Comparison of extraction and isolation efficiency of catechins and caffeine from green tea leaves using different solvent systems

Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) have received considerable attention due to their beneficial effects on human health, such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. Optimisation of extraction conditions of the catechins from green tea leaves was performed using different solvents (ethanol or distilled water), different extraction methods (ultrasound‐assisted, room temperature or reflux extractions) and various extraction times (0.5–24 h). The optimal extraction conditions were determined using 40% ethanol with ultrasound‐assisted extraction method for 2 h at 40 °C. In addition, two isolation methods for the recovery of catechins from green tea extracts were compared using different solvent combinations (chloroform/ethyl acetate versus ethyl acetate/dichloromethane). The results showed that the ethyl acetate/dichloromethane system could achieve much higher content of catechins than the other isolation approaches, indicating the method that extract catechins first with organic solvent such as ethyl acetate before removing caffeine is much effective than removing caffeine first when organic solvents are used for the recovery of catechins without caffeine from green tea extracts.     

Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis): Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine

The effect of different extraction set-ups that influence the extraction efficiency of catechins and caffeine from green tea leaves (variety Fanning Belas, China) were studied using different aqueous and pure solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, water), different temperatures (60, 80, 95 and 100 °C) and times (5–240 min). Raw extracts were analysed for contents of major catechins (EC, EGC, ECG, EGCG), caffeine, proanthocyanidins and flavonols (myricetin, caempherol, quercetin). Starting material was found to contain 191 g major catechins/kg material, 36 g caffeine/kg material and 5.2 g flavonols/kg material on a dry mass basis. The content of major catechins in green tea extracts varied from approximately 280–580 g/kg dry extract, with extraction efficiencies of major catechins varying from 61% to almost 100%. Content of caffeine in extract was in the range of 75 g/kg, where its extraction efficiency varied from 62% to 76%. Average extraction yield was 30% with exceptions when using pure acetone and acetonitrile, where extraction yield was about 3%. Contents of flavonols and proanthocyanidins were in the ranges 6–20 and 12–19 g/kg, respectively. Different extraction procedures with water were also investigated and optimal conditions determined: maximum achieved extraction efficiency of catechins with water was obtained at 80 °C after 20 min (97%) and at 95 °C after 10 min of extraction (90%). Degradation of catechins was observed at higher extraction temperatures and with prolonged extraction times. Using a lower ratio of solvent to material, extraction efficiencies were increased by applying a multi-step extraction procedure. Optimal extraction procedure was then performed using decaffeinated green tea leaves, which were obtained by high-pressure extraction with CO₂, when 98% of caffeine was selectively isolated without significant impact on valuable catechins.     

Effects of cosolvents on the decaffeination of green tea by supercritical carbon dioxide

Due to the adverse effects of the caffeine in a variety of plant products, many methods have been explored for decaffeination, in efforts to remove or reduce the caffeine contained in plant materials. In this study, in order to remove caffeine from green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, we have employed supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO₂), which is known to be an ideal solvent, coupled with a cosolvent, such as ethanol or water. By varying the extraction conditions, changes not only in the amount of caffeine, but also in the quantities of the principal bioactive components of green tea, including catechins, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC), were determined. The extraction conditions, including temperature, pressure and the cosolvent used, were determined to affect the efficacy of caffeine and catechin extraction. In particular, the type and concentration of a cosolvent used constituted critical factors for the caffeine removal, combined with minimal loss of catechins, especially EGCG. When the dry green tea leaves were extracted with SC–CO₂ modified with 95% (v/v) ethanol at 7.0 g per 100 g of CO₂ at 300 bar and 70 °C for 120 min, the caffeine content in the decaffeinated green tea leaves was reduced to 2.6% of the initial content. However, after the SC–CO₂ extraction, a substantial loss of EGCG, as much as 37.8% of original content, proved unavoidable.     

