Nitrocyclohexane hydrogenation to cyclohexanone oxime over mesoporous carbon supported Pd catalyst

Mesoporous carbon materials (MC) were prepared by soft template, hard template and hydrothermal synthesis methods. And mesoporous carbon supported palladium catalysts were obtained from incipient impregnation method. The prepared samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and hydrogen chemisorption. Palladium supported on mesoporous carbon prepared by hard template method shows better catalytic performance, it gives the 82.2% selectivity to cyclohexanone oxime at the nitrocyclohexane conversion of 99.4% under the mild reaction conditions of 0.5 MPa and 323 K.     

钯碳催化剂的制备条件对苯酚气相加氢制环己酮的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Pd/C催化剂,考察了活性炭预处理方法、沉淀温度和还原方法对催化剂催化苯酚气相加氢制环己酮的影响。通过XRD和XPS对催化剂进行表征,考察了催化剂制备条件对Pd/C催化剂结构和催化活性的影响。结果表明:双氧水预处理可以向载体表面引入氧化性基团,促进钯在载体中的分散;在活性炭酸洗过程中进行搅拌,可以减少落粉的产生,提高催化剂的活性;沉淀温度升高会导致催化剂中Pd晶粒度变大;Pd晶粒度过小或过大都会导致催化剂活性下降;采用水合肼还原有利于提高催化剂的活性。     

Heterogeneous enantioselective hydrogenation of isophorone over proline modified Pd catalysts

Enantioselective hydrogenation of isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone) over (S)-proline modified Pd catalysts has been studied. Both the Pd particle size and the acid–base properties of the support influenced the hydrogenation reaction of isophorone and the subsequent kinetic resolution of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone (TMCH). This was explained by assuming the reaction pathway as a consequential process. The rapid hydrogenation of isophorone initially yielded racemic TMCH, and then the slow kinetic resolution consumed the (R)-TMCH, leaving (S)-TMCH in excess. Most promisingly, the Pd/MgO catalyst with enhanced adsorption of proline and moderate Pd particle sizes resulted in high enantioselectivity (ee of 95%) and 43% yield of TMCH.     

Dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone over Cu/SiO2 catalysts : Dispersion and catalytic activity

Copper catalysts supported on silica (Cu/SiO₂) were prepared by three different methods; incipient wetness, precipitation, and ion exchange. Catalytic properties in the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol over these catalysts were examined. Copper surface area increased in the order of incipient wetness precipitation ion-exchange method for the catalysis with the same loading of copper. Conversion was mainly dependent on the copper surface area regardless of preparation methods, and selectivity to cyclohexanone was very high for all Cu/SiO₂ catalysts.     

Pd/C-ZnCl_2复合催化体系催化苯酚加氢制备环己酮的研究

研究了Pd/C-ZnCl_2复合催化体系催化苯酚选择性加氢制备环己酮,考察了催化剂种类、溶剂种类、催化剂用量、Pd/C与ZnCl_2的质量比、反应温度、反应时间、反应压力等反应条件对苯酚加氢反应的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为苯酚0.1 g,复合催化体系Pd/C-ZnCl_2(质量比为3:1) 0.08 g,反应温度100℃,氢气压力为1.0 MPa,反应时间5 h,溶剂二氯甲烷10 mL。在上述反应条件下,苯酚转化率接近100%,环己酮的选择性达97.8%。     

Pd/C-ZnCl_2复合催化体系催化苯酚加氢制备环己酮的研究

研究了Pd/C-ZnCl_2复合催化体系催化苯酚选择性加氢制备环己酮,考察了催化剂种类、溶剂种类、催化剂用量、Pd/C与ZnCl_2的质量比、反应温度、反应时间、反应压力等反应条件对苯酚加氢反应的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件为苯酚0.1 g,复合催化体系Pd/C-ZnCl_2(质量比为3:1) 0.08 g,反应温度100℃,氢气压力为1.0 MPa,反应时间5 h,溶剂二氯甲烷10 mL。在上述反应条件下,苯酚转化率接近100%,环己酮的选择性达97.8%。     

The catalytic hydrogenation of benzene over supported metal catalysts: I. Gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene over ruthenium-on-silica

A study is reported of the gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene over a ruthenium-on-silica catalyst in the temperature range from 300 to 415 K and at a total pressure of 130 kPa. The texture of the catalyst is studied by TEM, physisorption of nitrogen, chemisorption of hydrogen and by mercury penetration. Surface analysis is performed by XPS/AES.The adsorption enthalpies of the reaction intermediates 1,4-cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene and of cyclohexane on ruthenium are determined.On the basis of the kinetics, a reaction mechanism is proposed in which the rate-determining step shifts from the first hydrogen addition to benzene at low temperatures to the hydrogen addition to cyclohexene at higher temperatures.An approximate diagram is constructed representing the change of the free enthalpy as a function of the extension of the reaction.     

