Scour downstream of cross-vane structures

Cross-Vanes are hydraulic structures used to stabilize the riverbed and control the grade for river restoration. Scour downstream of Cross-Vane structures depends on the shape of the structure, the bed material and the river hydraulic conditions. This paper aims to predict the maximum scour depth and classify the scour morphology. Two series of experiments were carried out. In the first series, two types of structures, which are I-shape and U-shape structures have been studied in a horizontal channel. In the second series of experiments, riverbed slopes of 1%, 2.5% and 5% were tested. For each type of structure, three heights in different hydraulic conditions including densimetric Froude numbers and drop heights were tested. Results show, that the ratio between the length of the structure and the channel width is one of the most important non-dimensional parameter to classify the scour. New analytical functions have been derived from dimensional analysis to predict the maximum scour depth, the maximum length of the scour, location of the maximum scour depth and the maximum development of the scour width. All the experiments were conducted in clear water conditions. Based on dimensional analysis and using all collected data new equations have been obtained. Scour morphology downstream of Cross-Vane structure was classified in different scour patterns based on different flow hydraulic conditions, structures geometries and the ratio between the maximum length of the scour and the channel width.     

倒虹吸工程河段洪水与河床变形的数值模拟

本文利用平面二维水沙数学模型，采用水边界全区自动跟踪方法并考虑了河床局部冲刷与河道演变分析成果，对渠河交叉工程河段进行了洪水与河床变形的数值模拟。     

Simulation of the flow field and scour evolution by turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate

This numerical study of scour process tested the skills of computational fluid dynamics in modeling the unsteady flow field during the scour development stage by two-dimensional turbulent wall jets under a sluice gate. The modeling was found to well describe the experimentally observed flow patterns, that is, the main jet diverged to a returning jet and a tail jet. The model also correctly predicts the evolution of the scour depth and length. We examined the self-similarity of the profiles of scour bed and overlying velocities throughout the entire scour development and equilibrium stages. We found self-preserved profiles of velocities and scour beds using local jet parameters. Four growth curves were compared in describing the temporal evolution of scour depth. Finally, non-dimensional scaling of the equilibrium maximal scour depth was investigated. We used the theory of wall jet, and suggested that a modified jet Froude number can be used to predict the equilibrium scour depth, which accounts for the attenuation of the jet velocities along the apron.     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

Sensitivity of river sediment transport and bridge scour to effects of flow,temperature, and sea level

Sediment transport has implications for activities such as fishing, flood control, scour countermeasures, and dredging through altered flow depths and sediment transport, bank erosion, and bridge scour. To estimate the changes in sediment transport and bridge scour, river discharge, water surface slope, water temperature, and tailwater depth (to simulate sea‐level rise) were altered in existing sediment transport and scour models. It was found that (a) in uniform flow upstream of sea‐level rise effects, sediment transport is sensitive to discharge but not to temperature; (b) in non‐uniform flow affected by sea‐level rise, sediment transport is sensitive to water surface slope and discharge but not to temperature; (3) the discharge value to restore the sediment transport rate existing before sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the fourth power; (4) the discharge value to restore the bed sediment size existing before sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the three‐fourth power; (5) abutment scour is weakly inversely proportional to the water surface slope but more strongly proportional to the discharge in a logarithmic relation; (6) pier scour is weakly proportional to the water surface slope but more strongly proportional to the discharge in a logarithmic relation; and (7) the discharge to restore both abutment and pier scour depths to their original values prior to sea‐level rise is proportional to the water surface slope ratio to the 9/25^th power. Full equations for each of these relationships are given in the article. These relationships can be used for future application and planning purposes.     

溢洪道差动式挑坎水力特性分析和计算探讨

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎可增大其挑射水舌的扩散、碰撞、掺气和消能率,从而减轻下游河床的冲刷。目前对差动式挑坎水力特性研究成果仍较少,给工程设计带来极为不便。在现有的文献和成果总结和分析的基础上,开展了差动式挑坎下游河床冲刷特性的试验研究,对差动式挑坎段的水面线、挑射水舌挑距及其下游河床冲刷特性和计算方法进行探讨,并进一步补充了差动式挑坎下游冲刷影响系数与其体型和泄流水力参数的关系。研究成果与水力模型试验结果较吻合,可供类似工程设计和运行参考。     

Numerical modeling of flow and scouring around a cofferdam

When planning river hydraulic structures, the analysis of the hydrodynamic and bed elevation change is of great importance, particularly the assessment of the scour depth around a cofferdam. In this study, the flow field variation and the corresponding scour depth was simulated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic analysis and a bed-load transport model. The hydrodynamic model used the streamlined upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element scheme to solve the Reynolds-averaged turbulent flow equations. Based on the results of flow field analysis, the bed-load transport model was able to simulate the scour hole development, where it was shown that velocity gradients dramatically increase due to the existence of hydraulic structures. The applicability of the model was tested by simulating the velocity field and bed elevation changes around the cofferdam constructed during the Lock and Dam No. 26 replacement project in the Mississippi River. The model created in this study is able to estimate the maximum scour depth, determine the configuration of the cofferdam to suggest changes to reduce any local scour, and suggest if protection materials around the cofferdam are needed.     