Extraction behaviors of caffeine and chlorophylls in supercritical decaffeination of green tea leaves

The decaffeination of green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for the maximal removal of caffeine, and the coextration of chlorophylls was also monitored during decaffeination. The experimental conditions for the SC-CO₂ extraction of caffeine were set up according to the Box-Behnken design of RSM. The relationships between the extraction yield of caffeine and various parameters used for the SC-CO₂ extraction such as pressure, temperature and concentration of ethanol were studied at a fixed CO₂ flow rate. The extraction yields of caffeine and total chlorophyll were significantly influenced by extraction pressure, temperature and concentration of cosolvent, and their extraction yields behaved almost in parallel at different extraction conditions that were obtained by varying pressure, temperature and ethanol cosolvent concentration. At the optimal decaffeination conditions such as 3.0 g of 95% (v/v) ethanol cosolvent per 100 g of CO₂, 23 MPa, 63 °C and an extraction duration of 120 min for 10 g of green tea leaves, the extraction yields for caffeine and catechins were 96.60% (w/w) and 40.61% (w/w), respectively, and the substantial coextraction of total chlorophyll (43.09% of the total amount) was also observed during the decaffeination process.     

云南凤庆“大山茶”的生化成分测定

"大山茶"是近年来在云南凤庆地区发展较快的一个地方栽培材料,但对其缺乏种质评价。本文以"大山茶"和云抗-10#等茶树一芽二叶鲜叶为材料,日光干燥,测定比较生化成分。应用高效液相色谱法、分光光度法测定发现"大山茶"的水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸和茶多糖含量分别为48.77%±0.26%、36.01%±0.92%、1.66%±0.09%和7.76%±0.99%,儿茶素总量为(154.49±31.54) mg/g,咖啡碱为(17.42±1.44) mg/g。应用液质联用技术从"大山茶"晒青茶甲醇提取物中鉴定了44种化合物。HPLC测定儿茶素时发现"大山茶"3个峰的峰面积大于相同质量的云抗-10#样品对应峰面积,其中2个峰初步鉴定为3-没食子酰基奎宁酸(3-Galloylquinic acid)和柯里拉京(Corilagin)。本研究初步揭示了"大山茶"内含物质组成,为进一步评价该种质资源提供了实验依据。     

Green tea from purple leaf coloured tea clones in Kenya- their quality characteristics

The Kenyan tea industry wishes to diversify its tea products, and in line with this, anthocyanin – rich teas were developed at the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya. These teas have purple-coloured leaves and the green colour is masked. In total, 12 accessions of the purple leaf coloured teas and 2 standard tea varieties were studied. Clones Hanlu and Yabukita are Chinese and Japanese tea varieties, respectively, known for good green tea, and they were used as reference standards. Little if any research had been done to characterize the quality of these purple leaf coloured teas and this study investigated their total polyphenols (TPP), catechins, caffeine, gallic acid and theanine. These are the major green tea quality parameters. Results showed that the new Kenyan tea clones had higher total polyphenols than had the reference standard tea varieties, which had 17.2% and 19.7% while the lowest among the Kenyan clones was 20.8%. On catechin quality index, K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high index values of 15.9 and 13.3, respectively, while clones TRFK 83/1 and 73/5 showed low index values of 0.74 and 1.0, respectively. Hanlu had the highest caffeine level with 2.42% while clones TRFK KS 3, TRFK KS 2 and TRFK 83/1 had relatively high caffeine levels among the purple leaf coloured teas, with 2.33%, 2.22% and 2.21%, respectively. Clone TRFK 73/5 had the lowest caffeine content, with 1.16%. Theanine analysis showed that most purple leaf coloured teas had more theanine than had the reference standard clones, except TRFK 83/1 and K-purple, which were lower than the reference standard clones. The implication of the green tea chemical quality parameters is also discussed. It is concluded that all the studied clones/varieties have above the minimum 14% of total polyphenols. Clones K-purple and TRFK 91/1 showed high green tea quality indices with the latter doubling with high levels of theanine; hence its highly recommended for green tea manufacture.     

