Performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation in asymmetrical dual-hop mixed RF-FSO transmission system

This paper investigates the performance of a dual-hop mixed relay system with radio frequency (RF) and free-space optics (FSO) communication under the effect of pointing error (PE) and atmospheric turbulence (AT). This paper considers a system where RF and FSO links are cascaded. The RF link is modeled by Nakagami-m fading, and the FSO link is modeled as gamma–gamma (G-G) fading channel. Both the channel models use orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The expressions for probability density function, cumulative distribution function, signal-to-noise ratio, and ergodic capacity are derived. The moment generating function (MGF) of fading and the bit error rate (BER) of the OFDM-based M-ary QAM scheme is derived in terms of Meijer's G-function. It has been observed that, in fixed gain relay systems, the modulation scheme's BER is dominated by the SNR of the RF link. While in a variable gain relay system, the turbulence conditions of the FSO system affect the SNR and the BER of the modulation method. The feasibility of heterodyne detection and intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) is analyzed in terms of outage probability and ergodic capacity. The results can be used to choose the optimal modulation order and relay system for QAM-OFDM-based optical wireless systems.     

Physical layer security for dual‐hop FSO/RF system using generalized ΓΓ/η−μ fading channels

We investigate the physical layer security of decode‐and‐forward–relayed free space optics (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) communication system. In this network, the eavesdropper exists after relay node and overhears RF transmission. Further, FSO being a line‐of‐sight transmission is assumed to be secure from eavesdroppers. Here, we have the Gamma‐Gamma (ΓΓ) distribution for FSO link and generalized η?μ distribution for RF link. The security for information transmission to the legitimate user in the presence of an eavesdropper is measured in terms of secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability. Deriving the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio, the closed‐form expressions for security parameters are achieved. The numerical analysis of the proposed system is done under the influence of atmospheric turbulence effects and various fading conditions. The results have been verified through simulation.     

Impact of transmission techniques in asymmetric RF/FSO system over Nakagami‐m and gamma‐gamma fading channels with pointing errors

In this paper, the performance of transmission techniques on the fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward–based asymmetric radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) communication system is studied. The RF link and FSO link are, respectively, modeled by the Nakagami‐m and Gamma‐Gamma fading channels under the effect of zero boresight and non‐zero boresight pointing errors subject to heterodyne detection. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) and orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) techniques are the transmission scenarios considered at the system source while selection combining is used for reception at the relay and destination for the signal detection. Moreover, a unified cumulative density distribution (CDF) of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio is derived for the system. By utilizing this channel statistical CDF, the closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average bit error rate for the M‐ary phase shift keying modulation are then obtained for the system. The analysis presented illustrates that both the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error significantly degrade the system performance. Based on this, the MRT transmission technique offers a better performance compared with the OSTBC techniques under the same system conditions. The accuracy of the analytical results is verified by Monte‐Carlo simulations.     

具有能量收集的双向RF/FSO中继系统性能分析

设计了一种在大气湍流和指向误差影响下的带有能量收集的混合双向RF/FSO中继传输系统。RF信号部分采用能量分割的方式进行能量收集,FSO信号部分则将其信号中的直流电分量所携带的能量收集起来存储在中继器中。其中射频RF链路采用Nakagamim信道衰落模型,自由空间光FSO链路采用Gamma Gamma信道衰落模型。并且计算出了两条链路各自的累积分布函数CDF。采用DF的中继协作方式,并利用Meijei G函数推导出系统中断概率的闭合表达式,最终通过仿真来验证结果的正确性。     

BER Performance of FSO Links over Strong Atmospheric Turbulence Channels with Pointing Errors

In this letter, we investigate the error rate performance of free-space optical (FSO) links over strong turbulence fading channels together with misalignment (pointing error) effects. First, we present a novel closed-form expression for the distribution of a stochastic FSO channel model which takes into account both atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and misalignment-induced fading. Then, we evaluate the average bit-error rate in closed form of a FSO system operating in this channel environment, assuming intensity modulation/direct detection with on-off keying. Numerical examples are further provided to collaborate on the derived analytical expressions.     

