回转窑内渣成分优化实现锌铅元素的高效回收（英文）

在回转窑内从高硅锌浸出渣中实现高效回收锌铅金属。XRD、SEM、EDS及ICP表征结果表明,浸出渣含12.4%SiO₂、16.1%Zn和7.4%Pb(质量分数)。热力学分析表明,在回转窑内1150～1250℃的冶炼环境下,锌浸出渣中极易产生锌和铅的金属蒸气。通过分析13种冶金渣成分的黏度及熔点,发现3种渣成分(47%SiO₂-23%CaO-30%FeO、40%SiO₂-28%CaO-32%FeO、40%SiO₂-30%CaO-30%FeO,质量分数)具有合适的物理特性,即熔点和黏度分别为1150～1280℃和0.2～0.5 Pa·s。工业实验表明,采用优化的渣成分,锌和铅的回收率分别高达97.3%和94.5%,冶炼后渣内锌和铅的含量分别低至0.51%和0.45%(质量分数)。水淬渣的国标浸出实验表明,浸出液中含1.82 mg/L Zn、～0.01 mg/L Cu、0.0004 mg/L As、～0.01 mg/L Cd、0.08 mg/L Pb和～0.02 mg/L Hg,证实锌浸出渣同步实现无害化...     

常压-氧压联合浸出锌置换渣中的镓和锗

针对锌置换渣中有价金属元素种类多、物相组成复杂的特点,本研究提出采用一段常压-二段氧压浸出的方法高效浸出锌置换渣中的有价金属。采用XRD和SEM-EDS对浸出渣物相以及形貌进行了分析。结果表明：在硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L、温度80℃、液固比7.5 mL/g、浸出时间3 h的条件下,常压浸出过程中Cu、Zn、Cd、Fe、Ni、Ga和Ge的浸出率分别为97.48%、99.43%、99.82%、97.21%、98.97%、97.74%、82.46%。对常压浸出渣进行二段氧压浸出,在氧气分压0.6 MPa以及硫酸浓度为0.25 mol/L条件下,Cu和Ge的浸出率可进一步分别提高至99.87%和91.66%。通过两段浸出,原来在置换渣中存在的Cu、Zn、Fe等物相消失,浸出渣主要由Pb和Si组成;铅的主要物相为PbSO₄,Si以粒径较小的聚合硅胶颗粒和块状SiO₂颗粒形式存在;聚合硅胶颗粒和块状SiO₂颗粒中Ge含量较高,对Ge的浸出造成不利影响。     

Pb/Zn冶炼废渣中有价金属生物浸出条件优化

为提高生物浸出Pb／Zn冶炼废渣中有价金属的浸出率,利用正交设计,通过摇瓶实验,研究微生物浸出某Pb／Zn冶炼废渣过程中温度、pH值、废渣浓度及浸出时间等对废渣中Cu,Zn,In,Ga,Pb和Ag等有价金属浸出的影响。结果表明,在pH值为1．5、废渣浓度为5％、温度为65℃的优化浸出条件下生物浸出4d,Pb／Zn冶炼废渣中有价金属Cu,Zn,In和Ga的浸出率分别达到95．5％,93．5％,85．0％和80．2％,而Pb和Ag则主要以硫酸铅、黄钾铁矾类物质或硫化银形式富集在余渣中。     

脱除铅阳极泥中贱金属的预处理工艺选择

提出碱性NaOH体系分步氧化浸出和盐酸浸出相结合的工艺预处理铅阳极泥,在碱性分步氧化浸出过程中,实现As的氧化溶解和Bi等金属的氧化沉淀,然后用盐酸溶解碱性浸出渣中的Bi,使贵金属富集在盐酸浸出渣中。结果表明:无论碱性直接浸出或酸性直接浸出都不能有效分离铅阳极泥中的有价金属;改变烘烤温度、延长空气氧化时间和改变碱性加压氧化浸出温度都不能实现有价金属的分步分离。当双氧水用量大于0.2以后,碱性浸出过程As的浸出率达到92%以上,碱性浸出渣盐酸浸出时,Bi和Cu的浸出率分别达到99.0%和97.0%,且残余的As不溶解,实现铅阳极泥中有价金属分步分离的目的。     