不同贮藏条件对扁形绿茶货架品质的影响

针对绿茶贮藏环节易氧化、陈变的行业难点问题,以温度、湿度、含氧量、干茶含水量为控制变量,研究差异化调控对绿茶贮藏品质稳定性的影响,以期获得最大限度保持绿茶品质风味和营养价值的贮藏条件。通过均匀设计,结合主成分分析、回归分析优化建立了扁形绿茶的贮藏品质控制参数。结果表明,随着贮藏时间延长,茶多酚和儿茶素含量呈下降趋势,酯型/非酯型儿茶素在贮藏6个月后增加幅度明显,咖啡碱含量变化不显著。优化获得绿茶贮藏协同品控参数:干茶含水量4.5%,温度25 ℃、相对湿度55%、内包装含氧量0.2%,在该条件下绿茶贮藏感官风味和化学物质保留率最为稳定,其中茶多酚、儿茶素和感官评分的综合评分分别为1.28、1.10、2.09。本研究可为绿茶贮藏流通、保鲜控制规程的制定提供技术支撑和参考依据。     

福鼎大白茶树鲜叶不同茶制品活性成分比较

目的 分析比较福鼎大白茶树鲜叶加工制成的3种茶类中活性成分的含量差异。方法 以福鼎大白茶树鲜叶为原料, 按不同工艺制成绿茶、白茶、红茶, 测定其活性成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素)含量。结果 绿茶中茶多酚及儿茶素总量最高, 红茶较低。绿茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的10倍, 白茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的8倍; 氨基酸含量: 白茶高于绿茶及红茶, 红茶中氨基酸最低; 咖啡碱在白茶和绿茶中的含量差别不大, 显著性高于红茶, 但不存在极显著性差异。结论 加工工艺对不同茶类茶多酚及儿茶素类物质含量影响较大, 而对咖啡碱含量的影响不大。     

野化白云黄茶闷黄过程中的品质成分变化及其菌种分离鉴定

为了掌握野化白云茶树鲜叶加工成黄茶加工过程的影响因素,该研究对比分析了野化白云茶加工的黄茶、烘青绿茶、半烘半炒绿茶的主要品质成分;分析了野化白云茶鲜叶加工黄茶过程中的依工艺阶段取8个茶样（茶青、杀青叶、揉捻叶、再炒叶（除水叶）、闷黄24 h、闷黄48 h、闷黄72 h、毛茶）可培养菌种的变化。野化白云茶与烘青绿茶、半烘半炒绿茶比较,除氨基酸、咖啡碱含量略有下降外,水浸出物含量分别高出4.80%、7.11%,可溶性糖含量分别高出0.41%、0.36%,茶多酚含量、儿茶素总含量呈下降趋势,酯型儿茶素总量下降21.62 mg/g、19.08 mg/g,EGCG下降9.99 mg/g、6.98 mg/g,GCG下降14.23 mg/g、13.80 mg/g,以上成分变化均差异显著（p<0.05）;非酯型儿茶素组分中除C减小2.49 mg/g、1.75 mg/g（p<0.05）外,其余非酯型儿茶素组分和总含量变化差异不显（p>0.05）;闷黄24 h,酵母菌数量明显,至72 h霉菌成优势菌种（3.5×105 CFU/g）;分离鉴出8株微生物,包括1株拟盘多毛孢属,4株青霉属,1株枝孢属及2株酵母菌属,其中Penicillium exsudans菌首次从茶叶加工中和茶叶中分离并鉴定。说明闷黄使茶叶水溶性物质、可溶性糖增加,茶多酚、酯型儿茶素下降,闷黄阶段有微生物繁殖并参与黄茶品质的形成。     