Studies on the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over Pd/C catalysts

The hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde was investigated using a 5% Pd/C catalyst in a 250 cm³ stirred tank reactor and 500 cm³ autoclave. The experiments were carried out at 273–343 K and 0·1–1·1 MPa. Non-polar solvents, e.g. toluene, decane, methylcyclohexane, decalin, ether and heptane, and polar solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propan-1-o1, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol were used to study the selectivity with respect to hydrocinnamaldehyde formation, the reaction kinetics and mass transfer. The additives, such as potassium acetate, ferrous chloride, ferrous sulphate and quinoline were incorporated into the catalyst in order to improve the catalyst selectivity, which was observed especially in the case of potassium acetate. © 1998 SCI     

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮合成甲基异丁基酮

以HZSM-5为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列Pd/HZSM-5催化剂,在高压连续流动固定床反应器中考察Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮性能,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,当HZSM-5载体上Pd负载质量分数为0.5%时,在反应温度140 ℃、氢压1 MPa、空速0.48 h^-1和氢酮物质的量比为1条件下,Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化活性较高,丙酮转化率为45.91%,甲基异丁基酮选择性为94.33%。采用XRD、H₂-TPD、SEM、EDS和TGA等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,负载质量分数0.5%的Pd在HZSM-5分子筛表面分散均匀,且0.5%Pd/HZSM-5催化剂具有较高氢吸附能力,失活的主要原因为催化剂表面积炭,采用流化床反应器取代传统的固定床反应器可以很好的解决催化剂积炭问题。     

The catalytic hydrogenation of benzene over supported metal catalysts.: II. Gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene over copper-on-silica

A study has been made of the kinetics and mechanism of the gas-phase hydrogenation of benzene over a copper-on-silica catalyst in the temperature range from 300 to 450 K and at 130 to 395 kPa total pressure. Attention has been given also to the kinetics of the hydrogenation of the reaction intermediates 1,4-cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene.Two different catalysts were prepared on Shell silica spheres as a support, one according to the Dutch Patent No. 143,139 and the other according to European Patent No. 0006313. Their texture and analytical composition were studied by means of TEM, nitrogen physisorption and capillary condensation, adsorptive decomposition of nitrous oxide, atomic absorption spectrometry and XPS/AES analysis.The catalyst prepared according to European Patent No. 0006313 had a high mechanical strength, a perfect chemical stability and a high sintering resistance. The mean copper particle diameter was 5.5 nm. The other catalyst displayed poor mechanical strength and fragmented during testing.A reaction mechanism is formulated on the analogy of the mechanism proposed for the hydrogenation of benzene over ruthenium [11].The catalytic activity of copper is compared with that of several other transition metals and presented in the form of modified Tanaka-Tamaru plots.     

Hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone over Pd/MgO

Hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexanone has been investigated in the temperature range 160–250°C on a series of Pd/MgO catalysts. At 160°C the orders of reaction were found on all catalysts to be about ?1 with respect to phenol and about + 1 with respect to hydrogen. On the basis of the kinetic results it is suggested that the rate determining step is the surface reaction between phenol and hydrogen adsorbed on the catalyst. An increase in the reaction temperature decreases the rate of reaction. This has been explained through a change of the orders of reaction which increase with temperature. Palladium dispersion does not influence the reaction mechanism. The specific activity was found to be independent of palladium particle size.     

Vapour phase hydrogenation of phenol over Pd/C catalysts: A relationship between dispersion,metal area and hydrogenation activity

A series of palladium supported on activated carbon catalysts, with Pd varying from 0.5 to 6.0 wt%, were prepared via wet impregnation method using PdCl₂ · xH₂O as a precursor salt. The dried samples were further reduced at 573 K in hydrogen and characterized by CO adsorption at room temperature in order to determine the dispersion, metal area and particle size. The catalysts were tested for vapour phase phenol hydrogenation in a fixed-bed all glass micro-reactor at a reaction temperature of 453 K under normal atmospheric pressure. The decrease in metal surface area as well as dispersion with corresponding increase in turn-over frequency (TOF) against palladium loadings suggest the unusual inverse relationship that exist between Pd dispersion and phenol hydrogenation activity over Pd/carbon catalysts. The stability of TOF at larger crystallite size indicates that phenol hydrogenation is less sensitive reaction especially beyond 3 wt% of Pd content. It is evident from the results that structural properties of the catalysts strongly influence the availability of Pd atoms on the surface for CO chemisorption and hence for phenol hydrogenation. A comparison between selectivity and product yield of the reaction against overall phenol conversion indicates that changes in reaction selectivity for cyclohexanone or cyclohexanol is independent of phenol conversion level and either of the product is not formed at the cost of another. The stability of the catalysts with reaction time suggests that coke formation on the surface of the catalyst is less significant and the formation of cyclohexanone remains almost total even at higher reaction temperatures.     