挟沙水流的冲刷率及河床惯性的研究

在清水水流河床冲刷率的实验研究基础上，本文进一步研究了挟涉水流来沙率对冲刷率的影响。结果说明挟抄水流的冲刷率随来沙率与水流输沙力欠饱和度之比以负指数律降低。当来水挟抄率与水流饱和输抄率相等时，冲刷率降刊0。河床惯性是河床在非恒定流中一种重要的动力学性质。利用河床惯性与冲刷率的关系测量了各种沙样的河床惯性值。发现河床惯性随床沙颗粒分选系数增大而增大，分选系数很大时趋近于极限值50t／Tn0。利用河床惯性和河床变形方程得出了冲刷过程中水流输沙率沿程和随时间的变化规律，结果说明水流输沙率欠饱和度向下游以负指数律下降，这与冲刷率随实际水流挟沙率与欠饱和度之比以指数率下降的规律有耜同意义。河床惯性愈大，实际水流输沙率增长得愈慢。河床惯性与于容重及摩阻流速之比构成的无困次数A。代表河床变形和水流实际挟沙量对水流挟沙力变化的响应程度。     

北江定向钻穿越工程防洪评价要点分析

以四会市天然气管道北江定向钻穿越工程为例,计算了定向钻穿越工程河道冲刷深度,工程对堤防渗透稳定和抗滑稳定的影响,分析结果表明:北江穿越断面主河槽内最小埋深远大于河道最大冲刷深度,北江定向钻穿越右岸大旺围堤防工程河道岸坡渗透稳定满足规范要求,抗滑安全系数均大于规范规定的允许安全系数,亦满足规范要求,可为类似工程的设计和水行政主管部门的技术审查提供参考和依据。     

RANDOM ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERIS-TICS OF TRAJECTORY JET CAUSED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIERS

1.　INTRODUCTIONThe energy dissipation problem of overflow damsisalwaysofgreatconcern to hydraulicengineers.Friction and collision,which can be produced by bottom current,surface currentand water jetlashing,are two primary ways of energy dissipation.Designers can deal withthe problem according to their own situation.In this paper,some experiments are reportedon the tail pattern ofpiers.Itis well known thatdeep pithole and far horizontal distance ofthe jet trajectory occur when a flat-tail…     

河道冲刷和清水水流河床冲刷率

在冲积河流里。水流条件变化如洪水、水库泄放清水、河道渠化等使挟沙力不饱和引起冲刷，称为河道冲刷。这与水工建筑造成的局部冲刷不同。河道冲刷深度主要决定于冲刷率和冲刷历时。本研究通过对各种泥沙大量实验，证明了河床冲刷率正比于水流提供的冲刷功率并依赖于泥沙粒径和容重，首次提出了冲刷率公式。经验证，该公式可以用于非恒定流输沙和河流洪水冲刷计算。     

弯道水流的能量耗散规律及其应用

天然河湾的弯曲平面形态和离心力作用,引起弯道的水流能量重新分配和耗散规律发生变化。基于弯道水流能量平衡方程,总结了弯道水流的能量耗散主要原因,推导了弯道水流的横向与纵向能量耗散率的表达式,并采用弯道水槽实验数据验证和率定表达式的参数。运用弯道水流能量耗散规律,本文初步解释了三峡水库建成蓄水后,下泄清水将使得荆江河湾的水流能量横向耗散增强,凹岸区域严重冲刷,凸岸区域显著淤积,单个河湾的弯曲度将变大。     

水力插板透水丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度模型试验

为探索水力插板透水丁坝减小坝头冲刷坑深度的最佳设计参数和布置方案,通过改变流量、丁坝挑角、丁坝透水率、丁坝长度进行单因素影响试验,得出坝头冲刷坑深度与各单因素的回归方程。从每组单因素试验结果中选择最佳试验水平,利用L9(34)正交试验设计表设计4因素3水平的正交试验。试验结果表明:4个单因素对水力插板透水丁坝坝头冲刷坑深度的影响从大到小依次为:丁坝透水率、流量、丁坝长度、丁坝挑角;在一定流量条件下,水力插板透水丁坝最佳布置方案的设计参数为丁坝透水率30%、丁坝长度30 cm、丁坝挑角60°。     