3种紫芽茶不同成熟度芽叶特性及生化成分分析

目的 研究不同成熟度紫芽茶芽叶特性及其生化成分含量与成熟度的相关性。方法 以思茅茶树良种场资源圃的紫娟、丹妃、水塘黑茶3个品种为原料,采用茶树种质资源描述规范法对芽叶特性进行描述,高效液相色谱法分析茶叶内含成分含量,并对其与成熟度的相关性进行分析。结果 供试样内含成分随成熟度呈现不同程度的变化,其中花青素含量与芽叶红紫色深浅程度呈正相关,与成熟度呈负相关,花青素含量变幅为0.14～3.63mg/g。茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、水浸出物同成熟度呈现负相关;不同成熟度氨基酸含量变化1.09%～5.85%,其中含量最高的是水塘黑茶,其次是丹妃;咖啡碱含量2.58%～5.76%,其中含量最高的是紫娟,其次是丹妃;茶多酚含量6.36%～31.21%、儿茶素含量2.42%～24.03%、水浸出物含量22.93%～41.30%,其中含量最高的均是丹妃。结论 紫色品种茶中的内含成分丰富,具有较高的茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸和儿茶素,其中丹妃内含成分含量均较高,单芽的花青素含量达3.63 mg/g,可作为高产优质、高花青素茶树品种的选育对象。     

黄茶加工中主要品质成分的动态变化

以茶树品种碧香早夏季一芽一叶鲜叶为原料,按照摊放、杀青、揉捻、闷黄、干燥的传统黄茶加工工艺,将其加工成黄茶,通过对其中11 个有代表性的工艺点取样,并进行茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、黄酮含量检测,以及感官审评和香气品质成分分析,探讨黄茶加工过程中主要品质成分的动态变化。结果表明,在黄茶加工过程中,滋味物质茶多酚、儿茶素总量、水浸出物、可溶性糖、咖啡碱以及黄酮含量均在整体上逐渐降低,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的降幅分别为30.12%、24.08%、10.97%、61.34%、33.20%、25.55%,而游离氨基酸含量则有所增加,其足干茶样含量相对茶鲜叶的增幅为19.46%,其中茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮以及氨基酸含量在摊放过程中有所上升;香气物质中,足干茶样的醇类、酮类、烯烃类、酯类化合物的相对含量相较于茶鲜叶分别减少了17.18%、5.51%、5.77%、2.10%,而醛类、酚类化合物的相对含量则分别增加了35.35%、4.06%;从加工工艺看,黄茶滋味品质主要受摊放与闷黄工序的影响,摊放过程中氨基酸含量随着摊放时间的延长而增加,而闷黄过程可使酯型儿茶素转化为简单儿茶素,并在此工艺中产生茶黄素,是黄茶醇鲜爽滋味及“黄汤黄叶”品质形成的主要因素,同时闷黄时间为8 h时,滋味品质较好;香气品质则主要受摊放、闷黄和干燥工序影响。     

绿茶加工中主要滋味物质动态变化及其对绿茶品质的影响

以茶树品种‘碧香早’春季一芽二叶为原料,按照摊放、杀青、揉捻、干燥工艺将其加工成绿茶,在分析绿茶加工中水浸出物、茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖、儿茶素等主要滋味物质质量分数动态变化基础上,通过酚/氨比、简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比以及感官品质分析,探讨绿茶加工中主要滋味物质的动态变化及其对滋味品质的影响。结果表明：绿茶加工过程中,水浸出物、茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖等滋味物质质量分数整体上均呈逐渐下降的趋势,其中水浸出物、氨基酸、咖啡碱、可溶性糖质量分数在摊放过程中呈上升趋势;这些滋味物质的动态变化使得酚/氨比在摊放阶段由11.45下降到6.21,在杀青阶段逐渐上升到8.01,在揉捻和干燥阶段趋于稳定;而简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比在摊放阶段由0.43上升至0.45,在杀青阶段由0.47下降到0.44,在揉捻和干燥过程中逐渐缓慢降低至0.35;同时,这些滋味物质质量分数与绿茶滋味品质明显相关,当酚/氨比为5.5～6.5、简单儿茶素/酯型儿茶素比为0.3～0.5时,绿茶滋味品质由粗淡、苦涩逐渐转化为醇厚、鲜爽。     

