O3/生物砂滤/GAC深度处理二级出水的研究

采用混凝沉淀/O3/生物砂滤/GAC组合工艺深度处理污水厂二级出水,考察了组合工艺及其核心单元(O3/生物砂滤/GAC)的处理效能。结果表明:组合工艺对二级出水中的浊度、色度、UV254、COD Mn的平均去除率分别为89.4%、80.33%、67.43%、56%,出水平均值分别为0.57NTU、7.05倍、0.05 cm-1、5.68 mg/L,出水水质满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921—2002)中观赏性景观环境用水水质标准。生物砂滤池的除污效果明显优于普通砂滤池,O3/生物砂滤/GAC工艺和O3/普通砂滤/GAC工艺对混凝沉淀出水中的浊度、色度、UV254、COD Mn的平均去除率分别为69.8%、71.6%、61.4%、47.1%和54.44%、63%、50.2%、29.5%。     

不同滤料滤池去除浊度和有机物的研究

对比分析了炭砂滤池、活性无烟煤滤池和砂滤池3种不同滤池滤料对浊度和有机物的去除效果。结果表明,炭砂滤池、活性无烟煤滤池和砂滤池对浊度的平均去除率分别为85.06%,83.20%和82.82%;炭砂滤池、活性无烟煤滤池和砂滤池运行效果稳定,在控制出水浊度小于0.50NTU的条件下,炭砂滤池和活性无烟煤滤池出水浊度均可100%满足要求,砂滤池可以达到97.22%;炭砂滤池和活性无烟煤滤池对有机物的去除效果相当,而砂滤池对有机物的去除效果较差,3种滤池对CODMn的平均去除率分别为32.11%,32.13%和19.24%,对UV254的平均去除率分别为32.80%,25.91%和15.30%。     

炭砂滤池与砂滤池在水厂实际运行过程中的比较研究

在水厂实际运行过程中,通过对炭砂滤池与砂滤池长期运行过程中的处理效果进行比较,研究两种滤池对浊度、CODMn、NH3-H、UV254、TOC、三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的去除效果。结果表明:运行期间炭砂滤池出水平均浊度达到0.17NTU,而砂滤池出水平均浊度为0.22NTU;在前2个月炭砂滤池对CODMn的去除率平均可达60%,随后去除效果有所下降,并稳定在50%左右,砂滤池的去除率稳定维持在20%左右;运行初期炭砂滤池对氨氮的去除效果与砂滤池差别不大,当待滤水的氨氮浓度高达1.57mg/L时,炭砂滤池出水氨氮浓度降至0.36mg/L,而砂滤池出水只能降至0.97mg/L;运行期间炭砂滤池对UV254的去除率先高后低,而砂滤池对UV254的去除率基本稳定在10%以下;当待滤水TOC均值为2.18mg/L,炭砂滤池对TOC平均去除率达到42.28%,而砂滤池对TOC平均去除率仅为16.81%;炭砂滤池过滤后出水中三卤甲烷平均去除率达到34.25%,而砂滤池的平均去除率仅有16.62%。     

不同粒径砂滤池处理微污染水源水的运行效果评价

针对微污染水源水,通过生产性试验对比不同粒径砂滤池对颗粒数、无脊椎动物、氨氮、荧光溶解性有机物和消毒副产物的去除效果,并结合出水阀开度分析滤池水头损失的变化情况。结果表明,细砂滤池出水颗粒数明显低于常规砂滤池,更能保障出水水质;细砂滤池对无脊椎动物的平均去除率为97%,控制效果更稳定;细砂滤池抗氨氮冲击负荷的能力更强,响应更快,相比常规砂滤池,氨氮去除量可提高0.80 mg/L。三维荧光光谱分析表明,待滤水主要包含芳香性蛋白质类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质,细砂滤池对荧光溶解性有机物的去除效果略好于常规砂滤池。细砂滤池对消毒副产物前体物控制效果更佳。在相同运行时间内,细砂滤池水头损失增长率高于常规砂滤池,应根据进水水质合理调整细砂滤池反冲洗周期。     