Performance analysis of MIMO FSO link with Alamouti coding and switch-and-examine combining

Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main causes of degrading the quality of service in free-space optical (FSO) systems. The use of diversity techniques in an FSO system can minimize the fading effect which is caused by atmospheric turbulence. When diversity combining is applied at both the transmitter and the receiver ends, the system can mitigate the degradation more effectively. In this paper, we consider a \(2\times L\) multiple-input multiple-output FSO system with on–off keying modulation where the link is affected by gamma–gamma fading. Alamouti space–time coding is implemented at the transmitter, while the receiver employs switch-and-examine combining. Analytical expressions for different performance metrics such as outage probability, average bit error rate and average capacity are derived using a moment-generating function-based approach. Numerical results are provided and are compared with Monte Carlo simulations.     

无线光自适应副载波MDPSK调制系统特性分析

无线光通信中的自适应传输技术可有效抑制大气湍流引起的信道衰落.根据接收信噪比和预定目标误比特率要求,本文对通过瞬时湍流特性改变调制阶数的无线光自适应传输的通信系统进行了研究.给出采用Malaga分布湍流模型分别描述Gamma-Gamma、对数正态以及K分布湍流信道的相关参数设置;推导了Malaga湍流信道下无线光自适应多进制差分相移键控（MDPSK,M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying）调制系统的平均误比特率、频谱效率以及中断概率表达式,以及基于MeijerG函数的渐近表达式.MDPSK自适应和非自适应两种调制系统特性分析结果表明：自适应调制系统不但在相同电信噪比下可获得更低的平均误比特率,还可以大大提高频谱效率,而不需要增加额外传输功率或牺牲误比特率.     

Performance analysis of weather-dependent satellite–terrestrial network with rate adaptation hybrid free-space optical and radio frequency link

Due to the rapid development of satellite laser communication technology, free-space optical (FSO) links present a promising alternative to traditional radio frequency (RF) links. In this paper, taking the influence of weather factors into consideration, we investigate the performance of the hybrid FSO/RF links where the feeder link operates in the FSO band and the user link operates in the hybrid FSO/RF band. Specifically, the FSO feeder link is modeled by the gamma–gamma distribution in the presence of beam wander and pointing error, and the detection method adopts either the intensity modulation with direct intensity (IM/DD) or heterodyne detection. The RF user link is assumed to follow the shadowed Rician model. In addition, in order to improve the transmission rate of the link under the time-varying satellite–terrestrial channel, a rate adaptation scheme is proposed. The performance of the system under study is evaluated in terms of the outage probability, average bit error rate (BER), and average transmission rate. Our results provide some important insights, for example, (1) due to the constraints of the feeder link and weather factors, there is an upper limit on the outage performance and bit error rate of the hybrid link; (2) the adaptive transmission strategy can significantly improve the transmission rate of the link compared with traditional design.     

Error rate and outage of dual‐hop DF relay system with selection combining over Rice fading

Performance of dual‐hop decode‐and‐forward relay system with selection‐combining receiver is analyzed over Rice fading channels. The following closed‐form expressions of performance metrics are derived: moment generating function for selection‐combining receiver output signal‐to‐noise ratio, exact average bit error rate of noncoherent modulations, approximate average symbol error rate for coherent modulations, and outage probability. We also obtain simple asymptotic expressions for moment generating function, exact average bit error rate, average symbol error rate, and outage probability, which are useful to characterize the diversity order and the coding gain. The optimal power allocation analysis suggests that the optimal power allocation factor is independent of total signal‐to‐noise ratio and source‐to‐destination link fading parameters. The accuracy of the obtained analytical expressions are supported by computer simulation results.     

移动平台上空间光通信系统性能研究

针对移动平台空间光通信信道的大气湍流随机性强、指向误差大和链路高动态性等问题,建立适合于移动平台的大气信道模型,并进一步推导出采用脉冲调制(PPM)调制的通信系统端到端信道容量和中断概率的解析表达式。仿真分析了在大气弱湍流、中强湍流两种情况下,信噪比、系统分集、指向误差及通信距离等对通信系统中断概率的影响。结果表明,指向误差不宜超过1mrad;通信距离每增加1km,中断概率上升8~11dB。     

Enhancing spectral efficiency of FSO system using adaptive SIM/M‐PSK and SIMO in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors

This paper proposes an adaptive transmission modulation (ATM) technique for free‐space optical (FSO) links over gamma‐gamma turbulence channels.The ATM technique provides efficient utilization of the FSO channel capacity for improving spectral efficiency, by adapting the order of the phase‐shift keying modulation scheme, according to the channel conditions and the required bit error rate (BER). To overcome the channel degradation resulting from the turbulence effects as well as the pointing errors (PEs), single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) system with maximal ratio combining (MRC) is proposed. Exact closed‐form expressions of BER and upper bound of the capacity are derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed adaptive technique improves the spectral efficiency (SE) five times higher than the nonadaptive technique at the same BER threshold (10^?3).This improvement is achieved at signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) equals 27 and 42  dB in the case of atmospheric turbulence without and with PE, respectively. Furthermore, this SE could be obtained while the SNR = 30  dB by using ( 1 × 4 ) SIMO scheme with MRC and PE and having the same transmitting optical power.     

Mixed RF/FSO bidirectional system achieving spectral efficiency

The performance of two-way relay (TWR)-assisted mixed radio-frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) system is evaluated in this letter. The proposed system employs decode-and-forward relaying phenomena where the relay is basically an interfacing node between two source nodes \(S_1\) and \(S_2\), where \(S_1\) supports RF signal, while \(S_2\) supports FSO signal. The TWR-assisted system helps in achieving spectral efficiency by managing bidirectional communication in three time slots, thus maximizing the achievable rate of the network. The RF link is subjected to generalized \(\eta -\mu \) distribution, and the optical channel is affected by path loss, pointing errors and gamma–gamma (gg) distributed atmospheric turbulence. The novel expressions for the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the equivalent end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived. Capitalizing on these derived statistics of end-to-end SNR, the expressions of outage probability and the bit-error rate for different binary modulations and M-ary modulations are provided.     

Optimization Models for Misalignment Fading Mitigation in Optical Wireless Links

We consider a free-space optical (FSO) channel model affected by misalignment fading (pointing error) effects. Assuming intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) with on-off keying (OOK), new closed form expressions for the bit-error rate (BER) and the outage probability are presented. Furthermore, four optimization models are formulated and solved taking into account various metrics such as the beamwidth, the electrical signal-to-noise ratio, the normalized jitter, the BER, and the outage probability. The results obtained can be a useful outcome for FSO system designers in order to limit pointing error effects and achieve, thus, an optimum performance.     

Outage Capacity Optimization for Free-Space Optical Links With Pointing Errors

We investigate the performance and design of free-space optical (FSO) communication links over slow fading channels from an information theory perspective. A statistical model for the optical intensity fluctuation at the receiver due to the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors is derived. Unlike earlier work, our model considers the effect of beam width, detector size, and jitter variance explicitly. Expressions for the outage probability are derived for a variety of atmospheric conditions. For given weather and misalignment conditions, the beam width is optimized to maximize the channel capacity subject to outage. Large gains in achievable rate are realized versus using a nominal beam width. In light fog, by optimizing the beam width, the achievable rate is increased by 80% over the nominal beam width at an outage probability of 10^-5. Well-known error control codes are then applied to the channel and shown to realize much of the achievable gains.     

Bi‐directional relay‐assisted FSO communication systems over strong turbulence channels with pointing errors

This paper presents the capacity and average bit error rate (BER)‐based performance analysis of a two‐way relay‐assisted free‐space optical communication system, over an atmospheric turbulent channel modeled by the Gamma–Gamma distribution and also affected by path loss and misalignment errors. A half‐duplex, decode‐and‐forward, two‐way, optical relay is considered, which establishes communication between two terminals, when direct communication is not possible because of non line‐of‐sight propagation or large distance. For the presented system and channel models and considering heterodyne detection at the receiver, we formulate the statistics of the instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio, followed by calculation of exact analytical expressions of capacity and BER. The mathematical expressions are formulated in terms of easily computable Meijer's G‐function. This mathematical analysis is accompanied with several numerical examples to illustrate the effect of the key system parameters. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance analysis of AF OFDM system using multiple relay in presence of nonlinear‐PA over inid Nakagami‐m fading