真空升华法脱除绿茶中咖啡碱工艺研究

根据咖啡碱升华的理化性质,本文采用真空升华法脱除炒青绿茶中的咖啡碱,并研究了其最佳工艺参数及此工艺对炒青绿茶品质的影响。结果表明,茶样中的咖啡碱处于结合态,不易升华,所以直接对茶样进行真空升华处理,茶样中咖啡碱的脱除率未超过15%。研究不同预处理对咖啡碱脱除效果的影响,发现水浸润预处理结合超声-微波协同萃取仪预处理,对咖啡碱的脱除最为有效。真空升华最佳工艺为:将茶样用2倍于其质量的水浸润后,采用超声-微波协同萃取仪在微波功率300W、超声功率50W条件下处理60s后在90℃条件下真空升华处理4h,所得茶样咖啡碱脱除率为62.24%,主要有效成分茶多酚损失率低于10%,且非酯型儿茶素的损失量大于酯型儿茶素。     

Simultaneous Determination of Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and Bromine in Tea by Standard Addition Neutron Activation Analysis

Standard addition method was applied for neutron activation analysis of tea leaves. Four brands of tea leaves were analyzed for its Na, K, Mn, and Br contents by this method. The Na, K, Mn, and Br concentrations were found to be in the 90–120 μg/g, 1.8–2.1% w/w, 150–500 and 3–7 μg/g ranges, respectively. The extraction efficiency of these elements, during the infusion, was calculated by analysis of tea leaves before and after the infusion process. It was observed that about 90% of the Na, K, and Br elements were extracted to water during the infusion process. The drinking tea is a rich source of Mn (despite of an extraction efficiency of 50% for this element).     

基于品种差异的祁门红茶品质分析

为探究茶树品种对祁门红茶品质的影响,本试验选取种植于祁门产区的‘凫早2号’、‘舒茶早’2个茶树品种鲜叶,采用传统祁门红茶加工方法制成红茶样,并进行感官审评与理化分析。结果表明,2个品种红茶整体都表现出汤色红亮、甜香浓郁的祁门红茶特征品质,但2个品种红茶香气、滋味品质有明显差异。香气化合物分析表明,芳樟醇、顺-己酸-3-己烯酯、香叶醇、水杨酸甲酯、苯乙醇、2-己烯醛等香气化合物在2个红茶样中差异较大,可能是导致2个品种红茶香气品质差异的主要原因。‘舒茶早’红茶酯型儿茶素含量显著低于‘凫早2号’红茶(P<0.05),而咖啡碱及游离氨基酸含量则显著高于‘凫早2号’红茶(P<0.05),使其滋味醇厚度、鲜爽度高于‘凫早2号’红茶。综上,同产区内不同茶树品种加工的红茶,因其次级代谢产物的差异使得红茶风味不同。     

Decaffeination of fresh green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) by hot water treatment

Hot water treatment was used to decaffeinate fresh tea leaf in the present study. Water temperature, extraction time and ratio of leaf to water had a statistically significant effect on the decaffeination. When fresh tea leaf was decaffeinated with a ratio of tea leaf to water of 1:20 (w/v) at 100 °C for 3 min, caffeine concentration was decreased from 23.7 to 4.0 mg g⁻¹, while total tea catechins decreased from 134.5 to 127.6 mg g⁻¹; 83% of caffeine was removed and 95% of total catechins was retained in the decaffeinated leaf. It is considered that the hot water treatment is a safe and inexpensive method for decaffeinating green tea. However, a large percentage of tea catechins was lost if rolled leaf and dry tea were decaffeinated by the hot water treatment and so the process is not suitable for processing black tea.     

Effects of aqueous brewing solution pH on the extraction of the major green tea constituents

The pH of the aqueous brewing solution was maintained at values ranging from 1 to 9 during the green tea extraction and the effects on the tea's extracted constituents were studied. The epistructured catechins were stable under acidic conditions but epimerized or degraded at pH ≥ 6. The extractable solids contained more epistructured catechins at pHs 3–5 but more non-epistructured catechins at pHs 6–7. More tea cream was obtained at pH 1 but the concentration of catechins, caffeine and theanine was low in this fraction. Therefore, to maximize the extraction of the epistructured catechins and to minimize their epimerization and degradation and to maximize the extraction of caffeine and theanine, the results suggest that the pH should be maintained between 3 and 5.3 during the aqueous brewing process.     