砂滤池和活性炭滤池前后组合工艺对西江水的处理效果研究

本文主要通过中试试验研究了"砂滤池+活性炭滤池"与"活性炭滤池+砂滤池"对江河水的处理效果,通过试验结果表明:(1)"炭滤+砂滤"工艺的出水浊度比"砂滤+炭滤"的出水浊度稳定,对浊度的去除效果相差不大,平均出水浊度≤0.3NTU;(2)"炭滤+砂滤"和"砂滤+炭滤"对CODMn均有比较明显的去除效果,两种工艺去除效果相差不大;(3)"砂滤+炭滤"对藻类的去除效果优于"炭滤+砂滤",两者对色度、臭和味及2-甲基异莰醇的去除效果基本相同;(4)原水经"砂滤+炭滤"工艺后,出水pH值略有降低,而经"炭滤+砂滤"工艺后的出水pH值略有升高,两者出水PH值均在6.50～8.50的范围内。     

超滤膜与砂滤池的对比试验研究

通过超滤膜与常规工艺及生物活性炭滤池组合试验,研究了超滤膜与砂滤池在不同工艺中的水质净化效果。试验表明,超滤膜可有效降低出水浊度、颗粒数并拦截微生物,稳定出水水质的同时提高水质安全性;而砂滤池出水浊度、颗粒数及微生物数量较大,且颗粒数易随进水变化而波动。     

滤池出水pH值异常偏高的原因及解决方法探讨

针对南方某水厂V型均质砂滤池出水pH值偏高的现象进行了研究。结果发现,引起该厂V型滤池出水pH值升高的主要原因是滤砂中钾长石缓慢释放。对比了多种来源的石英砂、钾长石等可能引起滤池出水pH值升高的材料,同时对如何解决V型滤池出水pH值偏高问题进行了试验。结果发现,采用弱酸如柠檬酸浸泡,可解决上述问题,但效率不高,而采用强酸如盐酸浸泡则可快速解决此问题。     

生物砂滤池处理微污染原水的试验研究

生物砂滤池是在普通砂滤池的石英砂表面培养附着生物膜而形成的强化处理工艺.采用其处理微污染原水,并考察了出水水质,结果表明：生物砂滤池对CODMn的平均去除率由普通砂滤池的13%提高到31.5%左右,对NH4^＋-N的平均去除率由23.5%提高到88.3%左右,对亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率由零提高到90%左右,出水浊度＜1 NTU,色度＜15度.该工艺在现有普通砂滤池基础上即可实现,是解决微污染水源水质的一条新途径.     

印染废水深度处理并回用的应用研究

针对某印染企业污水站排水情况,设计采用砂滤/臭氧/曝气生物滤池组合工艺对印染废水进行深度处理,经过一年多的运行,处理效果稳定,处理后的出水水质能达到企业生产用水的要求.     

颗粒物计数仪在生物活性炭工艺中的应用

应用颗粒物计数仪在线监测砂滤池和生物活性炭滤池出水，结果表明，其敏感度高，较浊度仪更能及时、准确地反映活性炭滤池运行过程中的出水水质变化，对优化滤池运行以及确保出水水质有着重要作用。     

生物氧化塔/过滤/RO工艺处理二级出水并回用

大连北海热电厂以某污水厂二级处理出水为水源,采用生物氧化塔/纤维束和砂滤二级过滤/RO组合工艺,建设了污水深度处理与回用工程(主要用作循环冷却水和锅炉补水处理系统的原水).运行结果表明,采用单膜法进行污水深度处理是可行的,具有处理效果好、运行稳定、工程投资省、运行费用低等优点.     

