基于高光谱反射率的藻类水体基线荧光峰高度与叶绿素a浓度关系研究

采用现场实测和室内培养两种方式测定了甲藻、赤潮异弯藻、叉角藻赤潮和新月菱形藻、海洋蓝绿藻、叉鞭金藻、塔胞藻、扁藻和小球藻等非赤潮藻类光谱曲线。采用度量太阳激发的叶绿素荧光峰高度的基线荧光高度法 ,建立了不同藻类基线荧光高度与叶绿素浓度的关系。基线荧光高度法所用的 3个荧光高度波段分别为 6 6 5nm、6 80nm和86 5nm。在采用线性方程对不同藻类水体基线荧光高度与叶绿素浓度进行回归分析时 ,不同藻类产生了明显不同的结果。其中赤潮异弯藻、海洋蓝绿藻和甲藻为负相关 ,其余为正相关。在正相关的藻类中 ,小球藻最低 ,为 0 .4 6 92。结果偏差主要来自于两个方面 :一是藻类荧光峰位置变化影响 ;二是浮游植物红光和近红外波段高反射率的影响     

基于高光谱反射率的藻类水体基线荧光峰高度与叶绿素α浓度关系研究

采用现场实测和室内培养两种方式测定了甲藻、赤潮异弯藻、叉角藻赤潮和新月菱形藻、海洋蓝绿藻、叉鞭金藻、塔胞藻、扁藻和小球藻等非赤潮藻类光谱曲线。采用度量太阳激发的叶绿素荧光峰高度的基线荧光高度法，建立了不同藻类基线荧光高度与叶绿素浓度的关系。基线荧光高度法所用的3个荧光高度波段分别为665nm、680nm和865nm。在采用线性方程对不同藻类水体基线荧光高度与叶绿素浓度进行回归分析时，不同藻类产生了明显不同的结果。其中赤潮异弯藻、海洋蓝绿藻和甲藻为负相关，其余为正相关。在正相关的藻类中，小球藻最低，为0．4692。结果偏差主要来自于两个方面：一是藻类荧光峰位置变化影响；二是浮游植物红光和近红外波段高反射率的影响。     

小球藻内叶绿素a荧光特征的研究

由于叶绿素a外环境极性的不同,其荧光行为有很大的改变。通过小球藻体内叶绿素荧光光谱特性的研究,发现其体内叶绿素的激发波长有在丙酮溶剂中的相同,均为430 nm,但发射波长为680 nm,红移了13 nm。利用小球藻的叶绿素荧光强度进行水体中叶绿素a的定量检测,在浓度为1~100μg/L的浓度范围内,相对荧光强度与叶绿素浓度有很好的相关性,线性方程为y=0.5338x+1.8515,线性相关系数R2为0.9974。     

海洋微藻产生的不同粒级溶解有机物质的三维荧光光谱

通过过滤(0.7μm)和切向超滤(100kDa、10kDa、1kDa)技术将实验室内培养的赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻藻液分离成100kDa-0.7μm、10～100kDa、1～10kDa的胶体浓缩液和＜1kDa的超滤液,利用激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱技术测定了不同粒级溶液中有机物的荧光性质,分析了三维荧光光谱图中的荧光峰位置、数量及荧光强度的变化情况.结果表明,两种微藻产生的类腐殖质荧光物质主要是＜1kDa的小分子物质.赤潮异湾藻产生的类蛋白荧光物质中,15%是100kDa-0.7μm的大胶体,8%是10～100kDa的中胶体,而大部分是＜1kDa的小分子物质.赤潮异弯藻各级超滤截留液的类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长与过滤液相比,发生蓝移,而超滤液的则发生红移,表明赤潮异湾藻产生的类蛋白荧光物质随着粒径的增大极性减弱.     

利用叶绿素荧光参数筛选抗盐菊芋品种的初步研究

对砂培菊芋幼苗试验材料("大丰"品种(耐盐性较强)和"无锡"品种(耐盐性较弱))分别进行了不同 NaCl 浓度(0、50、100、150mmol/L)的胁迫处理,利用叶绿素荧光测定技术,对"大丰"和"无锡"的生物量、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和净光合速率(Pn)的变化进行了研究.结果表明,NaCl 胁迫显著影响植株生物量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和Pn,但"大丰"幼苗生长受盐胁迫的影响小于"无锡",其光合机构受盐胁迫的伤害程度小于"无锡";叶片叶绿素含量的下降与荧光参数和Pn的变化呈极显著相关关系,叶片的叶绿素荧光参数和Pn的显著变化同步于叶绿素含量的下降.因此,叶绿素荧光参数可作为菊芋抗盐品种筛选的诊断指标之一.     

