冻藏过程中冰晶对水产品品质影响的研究现状

低温冻藏广泛应用于水产品保鲜,然而冻藏过程中组织冰晶的形成极大地影响着水产品的品质。总结阐述冷冻过程中冰晶的形成机制,将冻藏过程中冰晶对水产品蛋白质、脂质、水分、色泽与质构等一系列营养指标的影响进行综述,从而为更好地探索冰晶形成机理及提高冻藏水产品品质提供理论参考依据。     

冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾蛋白质理化性质的影响

将小龙虾热烫后置于真空包装盒内,灌水并抽真空,分别于3个冻结温度(-20,-40,-55 ℃)下冻结至中心温度为 -15 ℃,并置于2个冻藏温度(-20,-40 ℃)中冻藏24周,测定不同冻结温度处理和冻藏的小龙虾肉的肌原纤维蛋白含量、表面疏水性、内源荧光强度、总巯基和二硫键含量、二级结构的变化。结合冰晶的显微结构观察结果,探讨冻结及冻藏温度对小龙虾蛋白质理化性质的影响,为小龙虾加工原料的周年供应提供理论指导。试验结果显示:在冻藏温度相同时,-20 ℃冻结小龙虾肉的冰晶较大,导致肌肉结构受到严重的破坏,肌原纤维蛋白含量显著低于-40,-55 ℃冻结(P<0.05)的表面疏水性、内源荧光强度、总巯基和二硫键含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在冻结温度相同时,-20 ℃冻藏小龙虾肉的冰晶更大,出现针形冰晶的时间更早,肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基含量显著低于-40 ℃(P<0.05),表面疏水性、二硫键含量显著高于-40 ℃(P<0.05),内源荧光强度变化幅度更大。此外,-20 ℃冻结或冻藏时,α-螺旋的相对含量较高,而β-折叠、β-转角和无规卷曲无明显差别。这些结果表明,较低的冻结及冻藏温度使小龙虾肉蛋白的空间构象更稳定,减轻了蛋白质的变性程度,使冻藏期间小龙虾的品质更好。     

冷冻面团发酵技术在中式食品中的应用II．冰结构蛋白对鲜酵母及包子类冷冻面团流变发酵特性的影响

应用F3 流变发酵仪和动态流变仪研究冰结构蛋白(ISP)对冻藏0、1、2、3、4 周鲜酵母发酵特性和冷冻面团动态流变学特性的影响。结果表明：随着冻藏时间延长,所有酵母样品发酵过程中气体释放曲线最大高度H′m、产生CO2 气体总体积V总及面团最大膨胀高度Hm 均逐渐降低,冷冻面团的弹性模量(G′)和黏性模量(G 〞)逐渐下降,冷冻面团包子比容显著减小。引入冰结构蛋白(ISP)后,冻藏时间相同时,酵母发酵过程中的H′m、V 总及Hm 均有所增大,G′和G 〞下降趋势减缓,冷冻面团包子比容明显大于空白组,说明ISP 能够抑制冻藏过程中冰晶的形成和重结晶,减弱冰晶对酵母及面筋蛋白质网络结构的破坏,同时也说明ISP 能够增强面筋蛋白质网络结构的强度,提高面筋蛋白质对冰晶破坏的抵抗力。     

大黄鱼冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白氧化及其功能性质的变化

以-18℃和-80℃冻藏大黄鱼为研究对象,测定其肌原纤维蛋白氧化指标、肌肉组织结构与蒸煮损失率以及肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性质和乳化性,研究冻藏过程中大黄鱼肌肉蛋白质氧化效应及其对鱼肉品质和加工性能的影响。结果显示,冻藏过程中大黄鱼肌肉蛋白质发生一定程度的氧化,主要表现为肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量显著增加,-18℃和-80℃冻藏样品羰基含量分别增加122.22%和191.34%;总巯基含量显著下降,由82.2nmol/mg分别降至47.5 nmol/mg和55.4 nmol/mg;活性巯基含量显著下降,二聚酪氨酸含量和表面疏水性显著增加。由于冻藏过程中的蛋白质氧化效应、蛋白质变性和冰晶等作用,肌纤维间隙在贮藏过程中显著增大并发生肌纤维断裂,蒸煮损失率也随之增加。冻藏过程中蛋白质的氧化变性对肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶和乳化等功能性质也有一定影响,导致其凝胶强度、凝胶白度、凝胶持水性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性下降。-80℃冻藏样品的肌原纤维蛋白的氧化程度、品质及加工性能的劣化程度均低于-18℃冻藏组。     