BAF/O_3预处理工艺后砂滤池的除污效果

以珠江广州段源水为处理对象,考察了曝气生物滤池（BAF）／臭氧（O3）预处理工艺后砂滤池的除污效果。结果表明,砂滤池出水CODMn、NH4^＋ -N和浊度的平均值分别为2．19、0．099mg／L和0．225NTU,NO2^- -N的最高值为0．003mg／L;相对于沉淀池出水,砂滤池对上述指标的平均去除率分别为27．60％、66．88％、69．88％和98．53％。BAF和臭氧塔提高了源水的DO浓度,其对浊度和有机物的去除作用降低了砂滤池的反冲洗频率,从而有利于提高生物膜中微生物的数量和活性;臭氧氧化可提高源水的可生化性,且水中没有残留臭氧,也为砂滤池的生物降解作用提供了有利条件。     

Bacterial degradation of microcystin toxins within a biologically active sand filter

Microcystin toxins are a problem for water authorities as they are recalcitrant to conventional water treatment. In this study, biological sand filtration was assessed in laboratory column experiments for its ability to remove two microcystin analogues, microcystin-LR and microcystin-LA. A lag period of 3 days was evident prior to the commencement of degradation. Contact times were varied during the experiment; however, no microcystin was detected in the effluent after 4 days, even under conditions similar to those of a rapid sand filter. Removals of microcystin through the sand filters were shown to be primarily through biological degradation processes. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), biofilm, extracted from one of the sand filters that had effectively removed the microcystins, was shown to contain bacteria with the mlrA gene. Detection of this gene provided additional evidence that biological degradation of microcystin was the primary removal mechanism.     

生物砂滤池去除亚硝酸盐氮的效果及影响因素分析

以邯郸市滏阳河微污染原水为对象，研究了生物砂滤池对NO2-N的去除效果及温度、NH4^＋-N、NO2^--N、CODMn反冲洗等对去除NO2^--N的影响。试验结果表明：生物砂滤池对NO2^--N的平均去除率为89．3％；水温是影响生物砂滤池去除NO2^--N效果的主要因素，低水温时去除NO2^--N的效果较差；在水温相同的条件下，当原水NH4^＋-N浓度较高时生物砂滤池出水NO2^--N浓度也较高；原水NO2^--N浓度越高则对其去除率越高；在水温及NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N浓度相同的条件下，原水CODMn值越大则对NO2^--N的去除率越低，反之则越高。为防止附着在滤料表面生物量的流失，宜采用不加氯水进行反冲洗；为保证对NO2^--N的去除效果，应控制水中溶解氧〉5mg／L。生物砂滤池去除NO2^--N的效果优于普通砂滤池，是一种经济、有效的给水处理技术。     

Corrosion control enhancement from a dolomite-amended slow sand filter

The associated decrease of pH in slow sand filters, due to CO2 conversion and biological activity, may produce effluent that is slightly corrosive to downstream distribution pipe material. This pilot study examined the use of a 3-cm crushed dolomite limestone media layer placed within the filter column of a slow sand filter to enhance effluent corrosion control by the introduction of beneficial dolomite dissolution products, without impacting turbidity removal efficiencies. Turbidity removal, calcium concentration, pH, conductivity, total hardness and alkalinity changes were calculated for the filter during a 60-day pilot study, and water chemistry values were used to estimate the changes of the saturation index (SI) throughout the filter run. Total hardness change through the filter was compared to change calculated by a derived equation for hardness using calcium concentrations to determine if the media was dissolving in stoichiometric proportions, and mineral service life in the filter was estimated using an assumption of stoichiometric dissolution at a constant flow rate. Effluent SI was raised an average of 30%, alkalinity was increased by 19%, and effluent pH averaged 7.7. Filter effluent complied with current turbidity regulatory requirements for the provision of potable water, and mineral service life was estimated between 7.5 and 9.5 years.     

