Mould correction for sheet-metal multi-step incremental air-bending forming based on close-loop control and FEM simulation

There exist errors between the manufactured workpieces and the CAD models due to the springback of sheet-metal incremental air-bending forming. To reduce these errors, an off-line closed-loop control iterative algorithm, combined by fast Fourier and wavelet transform, is developed from the displacement adjustment method (DAM), smooth displacement adjustment method (SDAM) and deformation transfer function method (DTFM) for die surface. With this algorithm, the mould surface of sheet-metal incremental air-bending forming could be properly corrected, and the springback errors of the formed workpieces could be effectively reduced. In order to reduce mould cost and labor cost, the springback tests of workpieces forming, needed in the iterative process of closed-loop control system, are substituted by finite element model (FEM) simulation. The above correction algorithm was used in a semiellipse-shape workpiece incremental air-bending forming. Its average errors are +0.74/−0.39 mm. The results show that the mould correction algorithm with Fourier and wavelet transform is reasonable and the means of FEM simulation are effective. It can be taken as a new approach for sheet-metal multi-step incremental air-bending forming and mould design.     

Modeling and simulation for multiple-step incremental air-bending forming of sheet metal

Based on Hill’s yielding criterion and plane strain condition, the explicit expressions of elastoplastic constitutive model are derived in this paper which takes into account the effects of transverse stress, neutral surface shifting, and sheet thickness thinning on the sheet springback of air-bending. Then, this model is embedded into ABAQUS software platform by means of programming. Finally, 3D ABAQUS finite-element models (FEM), used to form the semiellipse-shaped workpiece with super length and large opening of sheet metal, are established, and the multiple-step incremental air-bending forming and springback processes are simulated. The simulation and experiment results show that the data predicted with the new constructed constitutive model under the plane strain condition are in much better agreement with experimental data than those predicted with the constitutive model built-in ABAQUS. It can be taken as a valuable mathematical tool used for multiple-step incremental air-bending forming simulation of large area sheet metal.     

Tool path correction algorithm for single-point incremental forming of sheet metal

There exists some error between the manufactured part shape and the designed target shape due to springback of this part after forming. To reduce the error, an iterative algorithm of closed-loop control for correcting tool path of the single-point incremental forming, based on Fast Fourier and wavelet transforms, has been developed. Moreover, the data of the springback shapes, after unloading, of the sheet metal parts formed with the trial and corrected tool paths, used for iterative correction of tool path in the algorithm, are obtained with finite element model (FEM) simulation. Then, a truncated pyramid-shaped workpiece, whose average errors are +0.183/?0.175 mm, was made with the corrected tool path after three iterations solved by the above algorithm and simulation data. The results show that the tool path correction algorithm with Fourier and wavelet transforms is reasonable and the means with FEM simulation are effective. It can be taken as a new approach for single-point incremental forming of sheet metal and tool path design.     

Study on multiple-step incremental air-bending forming of sheet metal with springback model and FEM simulation

A mathematical model of springback radius was developed with dimensional analysis and orthogonal test. With this model, the punch radius could be solved for forming high-precision semiellipse-shaped workpieces. With the punch radius and other geometrical parameters of a tool, a 2D ABAQUS finite-element model (FEM) was established. Then, the forming process of sheet metal multiple-step incremental air bending was simulated with the FEM. The result showed that average errors of the simulated workpiece were +0.68/?0.65 mm, and provided the process data consisting of sheet feed rate, punch displacement and springback angle in each step. A semiellipse-shaped workpiece, whose average errors are +0.68/?0.69 mm, was made with the simulation data. These results indicate that the punch design method is feasible with the mathematical model, and the means of FEM simulation is effective. It can be taken as a new approach for sheet metal multiple-step incremental air-bending forming and tool design.     

应用开放式CNC进行金属板材数控渐进成形加工的研究

金属板材数控渐进成形工艺是目前国际上一种新兴的板材成形工艺。本文将原有使用固定支撑模型的反向加工方式进行改进,应用开放式CNC技术,使用了一种通过上下2系统5轴控制成形方式,构建了改进型的数控渐进成形系统,并通过灵活应用工件测量功能,修改数控程序,调节成形工具的成形轨迹,提高成形零件的加工精度。     

大型U形板材工件渐进滚弯成形数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元分析平台,对大型U形板材工件渐进滚弯成形及其回弹过程进行数值模拟,其中工件材料类型选择普通低碳钢。针对半椭圆形工件形状,提出用半径不同的五段圆弧逼近的几何规划。在此基础上,根据加工过程可能出现的缺陷,合理设计滚弯道次,调整ABAQUS参数设置。用模拟优化的工艺参数成形加工半椭圆形板材工件,经origin8拟合配准,其各段曲率半径最大误差小于5%。模拟结果表明,用渐进滚弯方法成形加工半椭圆形工件是可行的,且模拟过程满足准静态响应的要求。     

金属薄板开槽弯曲成形技术与设备

V形弯曲成形前，对金属薄板折弯处进行一定深度的V形开槽，然后在V形开槽处进行弯制成形，此种加工方法称之为V形开槽弯曲成形技术。用V形开槽弯曲成形技术弯制的工件弯曲圆角半径小，色泽变化不明显，弯制成形力小，且减少了窄长工件弯曲棱边直线度误差。并在普通折弯机上用通用模具就能弯制断面形状复杂的工件。V形开槽弯曲成形技术的关键设备是薄板开槽机，有多种结构形式和控制方式供选择。     

Principles and apparatus of multi-point forming for sheet metal

As a flexible forming method for sheet metal part, multi-point forming (MPF) technology is discussed in the paper. It employs two reconfigurable element groups to approximate the continuous upper and lower solid dies. With the technique, rapid fabrication of 3D sheet metal part is realized. The principles of multi-point die forming (MPDF) and multi-point press forming (MPPF) are described and then the rules to determine the size of the element are given. For any spatial shape surface to be formed, all elements’ height can be calculated through the contacting point calculation equation. On the computer control, the shape of the two element groups can be adjusted by serial adjusting mode or parallel adjusting mode. MPDF apparatus that includes CAD software, computer control system, two element groups, hydraulic press and laser CMM is developed. Following the given MPF procedure, 3D sheet metal part was formed without failure. Due to the rapid change characteristics of the two element groups, several special MPF forming techniques that are impossible in conventional sheet forming have been investigated in detail. By flexible blank holder technique, thin sheet MPDF is realized. With sectional MPF, large size sheet would be formed on small scale MPF apparatus. Through closed loop MPF, spring-back would be compensated cycle by cycle, and large deformation part is obtained with incremental MPDF successfully.     

金属板料多道次渐进成形过程的数值模拟

介绍了金属板料渐进成形工艺的基本原理.以ANSYS/LS-DYNA为分析平台,构建了板料多道次渐进成形的有限元模型,并以LS-PREPOST和ETA/Post-Processor为后处理平台,得到各道次厚度云图及网格变形图.对半球形制件的三道次成形过程进行了模拟,将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较,证明了模拟的可行性.     

Mechanical property of Ti-6Al-4V sheet in one-sided electric hot incremental forming

Although Ti-6Al-4V titanium can be quickly and easily formed by electric hot incremental forming, the material property is the key factor for industrial application. In the current work, mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V sheet in one-sided electric hot incremental forming, such as microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength, were investigated. The results show that the current is obviously the most important factor to elevate temperature, so a higher feed rate can be adopted if the current is increased. In order to keep a constant processing temperature, an online temperature detector and current feedback system should be adopted. After observation and analysis of the microstructure of forming workpieces, the electric hot incremental forming is an integrated process, which involves plastic hardening and annealing. The temperature of the tool–workpiece contact side reached the β-transus one, α phase disappeared, and the basket weave structure was formed because of the fast air-cool. A composite organization with superior property which includes elongated α phase grains and basket weave structure can be acquired by one-sided electric hot incremental forming. If a uniform metal structure is obtained, special heat treatment must be adopted. Micro-hardness analysis shows that electric hot incremental forming is an enhanced processing. In order to improve the tensile strength, the oxidation of sheet must be prevented and inert gas protection should be adopted in future research.     