氮化碳负载钯催化剂催化苯酚加氢制环己酮

为了开发苯酚加氢制环己酮高效催化剂,将脲在550 ℃高温聚合,制备了片层状氮化碳催化剂载体g-CN;负载钯纳米粒子后,得到Pd/g-CN催化剂。采用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行表征。将Pd/g-CN催化剂用于催化苯酚水相加氢,考察了不同载体和反应温度对催化性能的影响,并对催化剂重复使用性能进行研究。结果表明,载体g-CN含有大量的含N基团,能有效稳定金属纳米粒子,从而获得粒径较小、分散较好的Pd纳米粒子;同时,g-CN具有较强碱性,有利于苯酚的吸附,可提高苯酚的反应速率和环己酮选择性。采用负载Pd质量分数2%的Pd/g-CN催化剂,在反应温度80 ℃、反应压力0.1 MPa、n(Pd)∶n(苯酚)=0.02、苯酚1 mmol、水3 mL和反应时间3 h条件下,苯酚可完全转化,环己酮选择性高达99%。Pd/g-CN催化剂制备工艺简单,原料价廉,催化性能优异。     

Effect of metal dispersion on CO hydrogenation over Pd/HZSM-5 catalysts

Pd/HZSM-5 catalysts prepared by ion-exchange method using Pd(NH₃) ₄ ²⁺ were calcined and reduced at different temperatures to provide different metal dispersions. The effect of Pd dispersion on CO adsorption characteristics and acidity were observed through FT-IR study. Methanol and dimethyl ether were the main products in CO hydrogénation over Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst with small Pd particles on which CO was weakly adsorbed, while the selectivity to methane increased with metal sizes.     

Pd/C催化剂催化邻硝基苯胺加氢制备邻苯二胺

卤代芳胺是重要的有机中间体,广泛应用于合成染料、农药、医药、香料及橡胶助剂等。卤代芳香硝基化合物通过液相催化加氢制备卤代芳胺的技术以其环境友好、产品质量稳定和工艺先进而受到重视。用负载型贵金属催化剂催化芳香硝基化合物选择加氢制备相应的芳胺有广泛的应用价值。采用邻硝基苯胺为原料,Pd/C为催化剂,低压催化加氢还原合成邻苯二胺,考察不同溶剂、反应压力、反应温度和反应时间对产物收率的影响。结果表明,在甲醇为溶剂、反应温度100 ℃、反应压力0.8 MPa和反应时间100 min条件下,邻苯二胺平均收率为97%。与传统硫化碱还原或铁粉化学法还原工艺相比,以甲醇为溶剂,Pd/C催化剂催化加氢法在减少废水和降低成本等方面有较大优势。     

TiO2负载Pd催化剂的制备及其顺酐加氢性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和乙醇的超临界流体干燥法制备了一种高效的顺酐选择加氢Pd/TiO2催化剂,并作了X射线衍射谱、BET表面测试、透射电镜、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱等表征,在溶胶-凝胶法制备的Pd/TiO2催化剂上,反应压力为3 MPa,反应温度为240℃时,顺酐的转化率为100%,丁酸的选择性达到了93.5%;Pd/TiO2催化剂经过高温还原后产生的Pd和TiO2之间的强相互作用是丁酸的高选择性的主要因素,另外反应温度也对丁酸的选择性有很大影响.     

Chaos and synchronisation in heterogeneous catalytic systems: CO oxidation over Pd zeolite catalysts

The influence of experimental parameters on the structure of global reaction rate oscillations and the coupling of local oscillators on a catalyst bed in a continuous stirred tank reactor is studied for the oxidation of CO on zeolite supported palladium catalysts. Global coupling can be achieved via mass transfer through the gas phase or via heat transfer in the case of a support of high heat conductivity. Characteristic differences in the activity of catalysts as well as in the period and the amplitude of the oscillations are related to the size of the palladium clusters and can be simulated by adding the state of the oxidation of the metal surface as a parameter to a common kinetic model. The analysis of observed chaotic behaviour leads to the conclusion that diffusional chaos characteristic of a distributed system is observed on the level of the zeolite crystallite that supports the palladium clusters.     

Correlation between metal oxidation state and catalytic activity: hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde over Rh catalysts

The effects of the rhodium (oxidation) state on the activity and selectivity for the crotonaldehyde hydrogenation reaction over Rh/Al₂O₃ and Rh/SiO₂ catalysts were examined using the techniques of temperature-programmed reduction, hydrogen chemisorption and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). In the alumina-supported system, the active phase-support interaction is shown to affect the chemical behavior of rhodium under the influence of a reductive atmosphere by stabilizing Rh³⁺ species. This behavior is not observed (as expected) for Rh/SiO₂ catalysts. The structural and electronic bases of the active phase-support interaction and the effect of the latter phenomenon on the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pd/C催化剂对生物质基丁酮催化加氢制取仲丁醇

研究了生物质基丁酮经Pd/C催化加氢制备仲丁醇的工艺条件,考察了反应时间、反应温度、氢压和催化剂用量对仲丁醇收率的影响。结果表明,Pd/C可催化丁酮进行加氢反应,主要产物为仲丁醇。在一定温度条件下,仲丁醇收率随温度的升高而增大,但超过一定范围,继续增加反应温度,收率反而下降。加氢压力1 MPa,反应8 h后,90 ℃、120 ℃和150 ℃条件下仲丁醇收率分别为53.1%、52.8%和45.5%;增大氢压,仲丁醇收率反而明显降低。增加催化剂用量,反应速率加快,反应时间缩短,但对最终仲丁醇收率的影响不大。