海洋现场叶绿素传感器的校准方法初探

采用单一藻种培养液校准海水现场叶绿素传感器,讨论了校准方法及传感器应用在海洋调查中的可行性,结果发现,利用威氏海链藻(Thalassiosira weissflogii)的培养液校准叶绿素传感器,叶绿素浓度与荧光信号线性关系良好,相关系数R2均大于0.995,每次实验的校准斜率误差均小于5%,表明利用藻液校准叶绿素传感器是可行的,具有可重复性。然后利用传感器与荧光分光光度法测量同一系列藻液,t检验法分析表明当叶绿素浓度大于5μg/L时,两种方法无显著差异;当浓度小于5μg/L时存在显著差异,传感器测量结果偏大;可能是高温、光照等影响荧光分光光度法测量结果。就荧光分光光度法而言,叶绿素传感器可以比较准确地评价水体的叶绿素浓度,不仅可以为浮游植物动力学提供依据,还可以为赤潮预警等提供数据支撑。     

叶绿素荧光量子产量的MODIS遥感算法

从荧光量子产量的原理出发,利用 MODIS 卫星数据建立了一种估算量子产量的算法--φ算法.通过 2006 年 3 月 23 日渤海和北黄海的 MODIS 数据计算了荧光量子产量,并与叶绿素荧光效率(cFE)产品进行了比较.结果表明,φ算法是一种更精确的荧光量子产量的估算算法,它有效地避免了 CFE 存在的几个误差来源:包括未考虑浮游植物的"包裹效应"、使用 412nm 的离水辐亮度反演的浮游植物吸收系数以及积分深度过浅.CFE在大部分海域出现负值,还出现了某些高估点;在有效数据范围内,两者存在明显的线性相关关系.φ算法估算的量子产量最高值在0.05左右,这与其它海区测量的值域范围基本一致.除辽东湾东北部和部分近岸水域外,大部分离岸水域在0.001～0.02的范围内.通过对φ算法的误差来源分析,认为发展一种新的反演 678nm 比吸收系数和平均吸收系数的波段比值算法是可行的,也是改进φ算法精度的有效方法.     

用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术鉴定赤潮甲藻的研究

探索了用荧光原位杂交（Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH）技术检测赤潮藻的可行性。用FISH技术鉴定了2株已知的赤潮甲藻——东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）和塔马亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）。荧光标记的DNA探针是东海原甲藻的核糖体转录单元内间隔区（ITS）序列。研究结果如下：（1）在荧光显微镜下观察与荧光探针杂交后的东海原甲藻细胞,在细胞顶端可见绿色的荧光,而作为对照的塔马亚历山大藻在与标记的探针杂交后没有产生绿色荧光,说明探针只与目标株东海原甲藻反应,不与对照组反应,表明根据ITS序列设计的探针是高度特异的;（2）材料固定后,经蓝光激发,均未产生细胞内源的叶绿素和甲藻素等色素荧光干扰杂交信号的现象,说明固定材料的方法正确。以上的结果表明,FISH技术在鉴定赤潮微藻方面具有其它技术无法比拟的优越性：准确、快速、简单,将其应用到现场定性、定量检测赤潮微藻方面将具有很大的潜力。     

利用海洋卫星HY-1数据反演叶绿素a的浓度

利用去包络线法分析了叶绿素的光谱特征,构造了一种新的指数NDPI（Normalized Difference Pigment Index）反映海洋中的浮游植物。以辽东湾为研究区,通过我国第一颗海洋水色卫星HY-1数据获得NDPI值,再根据实测数据建立了叶绿素a浓度反演模型。和波段比值法及类似SeaWiFS的OCAv4算法比较,NDPI算法优势明显,算法稳定。根据该算法反演整个海区的叶绿素a分布,和前人的现场调查有很好的一致性。结果表明HY-1可用于海洋叶绿素反演,用NDPI算法能获得实时大面积海域叶绿素a浓度。     