湿法炼锌窑渣与污酸联合浸出新工艺

湿法炼锌过程中产生的窑渣含有大量的有价金属。锌冶炼污酸具有成分复杂、酸度高、含有大量的砷及其他重金属离子的特点。根据锌窑渣和污酸的理化性质,将二者进行联合浸出处理,考察反应时间、反应温度、液固比、H_2O_2加入量、窑渣粒径对锌窑渣与污酸联合浸出行为的影响。结果表明:在反应时间3 h、反应温度50℃、液固比(mL/g) 10:1、H_2O_2加入量为16 mL、窑渣粒径75～106μm条件下进行二段逆流浸出,铜、铁、锌的浸出率均高于90%。浸出后液的酸度从172.48 g/L降至20 g/L左右,砷浓度达9 g/L左右,为后续沉砷处理提供了条件。另外,对浸出渣进行分析,可知浸出渣中主要物相为CaSO_4·2H_2O、SiO_2和焦炭,其中银品位最高达484.7 g/t,可作为提银原料。     

在H2SO4-HCl-H2O复合体系中氧化浸出镍钼矿冶炼烟尘中的硒

对在H2SO4-HCl-H2O复合体系中氧化浸出镍钼矿冶炼烟尘中的硒进行热力学分析,确定从镍钼矿冶炼烟尘中浸出硒的新工艺及其最优技术参数.采用XRD对镍钼矿冶炼烟尘及其浸出渣进行表征.结果表明:在最佳技术条件下,硒浸出率达到98%,浸出渣含硒0.16%(质量分数);冶炼烟尘中硒以单质形式存在,未见硒及其化合物出现,表明烟尘中的硒浸出较完全;浸出渣主要由SiO2、CaSO4、A12SiO5、As2O3和KAlSi3O8组成.     

黄铜矿生物浸出过程中Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的行为

采用Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)对黄铜矿进行生物浸出,主要研究浸出过程中体系的pH值、铁离子浓度、细菌吸附率及铜浸出率变化规律。结果表明:介质中Fe(Ⅲ)含量不同,生成黄钾铁矾的形态不同。在Fe(Ⅲ)生物浸出体系中,絮状的黄钾铁矾逐渐生成并全部覆盖在黄铜矿表面,阻碍黄铜矿的浸出过程。在Fe(Ⅱ)生物浸出体系中,生成皮壳状、结核状的黄钾铁矾分散于浸出液中,不覆盖在黄铜矿表面,对黄铜矿的浸出没有阻碍作用。     

锌精矿氧压酸浸过程Fe(Ⅲ)助浸及水解沉淀行为EI北大核心CSCD

针对锌精矿氧压酸浸过程受多相传质影响导致氧化能力不足的问题,本文利用锌浸出渣中可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)的强氧化性促进锌精矿中低价硫化物的高效溶解,同时实现铁酸锌、金属硫化物的强化解离和铁的清洁分离。结果表明:锌浸出渣中铁酸锌溶解产生的Fe(Ⅲ)可以提高体系氧化还原电位,强化锌精矿浸出;以添加锌浸出渣形式向系统补充6.1g/L Fe(Ⅲ)后,锌浸出率由87.59%升高到98.82%;升高反应温度、提高氧分压将有助于提升Fe(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化还原反应能力,同时促进锌的高效浸出和Fe(Ⅲ)的矿物化沉淀;提高酸度可以加快锌精矿的溶解速率,但酸度过高将抑制Fe(Ⅲ)矿物化水解沉淀。在初始Fe(Ⅲ)为6.1 g/L、初始酸度95 g/L、反应温度160℃、氧分压0.8 MPa、液固比6 mL∶1 g、搅拌转速800 r/min、反应时间120min的优化技术条件下,锌浸出率为98.82%,同时溶液中92.36%的铁以铁矾的形式沉淀入渣,浸出终渣含黄钾铁矾40.2%、铅铁矾14.6%;浸出液含铁低至1.04 g/L。     