水电站减水河段鱼类生境需求的水力参数

本文对雅砻江锦屏二级减水河段，依据国外提出的Tennent法、R2Cross法中对水力生境参数描述，以及相关冷水鱼大西洋鲑和褐鳟产卵期对水力生境参数的报导，结合该河段鱼类生境的具体情况，对目标鱼类的水力生境需求问题进行了探讨。确定了河段鱼类生境需求的流速、水深、水面宽、湿周、水温等水力参数。为确定鱼类生境需求的水力参数进行了探索性的工作。     

跨海桥梁基础冲刷特征研究

在我国近海海域,跨海桥梁基础冲刷是影响大桥安全的重要因素之一。基于金塘大桥2014、2015和2017年桥墩基础冲刷实测资料,并结合建桥前地形测验资料进行了案例分析,解析出了往复潮流条件下桥墩基础的一般冲刷及局部冲刷深度,金塘大桥中引桥桥墩一般冲刷深度为3.3~3.6 m,平均局部冲刷深度约8.3 m。往复潮流条件下桥墩基础局部冲刷坑受双向潮流影响向上下游延伸,形状呈椭圆形,各墩冲刷坑纵向长度与最大局部冲刷深度呈近似线性关系,长度约为局部冲刷深度的10~12倍,而各墩冲刷坑横向宽度则基本一致,约为桥墩基础宽度的4~5倍,与最大局部冲刷深度无明显相关性。跨海桥梁基础冲刷深度计算方法及冲刷坑形态特征的研究成果可供跨海大桥基础设计、运行维护及基础冲刷防护参考。     

Effect of abutment aspect ratio on clear‐water scour in floodplains

Scour around abutments is recognized as one of the main reasons of bridge foundations failure. This paper presents the experimental results of the effects of abutment width and length on the scour development up to its equilibrium condition around 45° wing‐wall setback abutments in a compound channel. The developing scour hole characteristics are tested for three different lengths and widths at different time intervals until its equilibrium scour conditions. The findings showed that the abutment width has a profound effect on the characteristics of the scour hole, contradicting the results of previous studies. Generally, an increase in the relative abutment width leads to a reduction in the scour depth and width. However, the scour length, area, and volume initially increase with an increase in the relative abutment width, L_c/y_f , from 1.33 to 10.67, where L_c is the abutment width and y_f is the floodplain flow depth, and then these characteristics decrease significantly with a much wider abutment, L_c/y_f , from 10.67 to 21.33. Overall, the effects of the abutment width on abutment scour should be accounted. To this end, empirical equations are proposed to predict the scour hole characteristics. Scour data from previous studies are also used to compare with the proposed equations.     

Eco‐Friendly Countermeasures for Enlarged Basins Erosion

Eco‐friendly hydraulic structures (such as block ramps, rock weirs and stepped gabion weir) are generally made of rocks placed in two or more layers on a sloped bed. They are usually used in mountainous rivers to control sediment transport. The downstream stilling basin plays an important role in terms of both energy dissipation and erosion control. In addition, a correct design of the downstream stilling basin can create an optimal habitat for fish species in the river. Therefore, in the present work, an attempt was made to control the scour depth downstream of a block ramp using rock structures. In particular, the analysis was focused on scour characteristics in the presence of a protected and enlarged downstream channel. Namely, an abrupt symmetrically enlarged channel was simulated downstream of block ramps. Eco‐friendly protection structures, such as rock sills, were tested to limit the erosive process. Rock sills were placed transversally at different longitudinal and vertical positions in the stilling basin and scour morphology variations were investigated. Experiments were carried out for two different ratios of the width of the channel to the width of the ramp and three different ramp slopes. Several scour morphologies were distinguished and classified. In addition, empirical relationships were derived, by which it is possible to estimate the main scour geometry characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钱江通道段河床最大冲刷深度的综合分析

钱江通道位于钱塘江河口的强涌潮区域,在洪潮水动力作用下河床冲淤剧烈.极端水动力作用下河床的冲刷深度是过江隧道工程建设的关键技术问题之一.本文基于河床演变分析、动床数值模拟、动床物理模型试验、沉积物分析等手段进行研究.首先建立了钱江通道过江隧道河段洪、潮水流冲刷深度的预测模型,经钱塘江河口的实测地形、水流泥沙及河床冲淤等资料的验证.在此基础上预测了过江隧道断面在极端水动力作用下最大冲刷深度,并与沉积物分析方法进行比较,四种研究方法所得的结果定性定量基本合理,进一步表明了预测模型的可靠性,预测的最大冲刷深度可为过江隧道的合理埋设提供参考依据.     

里下河地区引江能力分析

为了探讨引长江水对里下河地区冲淤的技术方案,拟对里下河地区的引江能力进行了水文分析.首先根据长江大通站水位系列资料计算,确定长江下游段的丰枯水年型,然后绘制典型年的潮位和相应的里下河地区水位过程对比图,弄清典型年引水特点和规律,最后通过各年型水位差及最大引江水量计算分析,得出典型年各月最大平均引江水量,据此可制定引江冲淤的技术方案.