分布式认知无线电网络中的主动频谱切换

主要研究分布式认知无线电网络中的频谱切换,并提出一种主动的频谱切换方案。认知用户通过感知结果与历史信息建立授权用户的活动模型,预测频谱的使用情况。在不对授权用户产生干扰的前提下,提前安排频谱切换。同时,采用基于蚁群任务分工算法的频谱选择方法,使得认知用户综合考虑通信参数,实现认知用户的按需切换,保证不间断的传输。仿真表明,提出的方案能够提前执行切换,并在较短的时间内完成业务量的传输,同时具备较高的灵活性,适用于分布式认知无线电网络。     

认知频谱切换延时及用户容量的排队论分析

为了分析认知无线电系统中授权用户享有更高优先级对认知用户频谱切换造成的影响,提出了一种虚拟排队切换模型,对有强制中断率限制系统中的认知频谱切换延时进行了分析;并利用分段近似的方法给出了在切换超时概率较小环境下强制中断率和认知用户容量的解析表达. 仿真与数值计算验证了虚拟排队切换模型的有效性,同时也比较了不同授权用户行为对认知频谱切换延时及用户容量造成的影响。     

认知自组网分布式频谱感知最优协作算法

认知无线电技术使得自组织网络节点能够充分利用空闲频谱资源,提高了传输性能。通过协作频谱感知,可有效解决由于无线信道存在阴影、噪声和衰落等情况导致的单节点感知准确性偏低。为了解决梯度算法随着协作节点数量增大后计算复杂度变高,文中提出部分梯度算法ψ-GBCS,该模型通过基于SNR的动态阈值保证了感知准确性,同时通过最佳协作节点数提高了感知效率。仿真结果表明,该模型下,综合评估系统效率和性能的J函数值提高37%,能耗降低50%,有效保证大规模认知自组网频谱感知的鲁棒性,降低了对主用户的干扰及设备功耗。     

Performance evaluation of sequential spectrum handoff in cognitive radio networks: a single‐user case

Powerful spectrum handover schemes enable cognitive radios to exploit transmission opportunities in primary users’ channels appropriately. In this paper, modeling and performance evaluation of sequential spectrum sensing strategy are addressed. To this end, the average number of handovers required for finding a transmission opportunity is evaluated assuming that a prior knowledge of the presence and absence probabilities of the primary users is available. Moreover, the average throughput maximization of a secondary user by optimizing its spectrum sensing time is formulated, and a set of illustrative numerical results is then presented to validate the analytical analysis.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于改进遗传算法的认知无线传感网动态频谱分配方案

将认知无线电中的动态频谱分配技术应用在无线传感网中,针对工作在ISM(industrial,scientific and medical)频段的无线传感网面临的频谱资源紧缺问题,提出一种基于改进自适应遗传算法的动态频谱分配方案.该算法以图论着色模型为基础,以最大带宽收益和最小切换频率为目标函数,在交叉和变异过程中采用自适应交叉概率和变异概率代替固定的交叉概率和变异概率.仿真结果表明,与传统遗传算法和颜色敏感图论着色算法相比,该算法可以实现提高频谱利用率、降低能量消耗的预期目标.     

基于最优停止的认知无线网络下行频谱接入算法

为有效平衡认知无线网络中次用户系统中接入信道的感知时间和信道总的吞吐量之间的矛盾,提出了一种只对部分信道进行感知的频谱接入策略,联合总的感知信道数和各条信道的感知时间进行优化,并通过最优停止算法求解,在最大化节省感知时间的同时,取得较大的平均吞吐量。与HC-MAC(Hardware Constrained- Media Access Control)算法的仿真分析对比表明,该算法在相同给定条件下感知时间更短,吞吐量更大,具有明显的优势。     

A novel spectrum handoff switching decision scheme for improved performance of secondary users in cognitive radio network

Spectrum handoff (SH) in the cognitive radio network (CRN) is considered as a key challenging area to enhance the performance of secondary users (SUs) in CRN. If the primary user is detected, the SU may pause and stay on the same channel or may perform SH to another idle channel. An accurate and precise handoff decision improves the overall throughput and quality of experience of end-users. In this paper, we introduce a new SH algorithm and continuous short-sensing strategy to improve the overall throughput of SUs. In addition, we have derived the minimum length of the target channel sequence based on network-specific parameters like desired call dropping probability. Further, an optimum channel search time is obtained to minimize the handoff delay. The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme improves the overall throughput of CRN, and the mean opinion score of different video applications increases by 10%, 4.6%, and 1% for rapid motion, gentle walk, and slight motion types of video applications. In the case of VoIP applications, the maximum simultaneous call is improved by 2 times in the case of G.711, 1.72 times in the case of G.729, and 1.66 times in the case of iLBC.     

Optimization algorithm of periodical cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio

To decrease the interference to the primary user (PU) and improve the detected performance of cognitive radio (CR), a single‐band sensing scheme wherein the CR periodically senses the PU by cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, CR first senses and then transmits during each period, and after the presence of the PU is detected, CR has to vacate to search another idle channel. The joint optimization algorithm based on the double optimization is proposed to optimize the periodical cooperative spectrum sensing scheme. The maximal throughput and minimal search time can be respectively obtained through the joint optimization of the local sensing time and the number of the cooperative CRs. We also extend this scheme to the periodical wideband cooperative spectrum sensing, and the joint optimization algorithm of the numbers of the sensing time slots and cooperative CRs is also proposed to obtain the maximal throughput of CR. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm has lower computational quantity, and compared with the previous algorithms, when SNR = 5 dB, the throughput and search time of the proposed algorithm can respectively improve 0.3 kB and decrease 0.4 s. The simulation also indicates that the wideband cooperative spectrum sensing can achieve higher throughput than the single‐band cooperative spectrum sensing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于干扰消减的认知无线电频谱分配算法

在认知无线电网络的频谱分配过程基础上,提出了一种基于干扰消减的频谱分配算法.该算法通过将可用频谱分配给能够同时无干扰地接入同一频谱的所有认知用户来提高授权频谱的使用率.同时,该算法参考各个认知用户在初始阶段的可用频谱数量来为未分配到频谱资源的认知用户进行频谱分配,对频谱分配过程的公平性进行了优化.仿真结果表明,该算法能够在认知用户数量较多、可用频谱紧张的情况下获得较高的吞吐量.     

认知网络中协作感知吞吐量的优化

为了提高集中式认知网络的吞吐量,提出了基于信任度的吞吐量优化算法.该算法在主用户充分保护的前提下,以认知用户的吞吐量为目标函数,融合中心采用双门限值对本地感知结果进行融合.从理论上证明了吞吐量是全局漏检概率的增函数,当全局漏检概率等于门限值时,吞吐量达到最大值.并利用牛顿迭代法求出单节点概率,然后采用遍历法可得到认知用户吞吐量最大值.仿真结果表明,当信噪比为-14 dB时认知用户融合优化算法相对"AND准则"OR准则"以及"HALF准则"归一化吞吐量分别提高了0.62、0.3和0.09.     

一种基于TOPSIS信道排序的新频谱切换方案

将接近理想方案的序数偏好法(TOPSIS)应用于认知无线电网络的频谱切换中,通过对 影响切换性能的4个参数的融合,设计了一种基于TOPSIS算法的信道排序方案,通过仿真验 证,设计了各参数的权值。统计结果表明,提出的算法在80%的情况下要优于传统的切换算 法,可以有效减少认知用户的切换次数,提高有效数据传输速率,降低认知用户的通信中断 概率。     

认知无线电网络子空间映射频谱共享

针对集中式多用户多天线认知无线电网络,分析了子空间映射能够为认知系统提供的通信机会以及理想信道条件下的空间子信道分配方案。在此基础上,提出了一种基于子空间映射的频谱共享策略。根据认知系统的感知结果,计算可以利用的空间子信道数,通过认知用户接入控制和子空间映射避免或抑制系统间干扰,从而在保证授权用户通信质量的前提下,为认知用户提供通信机会。仿真结果表明,与已有的子空间映射频谱共享方法相比,该策略不仅具有更高的认知系统可达和速率,而且能够为认知系统提供更多通信机会。     

Joint spectrum sensing and resource allocation optimization using genetic algorithm for frequency hopping–based cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, secondary users should effectively use unused licensed spectrums, unless they cause any harmful interference to the primary users. Therefore, spectrum sensing and channel resource allocation are the 2 main functionalities of CR networks, which play important roles in the performance of a CR system. To maximize the CR system utility, we propose a joint out‐of‐band spectrum sensing and operating channel allocation scheme based on genetic algorithm for frequency hopping–based CR networks. In this paper, to effectively sense the primary signal on hopping channels at each hopping slot time, a set of member nodes sense the next hopping channel, which is called out‐of‐band sensing. To achieve collision‐free cooperative sensing reporting, the next channel detection notification mechanism is presented. Using genetic algorithm, the optimum sensing and data transmission schedules are derived. It selects a sensing node set that participate the spectrum sensing for the next expected hopping channel during the current channel hopping time and another set of nodes that take opportunity for transmitting data on the current hopping channel. The optimum channel allocation is performed in accordance with each node's individual traffic demand. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can achieve reliable spectrum sensing and efficient channel allocation.     

基于认知无线电的频谱检测技术研究

信息时代无线通信飞速发展,许多需要较宽频谱和较高下载速率的业务,如多媒体通信业务,已经成为无线服务的重点对象。认知无线电是一种智能的无线通信技术,可以通过感知周围环境来自动调整其发射机参数,其核心思想是利用已分配但未获得充分利用的频谱,从而提高频谱利用率避免对主用户造成干扰是认知无线电最需要解决的问题,频谱感知则是实现这一目标的前提。     

A novel signal separation algorithm based on compressed sensing for wideband spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks

In cognitive radio networks, since cognitive terminals use a shared wideband frequency spectrum for data transmissions, they are susceptible to malicious denial‐of‐service attacks, where adversaries try to corrupt communication by actively transmitting interference signals. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a novel signal separation algorithm based on compressed sensing, which can not only recover the entire spectrum but also separate mixed occupying signals. Specifically, the proposed algorithm is executed following three steps: (i) each cognitive terminal attempts to recover all signals over an entire wideband spectrum employing the compressed sensing technique; (ii) all cognitive terminals send their recovered signals to the fusion center where a wavelet edge detection method is adopted to locate the spectrum edges of these signals and then divide the entire spectrum into several sub‐bands; (iii) the fusion center separates its received signals on each spectrum sub‐band into different categories according to their features. Both analytical and simulation results indicate that this novel compressed‐sensing‐based algorithm can effectively separate wideband signals at a low cost and combat interference of the malicious terminals in cognitive radio networks as well. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved cooperative spectrum sensing based on the reputation in cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology to improve the utilisation of wireless spectrum resources. Spectrum sensing is the core functionality in CR networks (CRN). When there exist malicious users (MUs) in CRN and MUs start to attack the network after accumulating reputation to some extent, the performance is deteriorated. In this paper, a scheme is proposed by employing Orthogonalized Gnanadesikan–Kettenring (OGK) to mitigate the effect of MUs without the assistance of trusted nodes, and it can improve the robustness of CRN. Simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Location based spectrum sensing performance analysis over fading channels in cognitive radio networks

This paper analyzes the spectrum sensing performance over fading channel,in which a licensee and multiple unlicensed users coexist and operate in the licensed channel in a local area. The overall average probabilities of detection and false alarm by jointly taking the fading and the locations of all secondary users into account are derived,and a statistical model of cumulate interference is constructed. Based on the cumulate interference,a closed-form expression of outage probability at the primary user's receiver according to a specific distribution of the fading is obtained. Finally,the sensing parameters so as to minimize the total spectrum sensing error and maximize the average opportunistic throughput are obtained. It is noted that the overall average performance analysis and results here enable to benchmark the design of specific spectrum sensing algorithms.     

一种基于无线电环境地图的路由优化机制

设计认知无线网络路由算法时,需要兼顾主用户保护与路由性能两个方面。为了提高认知无线网络中次用户之间路由的端到端性能,提出了基于无线电环境地图的路由优化机制,该机制中无线电环境地图能够为次用户提供主用户保护有关的无线电环境数据。首先,无线电环境地图根据次用户的数据请求将各授权频段的可用概率与功率控制相关信息反馈到该次用户;其次,次用户可以计算出与上一跳次用户之间的链路稳定性以及传输时延;最后,目的次用户通过计算每条路由的端到端吞吐量的期望值,然后选取期望值最大的一条路由。仿真结果表明,该路由机制在平均分组投递率、平均端到端吞吐量、平均端到端时延方面均优于对比路由算法。     

多天线认知无线电网络自适应空间映射频谱共享

针对集中式多用户多天线认知无线电网络,提出一种基于自适应空间映射的频谱共享策略,根据授权用户接入的随机性所带来的频谱和空间资源占用情况的变化,认知系统将发射信号自适应地映射在认知基站与授权用户之间信道的子空间上,避免或抑制系统间干扰,从而在保证授权用户通信质量的前提下,为认知用户提供通信机会,并且在认知系统内部利用块对角化和奇异值分解方法分离不同认知用户的信号,消除系统内干扰。性能分析和仿真结果表明,与已有的频谱共享方法相比较,该策略不仅具有更高的认知系统可达和速率,并且对于由不同授权系统负载情况形成的不同场景具有更强的鲁棒性。     

认知无线电中基于感知信息量化的合作频谱感知

针对认知无线电频谱感知性能的提高与传输开销的矛盾,本文提出了一种基于感知信息量化的合作频谱感知方案。该方法对各认知用户的本地检测结果采用3个判决门限进行2比特位的量化,在融合中心处对量化信息加权处理后,得到最终主用户是否存在的判决。本文详细研究了采用该方案的检测概率,虚警概率和吞吐量,理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法在每个认知用户只增加1bit传输开销的前提下能够极大的改善检测性能,实现了检测性能与传输开销的较好权衡。