考虑接触演变的板材回弹过程建模与优化

回弹是由工件在卸载后的弹性变形引起的。板料成形过程中为了控制成形件的最终形状,必须进行回弹设计优化。准确预测回弹对于板料成形过程的模具设计非常重要。降低回弹模拟结果与试验结果的偏差是设计过程中的难题。基于NUMISHEET’02的自由弯曲标准考题考虑板材与模具间的接触演变过程,建立了一个有限元模型来预测回弹。采用一个常规的优化方法对有限元分析中的材料和单元模型进行了分析,研究发现不同模型对回弹结果有较大影响。模拟结果与参考文献中的试验结果比较表明了模型的正确性和可行性。     

金属板材数控单点渐进成形回弹的实验研究

主要研究了金属板材数控单点渐进成形过程中的回弹问题 ,分析了影响板材渐进成形回弹的主要因素和变化规律 ,提出了一种通过增大成形角度控制回弹的方法。     

[成形质量的闭环与自适应控制技术]具有开放几何特征钣金件渐进成形的回弹控制与补偿

实现了具有开放几何特征钣金件的渐进成形。提出采用工艺参数优化、多道次渐进成形和轨迹补偿等方法提高钣金件的几何精度。设计了多道次渐进成形方法的中间构型,目的在于增大材料塑性变形并减小几何偏差。采用层切法轮廓轨迹形成两道次成形中第一道次的构型,为了防止第一道次成形时出现破裂,将非固定方向的成形角度设定为75°,第二道次将非固定方向的板料完全成形。采用基于几何补偿的两道次渐进成形方法可以将开放几何特征钣金件的几何偏差控制在0.5 mm左右。     

三维板料成形过程的有限元分析

基于有限变形理论建立了三维金属板料成形过程的弹塑性有限元数学模型。数学模型采用物质坐标系中的Total Lagrange描述、J 2型本构方程和等向强化假设,考虑了板料的厚向异性,对于金属板料与模具的摩擦定律。为简化计算采用薄膜单元。为了改善节点接触状态变化时计算的收敛性,提出了“弹性边界层”方法。采用根据此模型编制的程序模拟了机油收集器基本件的成形过程,并与试验结果进行了比较。     

铝板数控单点渐进成形的成形极限曲线研究

对薄壁复杂构件进行数控单点渐进成形时,板料易发生破裂、起皱等缺陷,且材料变形机制演化复杂,对加载条件极为敏感,使得板料在数控单点渐进成形时的破裂预测和控制变得极难。为此,选取1060铝板作为研究材料,通过试验研究了数控单点渐进成形技术中板料的成形性能,以实现对破裂的预测和控制。利用拓印法将制件的空间变形问题转化为平面变形问题,采用数码显微镜对拓印的制件网格数据进行测量和提取,选用插值法和多项式拟合法对数据进行拟合处理,最终得到了1060铝板料在数控单点渐进成形技术下的成形极限曲线（FLC）。通过对FLC进行分析研究,得到了制件破裂区和安全区域的应变分布,实现了制件破裂的预测和控制。为进一步提高1060铝板的成形极限,将超声振动引入到单点渐进成形中,通过试验对比研究了超声振动辅助渐进成形的FLC和传统渐进成形的FLC,试验结果表明：当振动功率为120 W、振动频率为25 kHz时,1060铝板料的成形极限提高了11%。     

基于对向液压拉深的高精度拉深件的应用研究

对向液压拉深是在凹模兼液压室的型腔内充满液体,利用凸横带动板料进入凹模后建立的反向液压而使板料成形的方法。对向液压拉深方法可提高拉深时的成形极限、抑制侧壁起皱．使零件具有很高的尺寸、形状精度及表面质量。可实现零件的一体化成形,在精度要求高的拉深件中可得到广泛应用。     

Modeling and experimental validation for truncated cone parts forming based on water jet incremental sheet metal forming

Dieless sheet metal forming technology has many advantages for prototypes and small batch productions, but it is limited by its accuracy. This paper introduces a water jet incremental sheet metal forming (WJISMF) technology for dieless sheet metal forming. It gave a comprehensive study on truncated cone parts forming based on WJISMF, including its forming theoretical model and experimental validation. Firstly, a theoretical model for truncated cone forming based on WJISMF was developed based on plane strain assumption and work-energy theorem. The theoretical model mainly revealed the relationships between the key process parameters (especially water jet pressure) and truncated cone parts forming angle, which was very useful to predict the forming angle in certain water jet pressure or to determine the water jet pressure for different cone angle parts. Then, to validate the theoretical model, truncated cone workpiece was manufactured on a built WJISMF machine. Experimental results show that theoretical model matched the experiment well.     

薄壁深抛物线形零件固体颗粒介质成形工艺

薄壁抛物线形壳体成形过程为拉深和胀形两种变形模式的复合,极易发生起皱和破裂。固体颗粒介质成形是采用固体颗粒代替刚性凸模或凹模(或弹性体、液体)对板料进行成形的工艺。板材在颗粒介质内压的作用下成形,可以有效防止抛物线形件拉深成形过程中侧壁的起皱;由于颗粒内压是非均匀分布的,故可以有效控制抛物线形件成形过程中的破裂,提高板材的成形极限。根据固体颗粒介质成形工艺的特点,提出了两次成形薄壁深壳体零件的工艺,建立了数值分析模型,通过数值模拟和试验对该成形过程和工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明,采用固体颗粒介质成形工艺过程简单、成形工件壁厚分布均匀、表面质量好、回弹小。     

板料数控渐进成形变形区厚度变化规律的研究

板料数控渐进成形工艺是一种柔性的成形工艺,这种工艺非常适合于加工小批量、多品种和复杂的板料产品。通过数控机床进行圆锥台及直壁筒形件数控渐进成形,对成形零件变形区厚度进行测量,并对所得数据进行分析。试验结果表明,数控渐进成形中材料厚度变化遵循正弦定律。相同厚度的板料,材料不同,成形极限厚度不同。成形极限厚度不仅与材料有关,而且与板料初始厚度有关,即板料初始厚度越大,允许的变形区厚度减薄越大。对于必须采用多道次成形方法的直壁筒形件成形,工具路径不同,变形区厚度变化也不同。采用平行直线型工具路径,直壁部分厚度比较均匀。利用厚度变化规律指导翼子板成形并试验验证其正确性。厚度变化规律对于复杂零件的数控渐进成形具有一定的指导作用。     

Electric hot incremental forming of Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet

Electric hot incremental forming of metal sheet is a new technique that is feasible and easy to control to form hard-to-form sheet metals. In the present study, Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet was studied because it was wildly used in the aeronautics and astronautics industries. Although Ti-6Al-4V titanium can be well-formed in high temperature, the surface quality is a problem. In order to enhance the surface quality, it is very important to select the proper lubricant. At the same time, because Ti-6Al-4V titanium has a lively chemical property, it is very important to choose a processing temperature range in order to acquire excellent plastic property and to prevent oxidation. Various lubricants were selected in processing to compare the effect, and some workpieces were formed at different temperatures to find the best forming temperature. The results show that using the lubricant film of nickel matrix with MoS₂ self-lubricating material, Ti-6Al-4V titanium workpiece was formed with high surface quality, and the optimum thickness of composite coating is 20 μm for Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet of 1.0-mm thickness. In fact, the lubricant film also does help to prevent oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V titanium sheet. The appropriate temperature range of Ti-6Al-4V forming with slightly oxidized is 500–600°C in processing, and the maximum draw angle formed in this range was 72°.