HPLC Analysis of Catechins, Theaflavins, and Alkaloids in Commercial Teas and Green Tea Dietary Supplements: Comparison of Water and 80% Ethanol/Water Extracts

ABSTRACT:  To help meet the needs of consumers, producers of dietary tea supplements, and researchers for information on health-promoting tea compounds, we compared the following conditions for the extraction of tea leaves and green tea-containing dietary supplements: 80% ethanol/water at 60 °C for 15 min and boiled water for 5 min. The following 7 catechins, 4 theaflavins, and 3 alkaloids were separated in a 70-min single HPLC analysis: (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-catechin, (+)-epicatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (−)–gallocatechin-3-gallate, (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate, (−)-catechin-3-gallate, theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. The following ranges of concentrations of flavonoids (catechins plus theaflavins) in the tea leaves extracted with 80% ethanol were observed (in mg/g): in 32 black teas, 19.8 to 115.1; in 24 green teas, 12.3 to 136.3; in 14 specialty teas, 4.9 to 118.5; in 7 herbal teas, 0 to 46.0. Total alkaloids in all teas ranged from 0 to 32.6 mg/g. Significantly greater amounts of flavonoids were extracted from the tea leaves with aqueous ethanol than with boiled water. Levels of tea catechins in 10 capsules sold as dietary supplements were about 50 to 75% lower than the amounts listed on the labels. Catechin content of 4 commercial green tea extracts ranged from 96 to 696 mg/g. The results make it possible to maximize the extraction of tea compounds to better relate the flavonoid and alkaloid content of teas and dietary tea supplements to their health-promoting effects.     

不同茶树品种鲜叶固定样的体外抗氧化活性

选用6种不同类型茶树品种一芽二叶鲜叶固定样,以Folin-Ciocalteu(福林酚)法测定其茶多酚含量,高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定儿茶素、咖啡碱和没食子酸含量,三氯化铝法测定总黄酮含量,比较了不同品种茶叶鲜叶的主要抗氧化成分含量的差异。并通过分析其还原能力和清除DPPH自由基、亚硝基以及羟自由基(-OH)的实验研究,探讨了龙井群体种,龙井43号,云南群体种,云抗10号,安化群体种,槠叶齐6种不同茶树类型的体外抗氧化性能。实验结果表明,安化群体种的茶多酚(23.66±0.02%)和儿茶素(12.84±0.11 mg/mL)含量明显高于其他品种;龙井群体种,龙井43号,云南群体种,云抗10号,安化群体种,槠叶齐6个品种类型均具有较好的抗氧化活性,其中安化群体种的抗氧化活性更强。     

基于多元统计分析的不同品种和嫩度大叶种茶树新梢主要滋味物质的比较

为探究大叶种鲜叶原料的生化特性,本研究以云南大叶种（清水3号、香归银毫、云抗10号、云抗14号、云茶普蕊）的单芽、一芽一叶、一芽二叶、一芽三叶等不同嫩度的茶树新梢为研究对象,通过检测其主要滋味物质（茶多酚、黄酮苷、氨基酸及可溶性糖等）含量,探明不同品种云南大叶种鲜叶原料滋味品质随嫩度的变化规律,并运用多元统计方法研究不同嫩度鲜叶的分类,建立不同类别鲜叶的判别模型。结果表明,茶树新梢的成熟度越高,酚氨比、总简单儿茶素、黄酮苷、过氧化物酶等值越高（且一芽二叶和一芽三叶显著高于单芽和一芽一叶（P<0.05））,但没食子酸、氨基酸等值越低（且单芽和一芽一叶显著高于一芽二叶和一芽三叶（P<0.05））;茶多酚、总酯型儿茶素、咖啡碱等值随着嫩度的降低先升后降,与一芽三叶相比,一芽二叶的茶多酚、总酯型儿茶素、咖啡碱等值分别增加了7.67%、13.77%、10.22%;黄酮苷和可溶性糖中含量较高的组分分别为芦丁、蔗糖,质量分数范围分别为0.03%～0.93%、0.14%～1.14%;单芽的云抗14号、一芽二叶的清水3号分别为适制绿茶、适制红茶的较佳原料;多元统计分析可把不同嫩度鲜叶分为单芽...