An Optimization Strategy for Water Distribution Networks

An optimization strategy based on head losses minimization is developed for the least cost design of water distribution networks. A new weighting approach is suggested for calculating the initial flow distribution and optimum pipe diameters of the weighted flow distribution is presented by using least square method. In the mean time homogenous and isotropous head losses are maintained with implications of head loss path choice. The model is employed for designing and/or modifying pipe sizes while the classical Hardy-Cross network solver is used to balance the flows. The whole algorithm is programmed and applied to a two-looped network selected from the literature and the results are presented on a comparative basis. A FORTRAN software with the necessary steps in the flow chart is written for the optimization calculations in this paper.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 3-D TURBULENT FLOWS IN A CUT-OFF VALVE AND ANALYSIS OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN PIPE

1 .　INTRODUCTIONThevalvehasbeenplayinganimportantroleinthe pipeengineeringandisalsooneofmaincomponentsgeneratingtheheadloss .Becauseofthecomplexgeometry ,thedesignwasusuallyeval uatedempiricallyinthepast,whichcausesmuchenergyloss .Toreducetheenergyloss ,itisessen tialforadesignertoknowthedetailsofflowfieldinthevalvepipe .Recently ,withtheremarkableprogressintheComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)andcomputerhardware ,itisexpectedthatCFDwillbecomeapowerfultoolinthedesignofvalve .Intheactual…     

Simulation of subcritical flow pattern in 180° uniform and convergent open-channel bends using SSIIM 3-D model

In meandering rivers, the flow pattern is highly complex, with specific characteristics at bends that are not observed along straight paths. A numerical model can be effectively used to predict such flow fields. Since river bends are not uniform-some are divergent and others convergent-in this study, after the SSIIM 3-D model was calibrated using the result of measurements along a uniform 180° bend with a width of 0.6 m, a similar but convergent 180° bend, 0.6 m to 0.45 m wide, was simulated using the SSIIM...     

基于模拟退火遗传算法的自压树状管网优化

将遗传算法全局优化和模拟退火的良好局部搜索能力有机结合,构造出一种退火遗传算法用于自压树状管网的优化设计方法。假定管网中每一管段最多只能由两种管径的管道组成,建立了以管网造价为目标函数,以管长、标准管径为决策变量的自压树状管网优化数学模型。采用基于不可行度的退火算法处理约束条件,应用遗传算法进行优化计算。仿真实例结果表明,该模型与算法在求解自压树状管网优化问题上,具有良好的优化性能和求解效率。     

树状给水管网布置形式优化设计

以管网年费用折算值作为管段的权值建立目标函数,以基于破圈法及Mayeda-Seshu算法的列队竞争算法作为求解方法,用于进行树状给水管网系统的优化,并将该方法用于实例研究。结果表明:该算法既可以完全避免以往各种优化算法在进化过程中产生不可行解的弊端,又继承了普通列队竞争算法寻优速度快的优点,使得算法的计算效率显著提高,计算结果的准确性也得以保证。该优化算法的提出对树状给水管网布置形式优化设计具有重要意义。     

Decomposition based Multi Objective Evolutionary Algorithms for Design of Large-Scale Water Distribution Networks

In last two decades, multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have shown their merit for solving different optimization problems within the context of water resources and environmental engineering. MOEAs mainly use the concept of Pareto dominance for obtaining the trade-off solutions considering different criteria. A new alternative method for solving multiobjective problems is multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D) which uses scalarizing the objective functions. In this paper, decomposition strategies are developed for the large-scale water distribution network (WDN) design problems by integrating the concepts of harmony search (HS) and genetic algorithm (GA) within the MOEA/D framework. The proposed algorithms are then compared with two well-known non-dominance based MOEAs: NSGA2 and SPEA2 across four different WDN design problems. Experimental results show that MOEA/D outperform the Pareto dominance methods in terms of both non-domination and diversity criteria. MOEA/D-HS in particular could provide very high quality solutions with a uniform distribution along the Pareto front preserving the diversity and dominating the solutions of the other algorithms. It suggests that decomposition based multiobjective evolutionary algorithms are very promising in dealing with complicated large-scale WDN design problems.     

大涡模拟风浪中运动物体所产生的流动问题

基于一套新颖高效自主开发的大涡模拟CFD平台,强调采用空间固定的笛卡尔网格下控制方程及无需边界拟合的切削网格法,通过构建两相流质量力数学模型,来精确有效描述单个运动物体对流场影响.该平台另一特点是设计新颖VOF算法,并开发一类基于尖锐界面法理念的模拟气液两相流模型.数值计算包含强非线性自由面的典型实例如出入水砰击、滑坡涌浪、液舱晃荡及风浪与结构物的相互作用,包括网格细化及相关试验的比较.结果表明:所提出的描述运动物体影响的两相流质量力模型,用于模拟运动物体诱导的流固耦合问题是可行及有效的.     

