不同干燥技术下胡萝卜丁的干燥特性及品质研究

为缩短干燥时间,找到一种胡萝卜丁的最适干燥技术,改善干燥品质;将红外联合热风干燥、真空脉动干燥以及分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥三种技术应用于胡萝卜丁的干燥,筛选出了各种技术下的最佳干燥参数,研究了胡萝卜的干燥特性,分析了各技术下胡萝卜丁的湿基含水率、脱水速率和水分有效扩散系数的变化;比较三种最佳参数下干燥后胡萝卜丁的色泽、VC含量、复水性和表面微观结构。结果表明,最佳参数为:红外联合热风干燥70℃,1.22~1.69 m/s;真空脉动干燥70℃,真空保持时间和常压保持时间比15 min∶5 min;分阶段温湿度控制热风干燥70℃,50%10 min。水分有效扩散系数介于7.09×10~(-10)~9.04×10~(-10) m~2/s之间;真空脉动干燥处理下的VC含量、复水性、色泽略优于其他两种方式。     

光皮木瓜真空脉动干燥特性及神经网络模型

目的：提高光皮木瓜干燥效率和品质。方法：以光皮木瓜为试验原料,选取干燥温度(50,60,70 ℃)、真空时间(5,10,15,20 min)和常压时间(2,4,8 min)为影响因素,以干燥时间、复水比、维生素C含量、总黄酮含量、微观结构为指标进行单因素试验,建立BP神经网络模型并验证模型的预测效果。结果：干燥温度、真空时间和常压时间对光皮木瓜的干燥时间影响显著(P＜0.05),其有效水分扩散系数为6.044 8×10-10~12.008 6×10-10m2/s,且Deff随干燥温度的升高而增大。BP神经网络模型由干燥时间、干燥温度、常压时间和真空时间4个输入神经元、7个隐含层和含水率1个输出神经元构成。当干燥温度为65 ℃、常压时间为3 min、真空时间为12 min时,模型的预测值和实测值最大误差为4.77%。光皮木瓜的复水性随干燥温度的提高而降低,随常压时间和真空时间的延长而先升高后降低;维生素C、总黄酮含量随干燥温度、常压时间和真空时间的增加先上升后降低。当干燥温度为70 ℃时,物料表面因大量失水而导致结壳硬化,水分迁移孔道坍塌堵塞;当干燥温度为50 ℃时,物料表面呈蜂窝状多孔结构,有助于水分扩散迁移。结论：真空脉动干燥光皮木瓜的最佳工艺条件为干燥温度60 ℃、真空时间10 min、常压时间4 min,该条件下干燥时间12.1 h、复水比6.28±0.05、维生素C、总黄酮含量分别为(71.26±0.74)×10-2,(19.27±0.33) mg/g, BP神经网络模型可以很好地描述光皮木瓜的真空脉动干燥过程。     

真空脉动干燥设备设计及对南瓜片干燥影响的研究

针对常压干燥效率低、真空干燥能耗大等问题,设计真空脉动干燥设备并应用于南瓜片的干燥。该设备主要由干燥室、加热系统、真空系统和控制系统组成,南瓜片放置在干燥室内的加热板上,干燥室内的压力由控制系统改变卸压阀和抽空阀地开闭来实现,抽真空的同时,设备还能将一部分的水蒸气吸走,完成干燥过程。研究了不同常压保持时间（3 min、5 min、7 min、9 min、11 min和13 min）、不同真空保持时间（5 min、10 min、15 min、20 min和25 min）、不同干燥温度（50 ℃、55 ℃、60 ℃和65 ℃）以及不同切片厚度（5 mm、7 mm、9 mm和11 mm）对干燥过程及品质的影响。综合干燥室内真空度与南瓜片内部温度之间的关系、干燥效率与能耗问题,得到较优的工作参数：常压保持时间9 min,真空保持时间10 min,干燥温度60 ℃,切片厚度7 mm,为南瓜片以及其它物料的干燥提供了理论研究基础。     

热风和热风-脉动压差闪蒸联合干燥对草莓色泽及品质的影响

为探究草莓热风单一干燥和热风-脉动压差闪蒸联合干燥后产品品质变化,对草莓实施均匀试验,研究不同干燥温度、真空干燥温度和预干燥含水量对草莓干燥特性、色泽和理化品质的影响,并采用层次分析法优化干燥工艺条件。实验结果得到:草莓热风-脉动压差闪蒸联合干燥最佳工艺条件为预干燥含水率60%,闪蒸温度90℃、停滞时间15 min、闪蒸压力差0.10 MPa,真空干燥温度70℃(60 min)~60℃(40 min),总干燥时间255 min;温度对草莓热风干燥影响较为显著,其最优工艺条件为干燥温度70℃,干燥时间360 min。两种最优工艺条件相比,草莓热风-脉动压差闪蒸联合干燥品质佳,硬度低(为2323.65N),Vc含量较高,达到339.38×10~(-2)mg/g DW,Pg-3-Glu和Cy-3-Glu的保留率也远远大于单一热风干燥,分别是热风干燥含量的2.5倍和2.2倍;且干燥产品色相值为24.66,色泽好,干燥时间短。     