磷灰石在微生物浸铜体系的溶出特性及对浸铜效率的影响

为了探明磷灰石在微生物浸出黄铜矿体系中的溶出特性及其对黄铜矿浸出的影响,选择粒径小于43μm的磷灰石与粒径小于74μm的黄铜矿以及At.f菌组成矿浆浸出体系,考察不同At.f菌接种量对于磷灰石溶出速率的影响及对黄铜矿浸出效果的影响。结果表明:浸出体系中含低浓度PO3-4可以提高铜的浸出效率;当At.f菌接种量为5%时,微生物浸出体系中磷灰石溶出的PO3-4浓度最小,为0.62 mg/L,此时黄铜矿的最终浸出率最高,达到57.4%,比PO3-4溶液浓度最高时体系的铜浸出率提高近30%。通过对微生物浸出前、后的浸渣进行扫描电镜、能谱分析和XRD分析发现,浸出后磷灰石表面浸蚀不明显,而黄铜矿表面浸蚀明显,同时浸渣中有新物质铵黄铁矾生成;磷灰石对于新生成的沉淀有一定的吸附作用,而且溶出较低浓度的PO3-4体系能提高黄铜矿的浸出。     

湿法炼锌窑渣铁精矿中有价组分浸出行为及其机理（英文）

盐酸浸出-喷雾热分解法被认为是高效清洁回收湿法炼锌窑渣铁精矿中有价金属的新方法。系统研究了Ag、Pb、Cu、Fe、As、Zn、Si等元素在浸出过程中的行为。结果表明:采用6 mol/L HCl溶液,在液固比10:1、温度60°C、浸出120 min的条件下,Ag、Pb、Cu、Fe、As、Zn的浸出率分别为99.91%、99.25%、95.12%、90.15%、87.58%和58.15%。浸出过程中硅达到饱和,从溶液中析出无定型SiO_2,由于其对溶液中的金属离子产生吸附作用,从而对窑渣铁精矿中有价金属的浸出产生不利影响,所以控制SiO_2的析出对浸出过程至关重要。     

Effect of Cu~(2+)ions on bioleaching of marmatite

The effect of Cu~(2+)ions on bioleaching of marmatite was investigated through shake leaching experiments.The bacteria inoculated are a mixed culture ofAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Lepthospirillum ferrooxidans.The results show that zinc is selectively leached,and the addition of appropriate content of Cu~(2+)ions has positive effect on the bioleaching of marmatite.SEM and EDX analyses of the leaching residue reveal that a product layer composed of iron sulfide, element...     

伊朗Kooshk铅-锌尾矿坝闪锌矿的生物浸出

将取自伊朗Yazd省Kooshk铅-锌尾矿坝的闪锌矿样进行生物浸出,并对比研究不同条件下的锌浸出率。Kooshk铅-锌尾矿坝含有3.64%锌、0.97%铅和24.18%铁。先将混合嗜温菌株、混合中度嗜热菌株进行摇瓶培养,然后在9K培养基中再次培养。在浸出闪锌矿的14 d 内,在有菌株的情况下,闪锌矿的浸出率达90%,而没有菌株的情况下,只有44%的闪锌矿被浸出。实验结果表明,在有菌株浸出的前10 d,有没有9K培养液对锌的浸出率有明显影响,但随后其差别不明显,到最后趋于相同。锌浸出率的提高与细菌菌落数和Fe3＋浓度的增加有关。中度嗜热菌浸取锌的动力学要求明显高于嗜温菌的,因此,在中度嗜热菌株存在的情况下,在低的氧化电位下闪锌矿优先于黄铁矿溶解而被浸出。     

Effect of Cu ions on bioleaching of marmatite

The effect of Cu^2＋ ions on bioleaching of marmatite was investigated through shake leaching experiments. The bacteria inoculated are a mixed culture ofAcidithiobacillusferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Lepthospirillumferrooxidans. The results show that zinc is selectively leached, and the addition of appropriate content of Cu^2＋ ions has positive effect on the bioleaching of marmatite. SEM and EDX analyses of the leaching residue reveal that a product layer composed of iron sulfide, elemental sulfur and jarosite forms on the mineral surface. The biooxidation of elemental sulfur is catalyzed by the Cu^2＋ ions, which eliminate the barrier to bioleaching of marmatite and keep low pH value. With the addition of 0.5 g/L Cu^2＋ ions, the maximum zinc extraction rate reaches 73% after 23 d at the temperature of 30 ℃ with the pulp density of 10%, while that of iron is only about 10%.     