不同灌溉工作制度下的灌溉管网优化设计研究

采用基于人工神经网络的两级优化设计模型 ,对自压式灌溉管网进行优化设计 ,并分析了不同灌溉工作制度对管网投资的影响。研究表明 ,通过灌溉管网优化设计 ,可以得到不同灌溉工作制度下的管网投资最小的优化设计结果。与原始设计方案相比能够节约大量的投资 ,并可用于选择合理的灌溉工作制度。     

Self-Adaptive Solution-Space Reduction Algorithm for Multi-Objective Evolutionary Design Optimization of Water Distribution Networks

An effective way to improve the computational efficiency of evolutionary algorithms is to make the solution space of the optimization problem under consideration smaller. A new reliability-based algorithm that does this was developed for water distribution networks. The objectives considered in the formulation of the optimization problem were minimization of the initial construction cost and maximization of the flow entropy as a resilience surrogate. After achieving feasible solutions, the active solution space of the optimization problem was re-set for each pipe in each generation until the end of the optimization. The algorithm re-sets the active solution space by reducing the number of pipe diameter options for each pipe, based on the most likely flow distribution. The main components of the methodology include an optimizer, a hydraulic simulator and an algorithm that calculates the flow entropy for any given network configuration. The methodology developed is generic and self-adaptive, and prior setting of the reduced solution space is not required. A benchmark network in the literature was investigated, and the results showed that the algorithm improved the computational efficiency and quality of the solutions achieved by a considerable margin.     

Application of Several Meta-Heuristic Techniques to the Optimization of Real Looped Water Distribution Networks

The optimization of looped water distribution systems is a complex problem as the pipe flows are unknown variables. Although many researchers have reported algorithms for minimizing the network cost applying a large variety of techniques, such as linear programming, non-linear programming, global optimization methods and meta-heuristic approaches, a totally satisfactory and efficient method is not available as yet. Many works have assessed the performance of these techniques using small or medium-sized benchmark networks proposed in the literature, but few of them have tested these methods with large-scale real networks. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of several meta-heuristic techniques: genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, tabu search, and iterated local search. These techniques were first validated and compared by applying them to a medium-sized benchmark network previously reported in the literature. They were then applied to a large irrigation water distribution network that has been proposed in a previous work to assess their performance in a practical application. All the methods tested performed adequately well, compared with the results found in previous works. Genetic algorithm was more efficient when dealing with a medium-sized network, but other methods outperformed it when dealing with a real complex one.     

THE FLOW IN ROTATING CURVED CIRCULAR PIPE

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｆｌｕｉｄｉｎａｒｏｔａｔｉｎｇｃｕｒｖｅｄｐｉｐｅｉｓａｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｄｍｕｃｈ ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ .Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｉｓｒｏｔａｔｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｇａｓｔｕｒ ｂｉｎｅｓ ,ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒｓａｎｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｍｏｔｏｒｓ.Ｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｃａｎａｌｓｏｂｅｆｏｕｎｄｉｎｓｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.Ｉｔｉｓ…     

U形弯道建闸对水流运动特性的影响试验

试验研究在U形弯道上建闸后水流运动特性的变化,结果表明弯道设闸使弯道不同位置凹岸、凸岸及中线水位产生显著差异,从而导致水面横比降变缓、水流动力轴线变光滑、流速分布变均匀,为深入分析建闸后弯道水流特性及建闸对泥沙运动、河床演变等的影响研究提供借鉴。     

基于遗传算法与NM理论的船型优化

阻力性能的优化一直是船舶设计工作的重要环节,它将直接决定船舶的经济性和适用性。该文利用基于Neumann-Michell(NM)势流理论自主开发的船舶兴波阻力计算求解器NMShip-SJTU和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA),对标准船型Series 60进行船型优化分析。利用平移法(Shifting Method)与径向基函数法(radial basis function method,RBF)修改船体曲面,开发了一套包含优化算法、船型变换模块在内的全自动船型优化程序(OPTShip-SJTU),并应用。高航速(Fr=0.30)下的Series 60船型的优化,得到能使兴波阻力有效减小的优化船型。     

Numerical modelling of supercritical flow in circular conduit bends using SPH method

The capability of the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method to model supercritical flow in circular pipe bends is considered. The standard SPH method, which makes use of dynamic boundary particles(DBP), is supplemented with the original algorithm for the treatment of open boundaries. The method is assessed through a comparison with measured free-surface profiles in a pipe bend, and already proposed regression curves for estimation of the flow-type in a pipe bend. The sensitivity of the model to different parameters is also evaluated. It is shown that an adequate choice of the artificial viscosity coefficient and the initial particle spacing can lead to correct presentation of the flow-type in a bend. Due to easiness of its implementation, the SPH method can be efficiently used in the design of circular conduits with supercritical flow in a bend, such as tunnel spillways, and bottom outlets of dams, or storm sewers.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INTAKE MODEL WITH CROSS FLOW

The hydrodynamics of a pump sump consisting of a main channel,pump sump,and intake pipe is examined using Truchas,a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver,with a Large Eddy Simulation(LES) turbulence model.The numerical results of streamwise velocity profiles and flow patterns are discussed and compared with experimental data of Ansar and Nakato.Fairly good agreement is obtained.Furthermore,unlike Ansar et al.'s inviscid solution,the proposed numerical model includes the effect of fluid viscosity and consid...     