鳙鱼鱼糜在冻藏过程中理化性质变化的研究

研究了不同温度冻藏条件下鳙鱼(Aristichthysnobilis)鱼糜的品质变化。鳙鱼鱼糜分别冻藏于-10℃、-20℃和-30℃条件下,冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白质Ca2 -ATPase活性和总-SH含量不断下降,冻藏20周后分别下降至新鲜样品的16.9%、64.1%、77.4%和53.1%、60.2%、66.1%,凝胶强度也呈现下降趋势,同Ca2 -ATPase活性和总-SH含量变化相一致。鱼糜微结构表明,不同温度冻藏条件下,鱼肉蛋白质中冰结晶大小有很大差异,冰晶的影响是导致蛋白质变性的主要原因。     

冻藏时间和冻融处理对速冻饺子皮内冰晶的影响

试验将速冻饺子皮切片、固定和染色,然后显微观察,并进行图像分析,旨在研究冻藏过程中冻藏时间和冻融处理对速冻饺子皮内冰晶的影响,结果表明在冻藏过程中,冻藏时间和冻融处理都导致饺子皮内冰晶增大,冰晶面积和相当直径逐渐增大,且冻融处理影响更大。-20℃冻藏条件下水饺冰晶面积波动曲线为y=0.358x+1.453 6,每天6次冻融循环试验条件下水饺冰晶面积波动曲线为y=0.502x+3.584 7。在-20℃冻藏前期,1次冻融对饺子皮内冰晶的影响相当于冻藏1.64 d。     

黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏品质的影响

研究添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面质构特性和蒸煮品质的影响,并采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和低场核磁共振(NMR)探究了添加黄原胶对冷冻熟面冻藏过程中可冻结水含量和水分分布的影响;利用激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)观察了冻藏过程中蛋白质网络结构的变化。结果表明:添加黄原胶可以提高冷冻熟面的硬度、咀嚼性和拉伸性能,降低复煮损失率和吸水率,减缓在冻藏过程中质构品质和蒸煮品质的降低趋势。黄原胶的加入可以使冻藏过程中冷冻熟面的蛋白质网络结构更加连续致密,抑制深层结合水向弱结合水方向的转移,减少可冻结水的含量,从而减少冰晶的形成,减轻因冰晶带来的机械损伤,从而改善冷冻熟面的冻藏品质。     

新型食品添加剂——不冻蛋白质的研究开发及应用的新进展

控制冷冻食品的冰结晶的生成和长大迄今为止是一项较难完成的课题。为解决这项难题，不冻蛋白质已被食品工业界寄以很大的厚望。这种不冻蛋白质不仅是冰点降低，而且对冷冻贮藏和解冻过程中的再结晶有竭力阻止作用，从而防止了冰晶的增大。这无疑是对冷冻食品延长贮藏期和提高产品质量，特别是提高冰淇淋口感质量有划时代意义的突破性研究成果，具有科学研究和生产实践两方面的积极意义，开创了冷冻食品业界提高产品质量的全新局面。     

甜蜜的陷阱 警惕糖尿病

控制冷冻食品冰结晶的生成和长大迄今为止是一项较难完成的课题。为解决这项难题，不冻蛋白质已被食品工业界寄以很大的期望。不冻蛋白质不仅使冰点降低，而且对冷冻贮藏和解冻过程中的再结晶有阻止作用，从而防止了冰晶的增大；这无疑是对冷冻食品延长贮藏期和提高产品质量，特别是提高冰淇淋口感质量有划时代意义的突破性研究成果，具有科学研究和生产实践两方面的积极意义。开创了冷冻食品业界提高产品质量的全新局面。     

抗冻蛋白的制备及其在食品工业的应用研究进展

抗冻蛋白是一类冰结构蛋白质,在0 ℃以下能够控制冰晶生长和抑制冰再结晶,可作为低温保护剂,用于保护食品在冷冻保存过程中营养成分不流失。该文对抗冻蛋白的来源、特性、制备与纯化进行综述,并总结抗冻蛋白在冷冻食品应用中的进展,为将来抗冻蛋白产业化生产提供理论参考。     

Bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe, and heme iron content in unaged and aged meat of Hereford and Braford steers fed pasture

The content and the bioaccessibility of Se, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe were determined in unaged and aged meat (14days) from the Psoas major (PM), Gluteus medius (GM) and Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles of Hereford (H) and Braford breed (B) steers fed pasture. Furthermore, the content of heme-Fe was determined in the same muscles. The H had a lower content of Cu and a higher content of Fe. Also, H had more heme-Fe than B. The bioaccessibility in unaged meat for Se, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe ranged between 75 and 91%, 30 and 45%, 40 and 68%, 55 and 95%, and 60 and 70%, respectively. After aging, the bioaccessibility for the same minerals ranged between 58 and 80%, 30 and 48%, 40 and 58%, 75 and 95%, and 59 and 70%, respectively. Aging affected negatively the Se content and its bioaccessibility, in the two breeds. Also, the heme-Fe content was negatively affected by aging in all muscles and breeds.     

Religious slaughter: Evaluation of current practices in selected countries

As part of the project “Religious slaughter (DIALREL): improving knowledge and expertise through dialogue and debate on issues of welfare, legislation and socio-economic aspects”, this paper discusses an evaluation of current practices during Halal and Shechita slaughter in cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. During religious slaughter, animals are killed with and without stunning by a transverse incision across the neck that is cutting the skin, muscles (brachiocephalic, sternocephalic, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid), trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and the major, superficial and deep nerves of the cervical plexus. In this report, the restraint methods, stunning, neck cutting, exsanguination, slaughter techniques and postcut handling in the abattoir were assessed for religious slaughter. Information about the procedures used during religious slaughter in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Turkey and Australia was collected by means of spot visits to abattoirs. To standardize the information gathered during the spot visits three guidelines were designed, one for each species, and translated into the national languages of the countries involved. The document included questions on the handling and restraint methods (stunning, neck cutting/exsanguination/slaughter techniques and postcut handling performed under religious practices) and for pain and distress of the animal during the restraint, neck cutting and induction to death in each abattoir. Results showed differences in the time from restraining to stun and to cut in the neck cutting procedures and in the time from cut to death.     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Effect of common and new gums on the quality,physical, and textural properties of bakery products: A review

Hydrocolloids (gums) have a good functional characteristic such as emulsifying, gelling, solubility, and textural improvement. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving dough performance, bread and cake characteristics, sensorial quality, and extension the products shelf life. Several studies reported the potential use of hydrocolloids in breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formulation. The present review summarized the effect of the most common and new hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, Arabic, carrageenan, karaya, alginate, acacia, methylcellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, locust bean, balangu seed, wild sage seed, basil seed, and cress seed gums) on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Gums addition improved volume and porosity of the breads and cakes. Gums influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch and decreased the retrogradation of starch. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving mixing and increasing the shelf life of the products through moisture preservation and avoidance of syneresis in some frozen foods. This study summarized the influence of the most common and new hydrocolloids on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Addition of seeds gum to the breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formula led to an increase in the viscosity of the batter. Also, the firmness of bakery products showed that they became softer with increasing gum levels.     

Illumina MiSeq高通量测序分析红谷黄酒酒曲微生物菌群多样性

采用南阳红谷黄酒酒曲为研究对象,利用高通量测序方法对红曲、大曲、小曲的微生物菌群多样性进行分析。结果表明,大曲的微生物菌群多样性最高,红曲的最低,且两者间的微生物群落结构差异最大。红曲中优势细菌属为伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）、醋酸杆菌属（Acetobacter）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）等,优势真菌种为紫红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）等;大曲中优势细菌属为克罗彭斯特菌属（Kroppenstedtia）、芽孢杆菌属、魏斯氏菌属（Weissella）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）等,优势真菌种为嗜热子囊菌（Thermoascus aurantiacus）、黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）、疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌（Thermomyces lanuginosus）等;小曲中优势细菌属为魏斯氏菌属、乳球菌属（Lactococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）等,优势真菌种为少根根霉菌（Rhizopus arhizus）、热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis）、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）等。     

Fruit and Vegetable Waste: Bioactive Compounds,Their Extraction,and Possible Utilization