重金属污染碱性底泥的自养与异养细菌协同搅拌浸出

探讨了生物浸出法处理湘江河床多种重金属污染的碱性底泥。底泥中的多种重金属对水生生物与人类有较大的毒性以及显著抑制细菌的浸出,利用自养细菌与异养细菌协作的浸出方法可以解决这个问题。结果表明,底泥中锌、锰、铜和镉的生物浸出率分别达95.2%、94.2%、90.1%和84.4%。利用连续提取法分析了浸出前、后底泥中不同形态重金属的含量变化,发现浸出后底泥中残余重金属主要以铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态的形式存在,这些存在形态的生物毒性较低。本研究说明自养菌结合异养菌的浸出法可有效提高碱性底泥重金属的浸出率和降低生物毒性。     

Surface characterization of chalcopyrite interacting with Leptospirillum ferriphilum

The alteration of surface properties of chalcopyrite after biological conditioning with Leptospirillum ferriphilum was studied by adsorption, zeta-potential, contact angle and bioleaching tests. The strains of L. ferriphilum cultured using different energy sources (either soluble ferrous ion or chalcopyrite) were used. The adhesion of bacteria to the chalcopyrite surface was a fast process. Additionally, the adsorption of substrate-grown bacteria was greater and faster than that of liquid-grown ones. The isoelectric point (IEP) of chalcopyrite moved toward that of pure L. ferriphilum after conditioning with bacteria. The chalcopyrite contact angle curves motioned diversely in the culture with or without energy source. The results of X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicate that the surface of chalcopyrite is covered with sulfur and jarosite during the bioleaching process by L. ferriphilum. Furthermore, EDS results imply that iron phase dissolves preferentially from chalcopyrite surface during bioleaching. The copper extraction is low, resulting from the formation of a passivation layer on the surface of chalcopyrite. The major component of the passivation layer that blocked continuous copper extraction is sulfur instead of jarosite.     

铁闪锌矿的Leptospirillum ferrooxidans菌浸出及电化学性能(英文)

采用纯种L.ferrooxidans菌研究矿浆浓度、pH及外加Fe3+离子对铁闪锌矿生物浸出的影响。结果表明,锌的浸出率随着矿浆浓度的降低而增加。在生物浸出过程中调节pH值到1.6对铁闪锌矿的溶解有促进作用。外加Fe3+离子加速了铁闪锌矿的生物浸出,但当外加Fe3+离子浓度超过2.5g/L时,促进作用变弱。这是因为高浓度的Fe3+离子会对细菌生长产生抑制作用且促进黄钾铁矾的生成。在L.ferrooxidans菌存在条件下,利用电化学测试方法进一步了解有、无外加Fe3+离子时铁闪锌矿的溶解过程。实验数据表明,外加Fe3+离子可以增加腐蚀电流密度,有利于锌的提取。交流阻抗谱表明,添加Fe3+离子后没有改变反应过程的控制步骤。     

Single and cooperative bioleaching of sphalerite by two kinds of bacteria —— Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

A cooperative bioleaching （Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans） and single bioleaching （Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans or Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans） of sphalerite were investigated by X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive spectrography and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the leaching rate of zinc in the mixed culture is higher than that in pure culture and the sterile control. In these processes, two kinds of bacteria perform different functions and play a cooperative role during leaching of sphalerite. The bioleaching action carded out by Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans （.4. ferriooxidans） is not directly performed through Fe^2＋ but Fe^3＋, and its role is to oxidize Fe^2＋ to Fe ^3＋ and maintain a high redox potential. Moreover, the addition of an appropriate concentration of ferric iron to the leaching systems is beneficial to zinc dissolution. In the leaching systems without Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans （.A. thiooxidans）, elemental sulfur layers are formed on mineral surface during the dissolution of zinc and block continuous leaching. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, however, eliminate the passivation and cause the bioleaching process to continue in the leaching systems. At the same time, protons from the bacterial oxidization of the elemental sulfur layers also accelerate the leaching of zinc.     

