砂浆对固结磨具研磨垫研磨SiC工件的影响

为高效、稳定加工SiC工件,采用碳化硅砂浆辅助亲水性固结磨具研磨垫精研的方法,实验比较砂浆辅助固结磨具研磨垫研磨与传统固结磨具研磨垫研磨的差异,并研究砂浆中碳化硅的颗粒尺寸和质量分数对SiC工件精研去除率和表面形貌的影响。通过测算研磨垫的溶胀率和磨损率,探索碳化硅砂浆的作用机制。结果表明:在砂浆中添加颗粒尺寸为3~5 μm、质量分数为3%的SiC时,精研过程的平均材料去除率为1.424 6 μm/min,工件表面粗糙度R_a为84.6 nm;而没有砂浆辅助精研时,材料去除率为0.040 0 μm/min,表面粗糙度R_a为61.4 nm。碳化硅砂浆的加入能有效提高亲水性固结磨具研磨垫的自修整能力,其自修整能力随砂浆中碳化硅的尺寸和质量分数增大而增强,材料的去除率提高,工件表面质量略降。      

固结磨料研磨蓝宝石晶片的工艺优化

为了满足蓝宝石晶片高效低损伤的加工要求,采用亲水性固结磨料研磨垫研磨蓝宝石晶片的工艺,研究基体中碳化硅粒度尺寸、基体类型、金刚石粒度尺寸及研磨液中磨料4个因素对材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响,并综合优化获得高加工效率和优表面质量的工艺参数。实验结果表明:基体中碳化硅粒度尺寸为10 μm、基体类型为Ⅱ、研磨垫采用F公司粒度尺寸为35~45 μm的金刚石、研磨液中磨料的粒度尺寸为5 μm的碳化硅为最优工艺组合,亲水性固结磨料研磨蓝宝石的材料去除率为431.2 nm/min,表面粗糙度值为R_a 0.140 2 μm。      

固结金刚石聚集体磨料垫高效研磨氧化锆陶瓷背板

氧化锆陶瓷背板的高效低损伤研磨加工是其在5G通讯应用中的前提。针对氧化锆材料的硬脆特性造成磨粒磨损严重的特点,以金刚石单晶和聚集体为磨料,制备固结磨料垫（FAP）,并对比研究其加工性能,探索了研磨液中碳化硅磨粒在固结磨料研磨垫自修整过程中的作用机理。结果表明:采用金刚石聚集体作为固结磨料垫的磨料,辅以碳化硅砂浆,能够明显提高研磨速度,改善表面加工质量。采用粒度230/270的金刚石聚集体固结磨料研磨垫,辅以颗粒尺寸3~5 μm的绿碳化硅砂浆,氧化锆陶瓷研磨时材料去除率达2.5 μm/min以上,表面粗糙度值R_a为74.9 nm。      

砂浆辅助固结磨料研磨蓝宝石研究

金刚石固结磨料垫研磨蓝宝石晶片时,因磨屑细小导致研磨垫自修整能力严重不足,制约了其工业应用。本实验尝试用向研磨液中添加碳化硅颗粒的办法,辅助磨屑改善研磨垫的自修整能力。分别制备了不含磨料和含金刚石磨料（粒度尺寸为20~30 μm）的研磨垫,比较其在不同研磨条件下的材料去除率和研磨后工件表面形貌,探索研磨液中碳化硅颗粒的作用机制。结果表明:研磨液中添加的碳化硅颗粒加快了研磨垫基体的磨损,有利于亚表层金刚石颗粒的出露,实现了研磨垫的自修整过程,材料去除速率明显提高,提高近14倍。      

固结磨料研磨中去除机理探索

结合目前实验室的实际加工条件建立了用FAP(fixed abrasive pad,固结磨料抛光垫)研磨抛光时磨粒嵌入工件表面的切深数学模型,提出了当不考虑抛光垫的弹性变形且FAP中添加的磨粒粒径范围在10～14μm之间时,磨粒压入工件的最大深度值在0.4μm左右。当考虑抛光垫的弹性变形时,磨粒嵌入工件的深度普遍减小,从而使得加工后工件的表面质量得到明显提高,主要表现在加工后工件表面划痕数量和划痕深度大大减小,表面粗糙度值降低。为了验证模型的正确性,在研磨抛光实验过程中收集了大量磨屑并对其拍摄大量SEM照片,通过图像处理和分析证明了在加工产生的磨屑中,91%以上(均值96.5%)的磨屑厚度小于0.3μm,非常好地吻合了本文中所建立的切深数学模型。     

