分功能声称。营养成分表是标有食品营养成分名称和含量的表格。营养声称是指对食物营养特性的描述和说明,包括含量声称和比较声称;营养成分功能声称是指某营养成分可以维持人体生长、发育和正常生理功能等作用的声称。     

Does consumer health-orientation affect the use of nutrition facts panel and claims? An empirical analysis in Italy

Food labelling can play a key role in increasing consumers’ food-related consciousness, and improving the healthiness of their food choices. However consumers’ use of food labels is affected by a number of variables. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of health-orientation on consumers’ use of different labelled information, making a distinction between mandatory and voluntary information (namely, nutrition facts panel vs nutrition and health claims). Data were collected in Italy through face-to-face interviews on a sample of 300 consumers in charge of their grocery shopping. To evaluate the relationship between health-orientation and label usage we developed an index strictly based on the definition of health-orientation itself and included such measure in our analysis, which is based on a set of OLS regressions. The main results overall stress the idea that different degrees of health-orientation are, indeed, reflected in a diverse use of labelled information. Highly health-oriented consumers are more likely to refer to the extensive information reported on nutrition facts panel, whereas claims are of main interest for consumers with low orientation to health. The results also strengthen the key role played by nutrition knowledge and education in favouring a frequent usage of the nutrition facts panel and confirm previous findings on the relationship between socio-economic status and consumers use of labelled information.     

Nutri-Score,multiple traffic light and incomplete nutrition labelling on food packages: Effects on consumers’ accuracy in identifying healthier snack options

Front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels are designed to help consumers evaluate the healthiness of foods and to promote healthier food choices. In this study, an online experiment with Swiss consumers (N = 1313) was conducted to compare the effects of different nutrition label formats on consumers’ evaluations of snack food healthiness. Participants were asked to select the healthier option in 105 pairwise comparisons of 15 salty snacks. The participants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: the FOP presented with (1) the nutrition facts table, (2) the multiple traffic light (MTL), (3) the Nutri-Score, (4) the Nutri-Score on half of the products, or (5) no nutrition information (control). The consumers’ evaluations of the snacks’ healthiness were fairly accurate, even without being given nutrition information on the packaging. The Nutri-Score led to the greatest accuracy in identifying the healthier of two snacks (when using the British FSA/Ofcom nutrient profiling score to determine product healthiness); however, this had only a minimal effect on the evaluation when only some of the products were labelled. Both FOP labels were superior to the FOP with and without the nutrition facts. This indicates that for maximum effectiveness, the labelling of all available products is needed. The perceived usefulness and public support of mandatory implementation were higher for the MTL than for the Nutri-Score label; however, for the latter, perceived usefulness and public acceptance were higher among the participants who became familiar with the label during the experiment than among those who did not.     

基于Apriori算法分析米面制品营养标签使用关联规则

米面制品营养标签经常使用的关联因素挖掘对开展主食健康消费引导有重要作用。基于全国有代表性的1610个居民问卷调查样本,利用Apriori算法关联规则分析他们经常使用营养成分表、营养声称、营养成分功能声称的行为发现,正向的强关联因素是居民对配料表、食品生产许可证、生产日期和保质期、贮存条件、净含量等标签信息的关注,而与个人与家庭特征、米面制品消费情况、营养与健康认知的关联较小,即在一般情况下,我国居民购买米面制品首要关注含量、配料等标签信息,然后在此基础上阅读营养标签做出消费决策。比较来看,居民关注含量、配料等标签信息对经常使用营养成分表购买米面制品的促进作用最大,其次是营养声称、营养成分功能声称。     

美国国家营养监测计划及对我国的启示

公众的营养与健康状况是反映一个国家社会与经济发展、卫生健康水平和人口素质的重要指标,是国家制定营养相关政策的重要依据,因此,对全国居民展开营养监测必不可少。本文分析了美国相对完善的国家营养监测计划、对比了我国营养监测的现状,认为美国的营养监测计划在体制、执行和财政投入等方面对完善我国营养监测体系具有重要的借鉴价值。我国应尽快制定和完善适合本国国情的国家营养监测计划,提高其全面性、严密性、时效性及针对性,及时采取干预措施,指导人群健康膳食,保护公众的健康和安全。     

2008年和2010年杭州市国产预包装食品营养标签标示变化调查

目的 了解《食品营养标签管理规范》实施前后预包装食品营养标签标示变化情况.方法2008年、2010年两次抄录超市预包装食品的营养标签,并判断其规范性.结果 两次分别调查国产预包装食品4 693种、5 526种,2008年标示营养成分表、营养声称和营养成分功能声称的分别为1 369种(27.6％)、643种(13.0％)和94种(1.9％),2010年分别为1 937种(35.1％)、424种(7.7％)和128种(2.3％).营养成分表中能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和钠均标示的分别为597种(43.8％)、1 661种(85.9％),其中形式全部规范的分别有134种(9.8％)、985种(51.0％).营养声称和营养成分功能声称主要涵盖维生素、钙、膳食纤维.结论 鼓励性规范对营养标签标示率的影响较小,但显著提高了标示规范性.营养标签强制标示势在必行,健康教育工作也应同步开展.     

Why Sugar Is Added to Food: Food Science 101

Avoiding too much sugar is an accepted dietary guidance throughout the world. The U.S. Nutrition Facts panel includes information on total sugars in foods. A focus on added sugars is linked to the concept of discretionary calories and decreasing consumption of added sugars or free sugars as a means to assist a consumer to identify foods that are nutrient‐dense. On March 14, 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed that including “added sugars” declaration on the Nutrition Facts panel would be another tool to help consumers reduce excessive discretionary calorie intake from added sugars. Through deductive reasoning, labeling added sugars is one tactic to potentially curb the obesity epidemic in the United States. This review discusses the functions of sugar in food and shows that the methods used to replace added sugars in foods can result in no reduction in calorie content or improvement in nutrient density. Without clear benefit to the consumer for added sugars labeling, this review highlights the complex business obstacles, costs, and consumer confusion resulting from the proposed rule.     

营养产业崛起是社会经济发展的必然要求

随着中国居民生活水平不断提高,健康理念日益受到重视,中国居民不同层次的健康需求拉动了中国保健品行业的发展,中国营养健康产业蓬勃兴起。本文介绍了营养产业的概念及发展背景,分析了我国发展营养产业的特有条件和比较优势,提出发展营养产业是社会发展的必然要求,并对我国发展营养产业提出建议。