In this paper, performance of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing–based variable‐gain amplify and forward cooperative system using multiple relay with relay selection is analyzed over independent but not necessarily identically distributed frequency selective Nakagami‐m fading channels. For the analysis, nonlinear power amplifier is considered at the relay, and selection combining is adopted at destination node. Closed‐form expressions of the outage probability for various threshold signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) values and average symbol error rate for M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation techniques are derived for the considered system. Further, the outage probability analysis is performed in high SNR regime to obtain the diversity order. Furthermore, impact of different fading parameters, multiple relay, and nonlinear power amplifier is highlighted on the outage probability and asymptotic outage probability for various threshold SNRs and on the average symbol error rate for various quadrature amplitude modulation constellations. The derived analytical expressions are generalized for various fading environments while considering the integer‐valued fading parameters. Finally, all the analytical results are verified through the Monte Carlo simulations for various SNR levels and system configurations.     

BER Performance of Free-Space Optical Transmission with Spatial Diversity

Free space optical (FSO) communications is a cost-effective and high bandwidth access technique, which has been receiving growing attention with recent commercialization successes. A major impairment in FSO links is the turbulence- induced fading which severely degrades the link performance. To mitigate turbulence-induced fading and, therefore, to improve the error rate performance, spatial diversity can be used over FSO links which involves the deployment of multiple laser transmitters/receivers. In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of FSO links with spatial diversity over log- normal atmospheric turbulence fading channels, assuming both independent and correlated channels among transmitter/receiver apertures. Our analytical derivations build upon an approximation to the sum of correlated log-normal random variables. The derived BER expressions quantify the effect of spatial diversity and possible spatial correlations in a log-normal channel.     

End‐to‐end performance of transmit antenna selection and generalized selection combining in dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relay network in the presence of feedback errors

In this paper, end‐to‐end performance of transmit antenna selection (TAS) and generalized selection combining (GSC) is studied in a dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relay network over flat Rayleigh fading channels. In the system, source and destination equipped with multiple antennas, communicate by the help of single relay equipped with single antenna. Source‐destination link is not available. TAS is used for transmission at the source, and GSC is used for reception at the destination. By considering the relay location and the presence of error in feedback channel from the relay to the source, we derive closed‐form outage probability, moment generating function and moments of end‐to‐end signal‐to‐noise ratio, and closed‐form symbol error probability (SEP) expressions for channel state information (CSI)‐based and fixed relay gains. The diversity order and array gain of the network are obtained for both CSI‐based and fixed relay gains by deriving asymptotical outage probability and SEP expressions. The analytical results are validated by the Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance Analysis of Free Space Optical Networks Using the Beta-Average Recursive Estimator

The present paper aims to investigate and analyze the performance of a point-to-point optical network under a free-space optical (FSO) communication system. Free-space optical communication is a sophisticated technique that has been employed as a channel model of optical wireless communication to transfer large amounts of data at high speeds. However, two important issues, that could affect the source of the FSO link, have been added. The first one is related to chromatic dispersion which is attributed to the chirping phenomenon of the optical signal; the second issue concerns the secondary jamming power that can be generated by some Radio Frequencies from base stations. It is important to note that the effects of atmospheric turbulence, misalignment fading, and atmospheric attenuation as well as geometric losses were also taken into account. The purpose of this research work is to overcome these effects, in order to increase the data transmission rate from 1.25 to 50 Gbps in the proposed system. Consequently, a very efficient solution is suggested to correct these problems and to make the FSO link more reliable using the Beta-Average Recursive Estimator. In addition, the numerical results obtained are presented for the purpose of validating our proposal through the evaluation of the performance of a transmission link in terms of the bit error rate and Q-factor. In the end, the resulting conclusions are listed, explained and discussed.

     

瞄准误差和Gamma-Gamma大气湍流下信号束散角的优化分析

在自由空间激光通信(FSO)系统中,瞄准误差和大气湍流严重影响系统通信链路,是链路性能恶化的两大主要因素.通过对联合信道的理论分析,建立了信道模型,并利用Meijer G函数推导出了直接探测系统和相干探测系统平均信道容量的表达式.通过在Matlab中的仿真结果可知,在给定瞄准误差和大气湍流的条件下,信号光的光束束散角并非越小越好,而是存在最优束散角,该束散角不仅可以保证系统性能良好,而且使得发射系统功率取得最小值,并且采用相干探测系统可以抑制大气湍流对系统的影响,有效提高系统的性能.