研磨工艺对18CrNiMo7-6钢表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响

目的 探究研磨工艺参数对18CrNiMo7-6钢渗碳前后工件表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响规律,从而为降低研磨加工工件表面粗糙度,提高表面质量提供依据。方法 分别采用三维表面轮廓仪和X射线残余应力分析仪对工件研磨前后的表面粗糙度和残余应力进行检测,通过单因素试验研究研磨垫粒度、研磨压力、研磨速度及研磨时间等研磨工艺参数对工件表面粗糙度和残余应力的影响规律。结果 随着研磨垫粒度从400#到3000#,渗碳前后工件表面粗糙度值均减小,Ra可达15~17 nm。渗碳前后工件表面残余应力值均增大,渗碳前表面表现为残余压应力,渗碳后表面可由较大的残余压应力升至残余拉应力。当研磨垫粒度为400#时,渗碳前后工件残余应力分别为–506.54 MPa和–587.29 MPa。研磨垫粒度为800#时,随着研磨压力、研磨速度及研磨时间的增大,渗碳前后工件表面粗糙度值均减小,且表面残余压应力值增大。结论 相同研磨条件下,渗碳后工件的表面粗糙度普遍小于基体件,而渗碳件的表面残余应力普遍大于基体件。18CrNiMo7-6钢渗碳后,硬度、耐磨性得到极大提高,其研磨过程中塑性变形程度减弱是导致上述现象的重要原因。     

研磨温度对亲水性固结磨料垫加工性能的影响

研磨温度的升高会引起树脂基体模量的变化,从而影响亲水性固结磨料垫的加工性能。通过有限元分析软件仿真了亲水性固结磨料垫在不同研磨液温度下研磨石英玻璃的瞬态温度场,研究了不同温度条件下固结磨料垫基体的溶胀率与砂浆磨损量,探索了固结磨料垫在不同研磨液温度下的加工性能。结果表明:随着研磨液温度的升高,基体温度分布区间也随之改变,固结磨料垫基体的溶胀率与砂浆磨损量均增加,分别达到了1.43%与2.5 mg;温度升高使基体动态模量减小,材料去除率(material removal rate,MRR)和表面粗糙度R_a得到了改善,分别为8.2 μm/min和69.9 nm。因此适当提升研磨温度,能在一定程度上提高固结磨料垫的加工性能。      

固结磨料垫高效研磨氟化钙晶体研究

氟化钙晶体的高效精密研磨加工是实现其超精密抛光加工的前提。采用单晶金刚石和聚集体金刚石磨料制备固结磨料垫(FAP),对比研究其研磨加工性能,探索不同种类的金刚石磨粒在固结磨料研磨垫自修整过程中的作用机理。结果表明:采用聚集体金刚石磨料制成的FAP研磨效率明显高于单晶金刚石FAP的,且其材料去除率更稳定,同时聚集体金刚石FAP的自修整能力要优于单晶金刚石FAP的。在10 kPa压力下,采用初始粒径为3～5 μm的聚集体金刚石FAP研磨氟化钙晶体,其材料去除率达13.0 μm/min, 表面粗糙度值R_a为130.0 nm。      

超声波辅助磁力研磨TC4薄壁细长管内表面研究

针对传统磁力研磨对长径较大的TC4薄壁细长管内表面进行精密抛光时,研磨效率低、材料去除量小且加工后表面质量差的问题,提出了一种超声振动辅助磁力研磨技术。采用超声振动发生装置辅助磁力研磨,通过对辅助磁极添加轴向振动,实现对TC4薄壁细长管内表面的高效精密抛光。对比添加超声振动前后工件的表面质量以及研磨效率的变化,分析了不同振动频率对工件的表面粗糙度值以及材料去除量的影响。结果表明:经过40min的研磨加工,添加了超声振动后工件的表面质量得到明显改善,表面粗糙度值由Ra1.4μm降至Ra0.25μm,材料去除量可达到50mg,高频率的振动有利于提高研磨效率以及改善工件表面的加工质量。     

修整技术及提高固结磨料研磨垫自修整性的研究

随着化学机械研磨的持续进行,垫表面特征会发生变化,从而使其研磨能力大大降低。修整垫可改善表面轮廓,进而提高被加工晶片表面质量,而且可以减少表面缺陷,延长使用寿命。本文着重介绍固结磨料研磨垫常见修整技术,分为非自修整和自修整两种类型,非自修整法有高压水射流修整、超声波振动法修整、金刚石修整器修整。并重点阐述通过合理选用研磨液、添加成孔剂以及优化研抛工艺参数等措施来促进亲水性固结磨料研磨垫自修整。      

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。