Effects of microorganisms on surface properties of chalcopyrite and bioleaching

The alteration of surface properties of chalcopyrite after biological conditioning with Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus caldus was evaluated by Zeta-potential, adsorption studies, FT-IR spectra and contact angle measurement. The Zeta-potential studies show that the iso-electric point（IEP） of chalcopyrite after bacterial treatment moves towards the IEP of pure cells, indicating the adsorption of cells on chalcopyrite surface. The FT-IR spectra of chalcopyrite treated with bacterial cells show the presence of the cell functional groups signifying cells adsorption. Due to the formation of elemental sulfur and intermediate copper sulphides on chalcopyrite surface, the contact angle and surface hydrophohicity of chalcopyrite increase at the initial bioleaching stage. Chalcopyrite bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has higher copper extraction, which agrees with the fact that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans adsorbed on chalcopyrite surface is much more than Acidithiobacillus caldus. The results support the direct mechanism of sulfide oxidations in bioleaching chalcopyrite.     

Extraction of arsenic from arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag and preparation of arsenic-bearing compounds

The arsenic extraction from the arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag, which came from the purification process of zinc sulfate solution in a zinc smelting factory, was investigated. The alkaline leaching method was proposed according to the mode of occurrence of arsenic in the slag and its amphoteric characteristic. The leaching experiments were conducted in the alkaline aqueous medium, with bubbling of oxygen into the solution, and the optimal conditions for leaching arsenic were determined. The results showed that the extraction rate of arsenic was maximized at 99.10% under the optimal conditions of temperature 140 °C, NaOH concentration 150 g/L, oxygen partial pressure 0.5 MPa, and a liquid-to-solid ratio 5:1. Based on the solubilities of As₂O₅, ZnO and PbO in NaOH solution at 25 °C, a method for the separation of As in the form of sodium arsenate salt from the arsenic-rich leachate via cooling crystallization was established, and the reaction medium could be fully recycled. The crystallization rate was confirmed to reach 88.9% (calculated on the basis of Na₃AsO₄) upon a direct cooling of the hot leachate down to room temperature. On the basis of redox potentials, the sodium arsenate solution could be further reduced by sulfur dioxide (SO₂) gas to arsenite, at a reduction yield of 92% under the suitable conditions. Arsenic trioxide with regular octahedron shape could be prepared successfully from the reduced solution, and further recycled to the purification process to purify the zinc sulfate solution. Also, sodium arsenite solution obtained after the reduction of arsenate could be directly used to purify the zinc sulfate solution. Therefore, the technical scheme of alkaline leaching with pressured oxygen, cooling crystallization, arsenate reduction by SO₂ gas, and arsenic trioxide preparation, provides an attractive approach to realize the resource utilization of arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag.     

铜闪速熔炼渣中砷的赋存状态和浸出毒性（英文）

铜冶炼含砷炉渣的高效安全处置取决于对其含砷物相及其浸出毒性的准确认识。采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、电子探针显微分析、扫描电子显微术和选择性逐级提取法对铜熔炼渣中的含砷物相进行鉴定,并基于对炉渣中不同含砷物相的选择性逐级提取结果探讨渣中砷浸出毒性的可能来源。结果表明,砷以水溶性砷、铜砷金属间化合物、铜砷硫化物以及固化在铁橄榄石和硅酸盐玻璃相中的砷等形式赋存在熔炼渣中。浮选过程可以去除熔炼渣中的水溶性砷并回收铜砷金属间化合物,降低渣尾矿的砷浸出毒性,使其符合USEPA和SEPA标准要求。