羊肉脉动真空腌制工艺参数优化及腌制模型建立

为提高腌制速率,以羊肉为材料,研究了脉动真空腌制时间、盐溶液质量分数、真空压力、脉动比（真空压力保持时间与常压保持时间之比）对腌制效果的影响,建立羊肉脉动真空腌制盐分迁移模型。结果表明脉动真空腌制较常压腌制效率提高8%～26%,依据模型预测结果与实际操作所确定的最佳工艺参数为盐溶液质量分数17%、腌制时间6 h、脉动比1.13（17 min∶15 min）,此条件下羊肉盐含量为4.31%,与预测值4.29%非常接近。     

蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺研究

采用单因素和一次回归正交试验,对蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺进行优化建模,研究初始水分含量、微波温度、微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间对产品水分含量、膨化率和单位能耗的影响。试验结果表明,最佳干燥工艺参数为:初始水分含量30%~40%,微波干燥温度80℃,微波功率1.5 k W,真空度-80 k Pa,微波干燥时间4 min。根据一次回归正交试验得出微波功率和微波干燥时间对产品最终水分含量影响显著(P0.05),微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间3个因素对单位能耗均有显著影响(P0.05),而以上3个因素对膨化率的影响不显著;同时得到微波功率、真空度和微波干燥时间与产品最终水分含量、膨化率和单位能耗的回归方程。此回归方程为蓝莓热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺提供了理论参考。     

真空脉动压干燥技术在风干牛肉加工中的应用

为优化真空脉动压技术干燥牛肉工艺参数,选择真空压力,干燥温度和干燥时间为影响因素,通过三因素二次通用旋转设计,以干燥后牛肉综合感官评分为评价指标,对真空脉动压干燥牛肉工艺进行优化,结果表明:对风干牛肉品质感官评分影响由大到小依次是:干燥时间干燥温度真空压力;其中干燥温度和真空压力之间、干燥温度和干燥时间之间、真空压力和干燥时间之间有明显的交互作用;优化出最佳工艺参数为:干燥温度45.4℃、真空压力-80.4 k Pa、干燥时间21.3 h。     

低温真空油炸工艺对小龙虾虾尾酥品质的影响

为丰富即食水产品种类,探索真空油炸技术,以单冻小龙虾虾尾为原料,通过低温真空油炸工艺制备小龙虾虾尾酥产品。在单因素试验的基础上,以水分、油脂含量、酥脆性、硬度、丙烯酰胺含量为指标,选择油炸温度、油炸时间、油料质量比和脱油时间为变量,利用正交试验设计对真空油炸工艺进行优化。结果表明,真空油炸工艺的最优条件：真空度0.09 MPa,油炸温度95℃、油炸时间120 min、油料质量比3.0:1.0、脱油时间25 min,此条件下,小龙虾虾尾酥水分含量为（2.65±0.11）%,粗脂肪含量为（25.66±1.88）%,硬度为（443.21±42.36）g,酥脆性与常压油炸小龙虾虾尾酥无显著差别,丙烯酰胺含量为（11.2±0.17）μg/kg。相比于常压油炸,低温真空油炸工艺不仅减少营养损失,而且降低了油脂及丙烯酰胺含量,为提升小龙虾油炸制品品质提供理论依据和科学指导。     

基于组合干燥设备的胡萝卜干燥工艺研究

通过果蔬热风真空组合设备对胡萝卜进行热风真空组合干燥试验,用胡萝卜切丁大小、热风温度、热风风速、中间转换点含水率、真空温度、真空度6个影响因素,对胡萝卜的组合干燥工艺进行研究。通过SPSS22.0软件对胡萝卜的正交试验结果进行分析,结果表明:胡萝卜切丁大小、热风温度、中间转换点含水率、真空温度、真空度对干燥时间均有显著影响;但对于V_C含量、复水后体积收缩率,真空度对结果影响不显著,干燥时间受胡萝卜切丁大小、热风温度、中间转换点含水率、真空温度、真空度的影响较为显著,上述因素越大,干燥时间越长,而热风风速对干燥时间、V_C含量、复水后体积收缩率影响均不显著。建立干燥时间、V_C含量、复水后体积收缩率的数学回归模型,得出相应的线性回归方程;并利用MATLAB软件对干燥工艺进行综合优化,确定胡萝卜组合干燥的最佳工艺参数为:胡萝卜切丁大小为5 mm×13.72 mm×13.72 mm,热风温度为75℃,热风风速为0.069 m/s,中间转换点含水率为30%,真空温度为61.9℃,真空度为10 k Pa。此时干燥时间为11.06 h,V_C含量为11.65 mg/100 g,复水后体积收缩率为40.64%。     

干燥方式对预熟化薏米品质影响

对预熟化薏米的鼓风干燥、微波干燥和真空冷冻干燥工艺进行优化,研究干燥方式对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:鼓风干燥最佳工艺条件为温度85℃、干燥时间140 min、物料厚度0.5 cm;微波干燥最佳工艺条件为微波功率539 W、干燥时间5 min、物料厚度3.0 cm;真空冷冻干燥最佳工艺条件为温度-49℃、干燥时间5 h、物料厚度2.5 cm。与原料薏米相比,鼓风干燥和微波干燥制备的预熟化薏米的脂肪和蛋白质含量略有升高,而真空冷冻干燥样品的蛋白质含量有所降低,脂肪含量有所升高。沸水中加热15 min,焖煮5 min后,鼓风干燥和真空冷冻干燥预熟化薏米的硬度明显降低,能与小米共煮同熟;真空冷冻干燥可更好地保持薏米的色泽。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press