河北科技大学中水处理站的设计与运行

为了节约水资源,河北科技大学建设了规模为3 200 m3/d的中水处理站,采用一种新的组合工艺———物化预处理/接触氧化/曝气生物滤池/砂滤/消毒工艺,出水水质达到了《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)标准。该工艺具有处理效率高、运行稳定、操作控制方便等特点,可广泛应用于类似污水及中水处理的实际工程。     

BAC滤池对浊度和颗粒数的控制研究

传统的贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫（简称“两虫”）检测方法存在诸多不足，为此选用浊度和颗粒数作为“两虫”的替代指标，以对浊度和颗粒物的去除率来衡量生物活性炭（BAC）滤池对“两虫”的控制效果。试验结果表明：采用颗粒数表征滤后水水质比采用浊度更适宜。过滤初期颗粒数从峰值降到50个／mL以下所需的时间比浊度降到0．1NTU所需的时间多1h左右。正常过滤期间BAC滤池进水浊度一般在0．1NTU以下，经过BAC滤池处理后，浊度得到进一步降低，平均去除率为52．7％。炭层对浊度的去除率为56．4％，其出水浊度基本上都低于0．05NTU，而砂层对浊度不但没有去除能力，反而使出水浊度平均上升了约3．7％。炭层对颗粒物的平均去除率为33．3％，砂层对颗粒物的平均去除率为8．5％。     

Occurrence and removal of estrogens and beta blockers by various processes in wastewater treatment plants

This study aims at evaluating occurrence and treatment efficiency of five estrogenic hormones and ten beta blockers in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The use of consistent sampling procedures, analytical techniques and data processing enabled to achieve an accurate comparison of the performances of the different treatment processes. First, the occurrence of molecules was evaluated in fourteen rural and urban WWTP located in France. Free and total estrogens were analyzed showing that more than 84% of estrogens in the dissolved phase of influent samples are in the free form. In effluent samples, comparable mean values but higher variation are underlined (RSD from 13 to 54% depending on the estrogen, compared to 11-21% for influents). Most of the target molecules are quantified in 30 influent and 31 effluent samples. Similar occurrence frequencies are obtained for influents from rural (6 WWTP) and urban areas (8 WWTP), except for betaxolol which is only quantified in urban wastewaters. Removal efficiencies of 8 biological treatments were studied: suspended growth biomass (activated sludge) and attached growth systems (biofilter, rotating biological contactor, reed-bed filter, trickling filter). Biological treatments are efficient to remove estrogens from the dissolved phase, with removal rate around 90%. For beta blockers, acebutolol and nadolol are efficiently removed (mean removal rate of 80%), whereas sotalol and propranolol are hardly impacted by biological treatments (removal rate below 20%). Finally, 9 tertiary treatment processes were evaluated. Ozonation, reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration prove a high removal efficiency for beta blockers (above 80%). On the contrary, high speed chemical settler, sand filtration, silex filtration, microfiltration and UV present generally removal rates below 30% for all beta blockers. The polishing pond studied presents variable removal performances depending on the molecules (up to 75% for propranolol). The role of the hydraulic retention time on the removal efficiencies is confirmed.     

聚氯乙烯离心母液的处理及回用

采用接触氧化法处理悬浮法生产聚氯乙烯产生的离心母液,工程实践表明:离心母液经接触氧化工艺处理后COD去除率>85%,出水COD<50mg/L;再经过砂滤、臭氧氧化、活性炭过滤等深度处理后,出水COD、pH、浊度、电导率均达到回用要求。深度处理费用低于自来水基本水费(天津),也低于用自来水制备脱盐水的费用。     

不同净水工艺对含溴水体消毒副产物生成势的影响

以溴离子和有机物浓度不同的5个水厂原水和各工艺段出水为研究对象,考察了不同净水工艺对三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)这两类典型消毒副产物生成势和种类分布的影响。结果表明,仅采用常规处理工艺对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果不明显,而增设生物预处理和臭氧氧化预处理工艺能显著提高常规工艺对THMs和HAAs前体物的去除效果,臭氧/生物活性炭(O3/BAC)深度处理工艺能进一步去除THMs和HAAs的前体物。增设预处理和O3/BAC深度处理工艺,并采取砂滤池后置的净水工艺流程对THMs和HAAs生成势的控制效果最好。对于含溴水体,溴离子浓度越高,有机物中亲水性组分所占比例越高,经氯消毒后生成的溴代THMs和HAAs所占比例就越高。随着处理工艺流程的进行,THMs和HAAs的生成势逐渐降低,但是它们的溴结合因子逐渐增大,即毒性更大的溴代组分所占比例逐渐增大。