Chaotic Evolutionary Algorithms for Multi-Reservoir Optimization

The water sharing dispute in a multi-reservoir river basin forces the water resources planners to have an integrated operation of multi-reservoir system rather than considering them as a single reservoir system. Thus, optimizing the operations of a multi-reservoir system for an integrated operation is gaining importance, especially in India. Recently, evolutionary algorithms have been successfully applied for optimizing the multi-reservoir system operations. The evolutionary optimization algorithms start its search from a randomly generated initial population to attain the global optimal solution. However, simple evolutionary algorithms are slower in convergence and also results in sub-optimal solutions for complex problems with hardbound variables. Hence, in the present study, chaotic technique is introduced to generate the initial population and also in other search steps to enhance the performance of the evolutionary algorithms and applied for the optimization of a multi-reservoir system. The results are compared with that of a simple GA and DE algorithm. From the study, it is found that the chaotic algorithm with the general optimizer has produced the global optimal solution (optimal hydropower production in the present case) within lesser generations. This shows that coupling the chaotic algorithm with evolutionary algorithm will enrich the search technique by having better initial population and also converges quickly. Further, the performances of the developed policies are evaluated for longer run using a simulation model to assess the irrigation deficits. The simulation results show that the model satisfactorily meets the irrigation demand in most of the time periods and the deficit is very less.     

多儿水电站泄水建筑物体型优化试验研究

通过水工模型试验研究,验证了多儿水电站泄水建筑物原设计方案的泄流能力、水面线分布等水力学技术指标。并采用复合曲线与扇形渠底局部抬高相结合的方法和渐变收缩挑流的消能方案优化了原设计方案中的溢洪道弯道段及出口段体型,有效地解决了由于水流冲击波引起的弯道水面高差过大以及尾水对对岸山体的冲刷影响的问题,并经过试验验证效果较好。以上研究成果为类似工程泄水建筑物的体型设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

灌区自压微灌独立管网系统优化设计研究

微灌管网系统由田间管网系统和骨干管网系统两部分组成,田间管网入口所需压力只与灌水器设计工作水头及田间管网允许水头差有关,因此两部分的优化问题是相互独立的。目前田间管网优化设计主要是在限定面积且布置已定的情况下进行支毛管管径组合优化。本研究在不限定管网系统面积的情况下建立了单向毛管田间管网、双向毛管田间管网及自压微灌骨干管网的优化设计数学模型,可同时完成相应管网的优化布置和优化设计且能得到最佳控制面积。利用解的不可行度对随机产生的初始种群进行选择以改善种群质量,利用罚函数法处理约束条件,应用遗传算法进行优化计算。结果表明:双向毛管田间管网在控制面积及单位面积投资两方面均优于单向毛管田间管网,推荐以双向毛管田间管网优化结果为基础进行骨干管网的优化,算法收敛性能稳定,具有较高的计算精度,此优化设计研究成果对自压微灌系统设计及区域管网优化设计具有一定的实际意义。     

再论圆管明渠均匀流正常水深的直接计算公式

在总结前人圆管明渠均匀流正常水深计算公式的基础上,引入无量纲参数α和无量纲正常水深β,对圆管明渠均匀流基本方程进行数学变换,应用曲线拟合和优化原理,提出新的圆管明渠均匀流正常水深的直接计算公式;根据给水排水工程和水利工程设计规范的要求,并考虑工程实际情况,确定计算公式的工程适用范围。误差分析和计算实例表明:该公式形式简捷,精度较高,在工程适用范围内最大相对误差小于0.72%,可以方便工程设计人员在设计中直接使用。     

PERTURBATION SOLUTION OF SECONDARY FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN HELICAL PIPES WITH CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｌｏｗｉｎｈｅｌｉｃａｌｐｉｐｅｓｉｓｖｅｒｙｃｏｍｐｌｅｘａｎｄｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｎｄｔｈｅｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ .ＡｌｏｔｏｆｗｏｒｋｈａｓｂｅｅｎｄｏｎｅｂｙＭｕｒａｔａｅｔａｌ.[1] ,Ｗａｎｇ[2 ] ,Ｇｅｒｍａｎｏ[3 ,4 ] ,Ｋａｏ[5] ,Ｔｕｔｔｌｅ[6] ,ａｎｄＬｉｕ[7] .ＢｕｔｔｈｅｙｏｎｌｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｔｈｅＮｅｗｔｏｎｉａｎｆｌｕｉｄｉｎｈｅｌｉｃａｌｐｉｐｅｓ .Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏ…