Nutrient intakes related to osteoporotic fractures in men and women – The Brazilian Osteoporosis Study (BRAZOS)

Background  

Adequate nutrition plays an important role in bone mass accrual and maintenance and has been demonstrated as a significant tool for the prevention of fractures in individuals with osteoporosis.     

Psychosocial correlates of dietary fat intake in African-American adults: a cross-sectional study

Background  

Current dietary guidelines recommend that dietary fat should comprise 20–35% percent of total energy intake, with less than 10% of energy from saturated fat. However, many Americans exceed these goals and data suggest that African Americans tend to consume a higher percentage of energy from dietary fat than Whites. Because diets low in dietary fat, particularly saturated fat, are associated with lower risk for many chronic illnesses, it is important to identify strategies to reduce high fat intakes. This study examined associations of psychosocial factors with dietary fat intake in African American adults 18 to 70 years.     

Reported food intake and distribution of body fat: a repeated cross-sectional study

Background  

Body mass, as well as distribution of body fat, are predictors of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In Northern Sweden, despite a marked increase in average body mass, prevalence of diabetes was stagnant and myocardial infarctions decreased. A more favourable distribution of body fat is a possible contributing factor.     

Reported food intake and distribution of body fat: a repeated cross-sectional study

The number of individuals with age-related cognitive impairment is rising dramatically in the UK and globally. There is considerable interest in the general hypothesis that improving the diet of older people may slow the progression of cognitive decline. To date, there has been little attention given to the possible protective role of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPs) most commonly found in oily fish, in age-related loss of cognitive function. The main research hypothesis of this study is that an increased dietary intake of n-3 LCPs will have a positive effect on cognitive performance in older people in the UK. To test this hypothesis, a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial will be carried out among adults aged 70–79 years in which the intervention arm will receive daily capsules containing n-3 LCP (0.5 g/day docosahexaenoic acid and 0.2 g/day eicosapentaenoic acid) while the placebo arm will receive daily capsules containing olive oil. The main outcome variable assessed at 24 months will be cognitive performance and a second major outcome variable will be retinal function. Retinal function tests are included as the retina is a specifically differentiated neural tissue and therefore represents an accessible window into the functioning of the brain. The overall purpose of this public-health research is to help define a simple and effective dietary intervention aimed at maintaining cognitive and retinal function in later life. This will be the first trial of its kind aiming to slow the decline of cognitive and retinal function in older people by increasing daily dietary intake of n-3 LCPs. The link between cognitive ability, visual function and quality of life among older people suggests that this novel line of research may have considerable public health importance.     

新型抗氧剂2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的合成

研究了以邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛为原料,二甲胺乙醇溶液为催化剂,DMF为溶剂,合成2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的方法。考察了投料比、催化剂用量、反应时间对反应产率的影响。结果表明,当邻甲酚、正辛硫醇、多聚甲醛的摩尔比为1∶2.20∶4.20,催化剂用量占反应物总质量的4.79%,回流反应8 h时,2,4-二(正辛基硫亚甲基)-6-甲基苯酚的收率达到90%。用红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对产品结构进行了表征。     

Vegetarian diets are associated with healthy mood states: a cross-sectional study in Seventh Day Adventist adults

Background  

The physical health status of vegetarians has been extensively reported, but there is limited research regarding the mental health status of vegetarians, particularly with regard to mood. Vegetarian diets exclude fish, the major dietary source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), critical regulators of brain cell structure and function. Omnivorous diets low in EPA and DHA are linked to impaired mood states in observational and experimental studies.     

Dietary factors associated with obesity indicators and level of sports participation in Flemish adults: a cross-sectional study

Background  

Obesity develops when energy intake continuously exceeds energy expenditure, causing a fundamental chronic energy imbalance. Societal and behavioural changes over the last decades are held responsible for the considerable increase in sedentary lifestyles and inappropriate dietary patterns. The role of dietary fat and other dietary factors in the aetiology and maintenance of excess weight is controversial. The purposes of the present study were to investigate the dietary factors associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and to analyse whether dietary intake varies between subjects with different levels of sports participation.     

Dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma or hayfever diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study

There is abundant research relevant to genetic and environmental influences on asthma and hayfever, but little is known about dietary risk factors in Australian adults. This study’s purpose was to identify dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma (AS) and asthma or hayfever (AS/HF) diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults. From The 45 and Up Study baseline self-report data, this study included 156,035 adult men and women. Participants were sampled from the general population of New South Wales, Australia in 2006–2009. About 12% of participants reported ever receiving an AS diagnosis (men 10%; women 14%) and 23% reported AS/HF diagnosis (men 19%; women 26%). Following principle components factor analysis, dietary items loaded onto one of four factors for men (meats/cheese; fruits/vegetables; poultry/seafood; grains/alcohol) or five factors for women (meats; fruits/vegetables; poultry/seafood; cereal/alcohol; brown bread/cheese). Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between dietary factors and AS or AS/HF diagnosis. For men, the meats/cheese factor was positively associated with AS (AOR = adjusted odds ratio for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.08, 1.28; P trend = 0.001) and AS/HF (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.29; P trend < 0.001). Poultry/seafood was also associated with AS/HF in men (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.04, 1.17; P trend = 0.002). For women, significant risk factors for AS/HF included meats (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.19, 1.31; P trend = 0.001), poultry/seafood (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.01, 1.12; P trend = 0.016), and fruits/vegetables (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.02, 1.12; P trend = 0.011). In contrast, the cheese/brown bread dietary factor was protective against AS in women (AOR for highest versus lowest quintile = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.82, 0.94; P trend < 0.001). Generally, diets marked by greater intakes of meats, poultry, and seafood were associated with diagnosed AS and AS/HF. Taken together, these findings suggest that adherence to a more meat-based diet may pose risk for AS and AS/HF in Australian adults.     

Fruit and vegetables intake among elderly Iranians: a theory-based interventional study using the five-a-day program

Background

The benefit of FV intake in old age is well documented. However, there is evidence that old people do not consume enough FV. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a tailored nutrition intervention that aimed to increase the FV intake among elderly Iranians aged 60 and over.

Methods

This quasi-experimental study was performed among a community-based sample of elderly in Tehran, Iran in year 2008 to 2009. Data were collected at baseline and 4 weeks follow-up. At baseline face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire including items on demographic information, stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, daily servings of FV intake. Follow-up data were collected after implementing the intervention.

Results

In all 400 elderly were entered into the study (200 individuals in intervention group and 200 in control group). The mean age of participants was 64.06 ± 4.48 years and overall two-third of participants were female. At baseline total FV intake was not differed between two groups but it was significantly increased in the intervention group at posttest assessment (mean serving/day in intervention group 3.08 ± 1.35 vs. 1.79 ± 1.08 in control group; P = 0.001). Further analysis also indicated that elderly in intervention group had higher FV intake, perceived benefits and self-efficacy, and lower perceived barriers. Compared with control group, greater proportions of elderly in intervention group moved from pre-contemplation to contemplation/preparation and action/maintenance stages (P < 0.0001), and from contemplation/preparation to action/maintenance stages (P = 0.004) from pretest to posttest assessments.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the Transtheoretical Model is a useful model that can be applied to dietary behavior change, more specifically FV consumption among elderly population in Iran and perhaps elsewhere with similar conditions.

     

Lifetime total and beverage specific - alcohol intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study

Background

We investigated lifetime alcohol consumption and prostate cancer risk in a case-control study conducted in Buffalo, NY (1998–2001).

Methods

The study included 88 men, aged 45 to 85 years with incident, histologically-confirmed prostate cancer and 272 controls. We conducted extensive in-person interviews regarding lifetime alcohol consumption and other epidemiologic data.

Results

Prostate cancer risk was not associated with lifetime intake of total and beverage specific ethanol. In addition we found no association with number of drinks per day (average drinks per day over the lifetime) or drinks per drinking day (average drinks per day on drinking days only over the lifetime). However, we observed an inverse association with the total number of drinking years. Men in the lowest tertile of total drinking years had a two-fold prostate cancer risk than men in the highest tertile (OR 2.16, 95% CI 0.98–4.78, p for trend <0.05).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that alcohol intake distribution across lifetime may play a more important role in prostate cancer etiology than total lifetime consumption.     

Multichemical defense of plant bugHotea gambiae (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): (E)-2-hexenol from abdominal gland in adults

The occurrence inHotea gambia adults of a sexual dimorphism in the divided dorsal abdominal scent gland (dg 1)is reported. Counts made of ducted secretory units indicate that female dg 1 regresses at the end of larval development, unlike male dg 1 which undergoes no regression. Other dorsal abdominal scent glands (dg 2, dg 3) which function in the larvae cease to function during the imaginai moult. From gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and [¹H]NMR data, the identity of the secretion from male adult dg 1 was established as virtually pure (E)-2-hexenol (a 100-mg mature male adult contains 0.5–1 l of secretion). 2-Hexenol was also found in the reduced female adult dg 1. In the sexually monomorphic metathoracic scent gland, (E)-2-alkenals (C₆, C₈) and (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal, together with monoterpenes (-pinene, limonene) but not 2-hexenol, were identified. The vapor of (E)-2-hexenol is repellent to both sexes ofHotea adults and toxic to blowfly (Calliphora) eggs.     

2-叔丁氨基-4-环丙氨基-6-甲巯基-S-三嗪的制备

以氰尿酰氯为原料,分别用环丙胺、叔丁胺、硫醇钠经过3次取代得到高纯度的目标化合物,收率90%。     

抗氧剂2088的HPLC分析方法

研究了用HPLC分析抗氧剂2088（2,4-二（正辛硫基亚甲基）-6-甲基苯酚）含量的方法。采用Agilent1100型高效液相色谱仪、EclipseXDB—C18色谱柱,以甲醇和水混合溶剂（体积比90：10）做流动相,流速为0．4mL／min,紫外检测波长为285啪的条件时,样品中的各组分达到较好的分离,以峰面积对浓度做标准曲线,线性回归方程为Y=137．2X-26．227,相关系数为r=0．9852。     

(E)-2-(2-溴甲基苯基)-2-甲氧亚胺基乙酸甲酯的合成工艺研究

以2-甲基苯甲酸为起始原料,经氯化亚砜酰氯化、氰化钠腈化、甲醇酯化、甲氧胺盐酸盐肟化以及二溴海因溴化后,得到肟菌酯的重要中间体(E)-2-(2-溴甲基苯基)-2-甲氧亚胺基乙酸甲酯,含量90%(GC),总收率56.0%。该合成工艺反应条件温和,工艺简便,原材料成本低,有工业应用价值。     

二-(4-羟基丁基)四甲基二硅氧烷的合成研究

采用一步法以二甲基二氯硅烷、四氢呋喃和金属镁粉为原料,在碘乙烷和单质碘催化下合成二-(4-羟基丁基)四甲基二硅氧烷。产物温合物减压过滤,以除去镁盐。滤液无需蒸馏提纯,而直接水解,干燥,减压蒸馏,收集71℃/1333Pa馏份。还探讨和优化合成条件:四氢呋喃与二甲基二氯硅烷之摩尔比应大于3.5;Grignard反应停止后应继续加热回流1小时;蒸馏时系统压力为1333Pa。     

N-Boc-(S)-二羟甲基吗啉的合成研究

研究讨论了以D-甘露醇为原料,经过丙叉化反应,高碘酸钠氧化,通过引入苄胺使手性碳原子构型发生转变.接着进行氯乙酰化、醋酸脱丙叉以及碱性环境下关环反应.还原内酰胺生成(S)-N-苄基-2-羟甲基吗啉,Pd/C催化脱苄基,最后上叔丁氧羰基保护,制得标题化合物,总产率约35%.     

中间体1-(2-羟乙基)-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶醇的合成研究

以水为介质用2，2，6，6-四甲基哌啶醇和环氧乙烷合成受阻胺光稳定剂UV622中间体1-（2-羟乙基）-2，2，6，6-四甲基哌啶醇，研究了原料配比、加料方式、工艺条件对合成的影响，得到了GC含量〉99％的产品，得率高于90％，操作简单，反应条件温和，污染少。