海洋浮游植物生长过程中溶解有机物质的三维荧光光谱研究

利用三维激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱技术,监测了赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻培养过程中产生的溶解有机物,分析了三维荧光光谱图中的荧光峰位置、数量及荧光强度的变化情况.结果表明,微藻生长过程中会产生类蛋白和类腐殖质两类荧光有机物质,这两类有机物的荧光峰的位置及荧光强度有较大差异.在不同生长期,两类荧光有机物的产生机制不同.在指数生长期,两类有机物的荧光强度与藻密度成正相关,说明浮游植物释放了一定量的荧光物质;在平稳期和衰亡期,两类有机物的荧光强度迅速增加,这可能由于衰老、死亡藻细胞的破碎释放出大量的荧光有机物质所致,此外细菌对非荧光有机物进一步降解,也可能是产生该现象的一个原因.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Measurement of the thermal expansion of metal and FRPs

Thermal expansion is an important parameter for characterization of different binding forces, lattice dynamics, band and crystal structure of any solids. Many investigators have focused their attention to study this property theoretically and experimentally at different temperatures. It is one of the important properties of metals and its alloys, which helps to calculate the thermal stress. This parameter is also used to determine the compatibility of an insulator as load bearing materials. Different experimental setups have been developed to study thermal expansions of the materials using different techniques namely capacitance method, interferometric principle, LASER, optical, quartz tube etc. This paper reviews most of the experimental setups available to measure thermal expansion of metals, alloys, polymers and fibre-reinforced plastics at temperature ranging from 1 to 1100 K.     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Analysis of optimum configuration of two-stage thermoelectric modules

In this paper, the theoretical analysis and stimulating calculation were conducted for a basic two-stage thermoelectric module, which contains one thermocouple in the second stage and several thermocouples in the first stage. The study focused on the configuration of the two-stage thermoelectric module, especially investigating the influences of some parameters, such as the allocation of the junction temperature difference in the module, the length of thermocouples and the number of thermocouples, on the cooling performance of the module. The obtained analysis results indicate that changing the junction temperature difference in the second stage, the length of thermocouples and the number of thermocouples in the first stage can improve the cooling performance of the module. These results can be used to optimize the configuration of the two-stage thermoelectric module, and provide guides for the design and application of thermoelectric cooler.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Effect of cryogenic treatment on microstructure, mechanical and wear behaviors of AISI H13 hot work tool steel

This paper focuses on the effects of low temperature (subzero) treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 hot work tool steel. Cryogenic treatment at −72 °C and deep cryogenic treatment at −196 °C were applied and it was found that by applying the subzero treatments, the retained austenite was transformed to martensite. As the temperature was decreased more retained austenite was transformed to martensite and it also led to smaller and more uniform martensite laths distributed in the microstructure. The deep cryogenic treatment also resulted in precipitation of more uniform and very fine carbide particles. The microstructural modification resulted in a significant improvement on the mechanical properties of the H13 tool steel.     

Effect of different treatments of copper surface on its total hemispherical absorptivity bellow 77 K

Total hemispherical absorptivity of copper surfaces treated with standard industrial methods was measured in dependence on the temperature of thermal radiation, varying from 25 K to 300 K. The sample temperature was typically from 5 K to 40 K and did not exceed 70 K. Usability of chemical and mechanical Cu surface finishing as well as Cu plating with Ni and Au for cryogenic design is discussed. As an example of practical application of our results, the cryogenic design of a LN₂ trap is presented.     

PU/ST/SA复合微球的制备及血液相容性研究

采用预聚—扩链—中和—分散法合成PU水溶液,将PU、ST、SA溶液按质量比1∶1∶1、1∶1∶2、1∶1∶3进行复合,通过凝聚相分离法制备复合微球。由红外光谱分析样品的化学结构,发现PU与ST和SA之间通过氢键作用复合;由SEM观测微球表面及剖面的形态结构,发现复合微球平均粒径约为2~3mm,表面光滑且内部有很多均匀致密的管状孔隙,适合用作药物释放载体材料;血液相容性测试结果表明,复合微球的动态凝血时间、溶血率以及血小板消耗率均达到了与血液接触材料的国家标准,说明PU/ST/SA复合微球具有良好的血液相容性。