提高钢铁常温发黑结合力与耐蚀性的探讨

通过研究试验把钢铁常温发黑剂与室温快速磷化液有机的组合起来,配制成一种新的溶液－常温发黑、磷化液。然后再进行中温磷化增厚磷化膜得到一种 钢铁装饰防护膜－常温发黑、磷化膜。这种双层保护膜,既有常温发黑膜美丽的黑色外观,又有磷化膜细致的结晶、牢固的结合力及良好的耐磨、耐蚀等性能,尤其是显著提高了耐蚀性能。     

钢铁件表面黑色转化膜技术

对钢铁零件表面黑色转化膜技术的发展状况进行了全面论述,并重点对常温发黑、氧化发黑、磷化发黑的成膜机理、膜层性能特点及应用情况作了说明。对述及的几种发黑技术的特点,发展方向进行了初步探讨。     

常温KY型发黑液的研制与性能研究

为了在黄铜基材上常温获得黑色膜层,研究了黄铜酸性氧化发黑工艺,着重对硒-铜-磷系发黑液进行研究.主要讨论了黄铜氧化发黑的前处理、溶液组分和着色时间等因素对着色膜层质量的影响.研究结果表明:溶液组分是影响着色膜颜色的主要因素,使用时要注意控制其含量;适量的添加剂可以提高着色膜质量.最终研制出一种常温KY型发黑液,与传统配方相比,该发黑剂具有发黑时间短、发黑膜耐磨且黑色纯正、光亮性好、生产成本低等优点,具有广阔的推广和应用前景.     

我国钢铁发黑技术的应用和发展

简要介绍了钢铁发黑的几种方法,包括碱性高温发黑、常温发黑、余热成膜发黑。碱性高温发黑的工艺成熟,膜层为磁性氧化铁,装饰性和耐磨性好;常温发黑的设备简单,适用于单件或小批量生产;余热发黑是利用工件自身余热成膜,具有节电、节水、无污染、无排放、操作简便的优点,而且形成的保护膜是高分子材料,耐腐蚀性高。因此,余热发黑技术在处理需回火的零部件上优势明显。     

铸铁发黑新技术研究

介绍了铸铁经预浸和Ｚｎ－Ｃａ系磷化处理的发黑新技术,用该工艺处理的铸铁件表面可获得外观呈均匀黑色,结构致密,晶细,层薄的黑磷酸盐转化膜。膜层耐蚀性能好,具有防护装饰,增强涂层与工件表面结合力的优良性能。该工艺稳定,简单,成本低廉,也适合钢铁或单独磷化使用,所得磷化膜呈灰色,性能优良。     

钢铁常温发黑处理的热力学分析

概述了钢铁的常温发黑处理工艺。为了揭示其反应机理，对ＣｕＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＳｅＯ３常温发黑体系的化学反应进行了热力学分析。并且经Ｘ射线分析证实，其发黑膜层的主要生成物为ＣｕＳｅ。     

中温锌一钙系黑磷化膜的制备与性能研究

为了改善锌-钙系黑色磷化膜的外观和性能,探讨了配方与工艺,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察磷化膜表面微观形貌,X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)分析磷化膜成分,测试了膜层厚度、附着强度、耐磨性和耐蚀性能.结果表明:采用硝酸铜作发黑剂,Na2MoO4为氧化促进剂,经过硝酸铋预浸处理能够获得深黑色、防护性能良好的磷化膜.CaO的含量增加能改变膜表面晶体形貌,当氧化钙含量为30g/L时,晶体粒径明显减小,膜层中锌、钙元素含量增加,使耐磨性能和耐蚀性能提高.     

如何控制钢铁件常温发黑液沉淀物的产生？

答：曾推出某些化合物体系为无沉淀物产生的钢铁件常温发黑剂,但其工艺适应性较差,对发黑的钢型有选择,且膜层疏松、易生锈。因此,生产中大多采用铜盐-硒酸盐并含有磷酸盐体系的钢铁件常温发黑剂。虽然硒化物体系发黑液易产生Fe2（SeO 3）3沉淀,使溶液混浊,影响发黑膜层质量,但只要注意控制,能减少沉淀物及其产生的不良影响。具体可从以下方面着手：（1）控制发黑溶液的酸度。常温发黑中的沉淀物与溶液酸度（pH值）有关。当发黑液pH值过低时,工件铁的溶解速度快,形成CuS e等硒化物沉积膜中难以形成磷化膜,使发黑膜层疏松、结合力差。此外,随着浸渍工件增多而大量铁的溶解,与亚硒酸形成Fe2（SeO 3）3等沉淀,同时,因为亚硒酸等有效成分的消耗。     

你问我答

正Q如何控制钢铁件常温发黑液沉淀物的产生?A答:曾推出某些化合物体系为无沉淀物产生的钢铁件常温发黑剂,但其工艺适应性较差,对发黑的钢型有选择,且膜层疏松、易生锈。因此,生产中大多采用铜盐-硒酸盐并含有磷酸盐体系的钢铁件常温发黑剂。虽然硒化物体系发黑液易产生Fe2(SeO 3)3沉淀,使溶液混浊,影响发黑膜层质量,但只要注意控制,能减少沉淀物及其产生的不良影响。具体可从以下方面着手:(1)控制发黑溶液的酸度。常温发黑中的沉淀物与溶液酸度(pH值)有关。当发黑液pH值过低时,工件铁的溶解速度快,形成CuS e等硒化物沉积膜中难以形成磷化膜,使发黑膜层疏松、结合力差。此外,随着浸渍工件增多而大量铁的溶解,与亚硒酸形成Fe2(SeO 3)3等沉淀,同时,因为亚硒酸等有效成分的消耗,溶     

环保型钢铁常温发黑剂的研制

通过正交试验设计开发了一种环保型钢铁常温发黑剂,发黑膜层具有很好的耐蚀性,与基体有很强的附着力且色泽黑亮。发黑膜层的AFM图显示膜层具有很好的致密性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.