TATB/HMX共晶炸药的制备及性能研究

采用溶剂/非溶剂法,在超声辅助的情况下,制备了TATB/HMX共晶炸药;探究了TATB/HMX共晶技术的影响因素;计算了TATB/HMX共晶炸药的理论密度和理论爆速;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和差示扫描热量法(DSC)对其进行表征和热分析,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,制备TATB/HMX共晶的最佳工艺条件为:以[Emim]Ac/DMSO为复合溶剂,TATB和HMX投料比(摩尔比)为3∶7,温度为80℃,搅拌速率为500r/min;与原料相比,TATB/HMX共晶分子在结构上发生改变;TATB/HMX共晶炸药颗粒大小约为2μm,形貌为六边形晶体;共晶炸药的热安定性优于原料HMX,其特性落高比原料HMX高74cm,撞击感度明显降低;理论密度为1.891g/cm~3,理论爆速为8.758km/s,表明其爆炸性能良好。     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响（英文）

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT/RDX、TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2mL/g,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT/RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

一种含LLM-105的HMX基低感高能PBX炸药

研究了不同颗粒形态的LLM-105对HMX的降感作用以及HMX/LLM-105基炸药配方用的黏结体系和钝感体系.设计出一种HMX/LLM-105配方,采用机械感度和冲击波感度以及板痕试验和圆筒试验对其安全性能和爆轰性能进行了测试.结果表明,LLM-105可作为含能钝感剂用于HMX基PBX炸药,该种含LLM-105的HMX基PBX爆速约8700 m/s、爆压34 GPa以上、比动能为1.560 kJ/g,冲击波感度比JOB-9003炸药低10%,是一种新型的低感高能炸药.     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

CL-20对硝酸酯炸药性能的影响

以HMX硝酸酯炸药配方为基础,用六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)部分替代HMX,计算了含CL-20的硝酸酯炸药的密度、爆热和爆速,并与测试结果进行了对比;测试了其机械感度。结果表明,随着CL-20含量的增加,硝酸酯炸药的实测密度、爆热、爆速均明显增加;当CL-20质量分数为50%时,硝酸酯炸药的实测密度、爆热和爆速分别为1.907g/m3、6 826J/g和9 125m/s,撞击感度由34%提高到40%,摩擦感度由28%提高到60%。     

TEX对HMX的包覆降感

为降低HMX的机械感度并保持其爆轰性能,采用溶液-水悬浮包覆法,利用4,10-二硝基-2,6,8,12-四氧杂-4,10-二氮杂四环[5.5.0.0~(5,9).0~(3,11)]十二烷(TEX)和氟橡胶F_(2603)对HMX进行包覆降感;考察了TEX与HMX的粒度级配、主炸药质量比以及黏结剂用量对包覆炸药感度的影响;观察了TEX/HMX包覆炸药的微观形貌,测试其晶型结构、撞击感度、摩擦感度和爆速等参数,并进行了对比分析。结果表明,TEX可在HMX的表面形成保护层;黏结剂F_(2603)质量分数3%时为最佳用量,且包覆后HMX的晶型保持不变,仍为β型;超细TEX(d_(50)=4.532μm)和HMX(d_(50)=10.234μm)粒度级配下的降感效果最好,与原料HMX相比,TEX/HMX(质量分数30%TEX)混合炸药的撞击感度和摩擦感度分别降低了48%和68%,在装药密度为1.72g/cm~3时的实测爆速可达到7 932m/s。     

HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的制备及表征

运用分子动力学方法,计算了1,3,5,7-四硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮环杂辛烷(HMX)分子、2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基-吡嗪-1-氧(ANPZO)分子以及HMX/ANPZO共晶分子的分子间作用力、结合能和内聚能密度。通过气相扩散法制备了HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药,用红外光谱(IR)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征了其结构,并测试了其机械感度。结果表明,HMX/ANPZO共晶分子间的相互作用力大于HMX分子间以及ANPZO分子间的相互作用力。与HMX和ANPZO相比,HMX/ANPZO共晶炸药的晶体结构和热分解特性变化较大,特性落高为59cm,与HMX相比提高了96.7%;理论爆速达9 060m/s。     

喷雾重结晶细化法制备超细HMX及其性能表征

以二甲基亚砜、丙酮、硝酸为溶剂,水、乙醇、氯代烷烃为非溶剂,采用喷雾重结晶细化法制备了超细HMX。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其进行表征,采用差示扫描量热(DSC)法分析了其热性能,并对其撞击感度进行了测试。结果表明,以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、乙醇为非溶剂喷雾细化得到的超细HMX晶体形貌及粒度分布较好,中值粒径为578nm,粒度分布均匀,趋于球形且表面光滑;表观活化能为465.97kJ/mol,比原料HMX降低了22.06kJ/mol,具有良好的热安定性;特性落高从35.65cm升至71.13cm,撞击感度显著降低。     

超临界流体SAS法制备HMX基传爆药及其表征

采用超临界流体SA S法,通过引入钝化包覆剂FPM2602对超细HM X主体炸药的粒子表面均匀包覆,最终获得超细HM X基传爆药。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了原料和超细HM X基传爆药的表面形貌。测定了其撞击感度、冲击波感度及起爆感度,并与J0-9C(I型)传爆药进行对比。结果表明,超细HM X基传爆药的表面形貌得到了明显改善;与J0-9C(I型)传爆药相比,其H50值升高了17.1 cm,冲击波隔板厚度(xR)减小了2.2mm,起爆性能得到了显著提高。     

炸药在等离子体起爆下的能量输出特性

为了得到炸药在等离子体起爆下的能量输出特性,选择空气中炸药冲击波超压和爆热作为能量输出的特征参数,金属丝电爆炸作为等离子体产生源,测定了TNT在镍铬合金丝(Ni-Cr)、钨丝(W)、钼丝(Mo)和铜丝(Cu)等离子体起爆下的空气中冲击波超压曲线,分析了金属材质对冲击波超压的影响;基于爆热量热仪和等离子体发生装置测定了TNT、RDX和HMX的爆热。结果表明,各类等离子体均可以起爆TNT,合金丝在等离子体起爆下的冲击波超压明显高于单质金属丝,冲击波峰值超压大小顺序为Ni-CrWMoCu;TNT、RDX和HMX在Ni-Cr等离子体起爆下的爆热值分别是4 304.1、5 491.7和6 254.8J/g,爆热值均大于装药密度超过80%理论最大密度下的文献值,表明等离子体起爆有助于提高炸药的能量释放效率和爆轰完全性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。