Fruits and vegetables are the most utilized commodities among all horticultural crops. They are consumed raw, minimally processed, as well as processed, due to their nutrients and health‐promoting compounds. With the growing population and changing diet habits, the production and processing of horticultural crops, especially fruits and vegetables, have increased very significantly to fulfill the increasing demands. Significant losses and waste in the fresh and processing industries are becoming a serious nutritional, economical, and environmental problem. For example, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that losses and waste in fruits and vegetables are the highest among all types of foods, and may reach up to 60%. The processing operations of fruits and vegetables produce significant wastes of by‐products, which constitute about 25% to 30% of a whole commodity group. The waste is composed mainly of seed, skin, rind, and pomace, containing good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, polyphenols, dietary fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and oils, among others. These phytochemicals can be utilized in different industries including the food industry, for the development of functional or enriched foods, the health industry for medicines and pharmaceuticals, and the textile industry, among others. The use of waste for the production of various crucial bioactive components is an important step toward sustainable development. This review describes the types and nature of the waste that originates from fruits and vegetables, the bioactive components in the waste, their extraction techniques, and the potential utilization of the obtained bioactive compounds.     

纸质文献保存和修复方法专利技术综述

通过对纸质文献保存和修复领域专利技术文献的收集、分析、标引和梳理,分析了该领域专利技术分布及专利申请情况,分别探析了脱酸、修补、加固、装裱4种技术的专利技术演进路线,最后对该领域专利技术进行了总结。     

菠萝皮渣糯米果酒发酵过程中主要成分变化研究

以菠萝皮渣和糯米为原料,进行糯米果酒发酵,并采用相关国标检测方法、液相色谱（LC）及气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）法,分析菠萝皮渣糯米果酒在发酵过程中可溶性固形物、酒精度、有机酸、挥发酸和香气成分等成分变化。结果表明：发酵过程中糖度迅速降低、酒精度升高后维持稳定,pH值在3.50～3.80之间,呈先降后升趋势,酸度先降低直至陈酿后期轻微升高。有机酸含量在发酵过程中总体呈下降趋势,草酸、酒石酸含量逐渐降低,柠檬酸、苹果酸、丙酮酸、乳酸含量先降后升,琥珀酸和乙酸呈上升趋势。果酒中挥发酸含量不断下降,第60天甲酸、乙酸含量分别为0.30 mg/L和0.26 mg/L。菠萝皮渣糯米果酒中共检测出88种香气成分,其中41种酯类、22种醇类、10种酸类和15种其他类,发酵过程中乳酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、乙酸苯乙酯、癸酸乙酯、月桂酸乙酯和十六酸乙酯含量较高,相对含量在0.27%～20.57%。     

Effect of season and proximate composition on the Br,As, Cd and Pb contents in different kinds of key foods consumed in Portugal

On the basis of a Total Diet Study, the Br, As, Cd and Pb contents in relevant food groups consumed in Portugal were determined. The studied groups were meat products, fatty fish, lean fish, shellfish, cephalopods, fresh and dried fruit, crucifers and other vegetables. It was observed that the concentrations of As, Br, Cd and Pb in fruit, vegetables and meat products were much lower than in seafood. Fresh fruit exhibited the lowest elemental contents. The concentrations of As, Br, Cd and Pb did not show any dependence on season. With respect to proximate composition, elemental content dependence on protein or ash was weak. PCA showed relevant associations: between Br and ash contents in fatty fish; between Cd, Pb and protein contents in crucifers; and between As, fat and protein contents in the other vegetables group. Therefore, the effect of the proximate composition on the studied elemental contents warrants investigation.     

Thermodynamics,transport phenomena,and electrochemistry of external field-assisted nonthermal food technologies

Interest in the development and adoption of nonthermal technologies is burgeoning within the food and bioprocess industry, the associated research community, and among the consumers. This is evident from not only the success of some innovative nonthermal technologies at industrial scale, but also from the increasing number of publications dealing with these topics, a growing demand for foods processed by nonthermal technologies and use of natural ingredients. A notable feature of the nonthermal technologies such as cold plasma, electrohydrodynamic processing, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasound is the involvement of external fields, either electric or sound. Therefore, it merits to study the fundamentals of these technologies and the associated phenomenon with a unified approach. In this review, we revisit the fundamental physical and chemical phenomena governing the selected technologies, highlight similarities, and contrasts, describe few successful applications, and finally, identify the gaps in research.