基于中塑性环内部分熔化区的铝合金点焊多场数值精确模拟研究

针对铝合金电阻点焊部分熔化区的研究尚不全面的现状,采用相图计算法和有限元法模拟了考虑部分熔化区的铝合金点焊过程。通过相图计算获得了部分熔化温度剧烈变化区间对应的材料属性。建立了力-热-电-磁-流5场耦合有限元模型,将计算得到的物理属性带入有限元模型,模拟5A06/LD10电阻点焊熔核形成过程,发现部分熔化区在电阻点焊中起到电阻产热热源及热屏障的作用。对于5A06与LD10,由于其部分熔化区出现顺序的先后差异,导致熔核向5A06薄板一侧发生偏移,熔核最终呈三角形,偏离常规等厚同种铝合金点焊熔核的椭球形。通过在模拟中考虑部分熔化区材料物理属性的变化,提高了模拟的精度,有利于更好地指导实践。     

铝合金点焊熔核流场及热场的有限元分析

根据计算流体力学与传热学原理 ,建立了描述铝合金电阻点焊液态熔核流动行为和传热过程的轴对称有限元模型。模型中考虑了移动边界层内部液态金属的对流传热和层外固体导热、材料热物理性能参数和接触电阻随温度的变化、焊件表面通过对流和辐射向周围环境的散热、球面电极传热以及熔化 /凝固相变潜热对熔核形成热过程的影响 ,并采用有限元法对铝合金点焊熔核形成过程温度场和流场分布进行了数值计算。计算结果表明 ,强烈的对流位于熔核中心沿轴线附近区域 ,其流速最大值数量级为1× 10 -1mm/s;在直流焊接条件下 ,5ms时间内开始形成液态熔核 ,并迅速沿轴向和径向扩展 ;回流环速度矢量将能量从熔核中心通过对流传热方式传递到熔核边缘 ,降低熔核内部温度梯度 ,促进熔核生长。试验表明 ,计算结果与实测值吻合良好     

铝合金电阻点焊半熔化区的数值模拟研究

半熔化温度区间是铝合金的固有属性。当温度位于固相线与液相线之间时,铝合金处于固液相共存状态,相应物理属性与其处于全固相或全液相相比存在巨大差异。铝合金进行电阻点焊过程中,由于半熔化温度区间的存在,会在熔核的外侧形成较明显的半熔化区,其固液相比例及传热属性随温度剧烈变化。文中基于相图计算技术配合专用材料数据库,得到相应牌号铝合金在半熔化温度区间的固相百分数及材料属性演化数据。建立有限元模型,并实现了力、热、电、磁、流5个物理场间的数据传输,进行耦合场数值模拟。结果表明,铝合金电阻点焊前期靠接触电阻产热,后期半熔化区及熔化区的体电阻产热使温度上升。随着温度的上升,电流出现了"绕流效应"。熔化后的流场会在电磁力的驱动下形成4个旋转核心,促使熔核沿厚度方向生长,使熔化区温度更加均匀。半熔化区在电阻点焊中起到电阻产热热源及热屏障的作用。在大厚度比异种铝合金点焊过程中,熔核生长至最终形态偏离常规的椭球形。     

电阻点焊熔核设计的数值模拟

在电阻点焊的熔核形成过程中,采用了逆向思维的研究思路,利用有限元软件建立轴时称热-电-力耦合场的模拟模型,研究并分析了点焊熔核形成过程的温度场,经过有限元反复的模拟分析获得所要求熔核的工艺参数.结果表明,通过有限元进行点焊熔核设计的研究方法是可行的,既节省了试验费用,又大大缩短了点焊试验周期.     

基于有限元的电阻电焊逆过程的熔核设计

介绍了基于有限元法模拟电阻点焊熔核形成过程中的轴对称电、热、力耦合场的模拟模型。从与点焊过程相反的熔核设计角度出发,经过有限元反复的模拟分析获得了合格熔核的工艺参数,并提出了熔核形状和尺寸是通过焊接过程中温度场来表征。结果表明,点焊熔核逆过程的研究方法是可行的,提供了一种新的理论分析方法和手段。     

铜/镀镍钢微电阻点焊接头形成机理

采用微电阻点焊对纯铜和镀镍钢片异种金属进行了点焊连接,通过拉剪试验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析,研究了镀层金属镍在铜/镀镍钢片微电阻点焊冶金过程中对接头形成和接头强度的影响. 结果表明,铜/镀镍钢片微电阻点焊接头的形成机理包括固相连接和熔化连接,其形成过程为: 铜和镀层镍在锻压力和析出热量下,形成固相连接;在铁和镀层镍之间开始熔化;镀层镍被熔化的金属向边缘处挤压,镍在边缘处与铁、铜形成了新的组织;熔核的形成. 在两种不同的接头形成机理下,其拉伸断口都有呈抛物线状或拉长的韧窝出现.     

管板单边电阻点焊形核过程有限元模拟

根据管板单边电阻点焊结构特点,建立了轴对称有限元模型.通过结构、热电场的全耦合,分析了焊接过程中接触面压力变化规律,单边焊熔核形成过程以及形核特点等.结果表明,单边点焊和传统点焊焊接过程有很大的不同.单边点焊焊接过程中工件变形严重,电极和板以及板和管子间接触状态变化复杂,熔核形成需要电流大、时间长,且最终形成环状熔核.与金相试验比较,管板单边焊熔核特征的计算结果与试验结果相符合,证实了所建模型的正确性和适用性.为研究单边点焊过程中焊接参数对熔核形成过程的影响规律及确定合理的管板焊接参数奠定了基础.     

保载时间对中锰钢电阻点焊组织及缺陷的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同焊接工艺参数的中锰钢电阻点焊组织进行了表征,并分析了熔核区柱状晶的形成机制。结果显示,当保载时间为100ms时,金属收缩后形成的孔洞未能得到液态金属足够的补充,从而形成凝固缩松。当电阻点焊的保载时间延长至400 ms之后,熔核凝固引起的收缩量得到更多补偿,因此熔核区的凝固缩松基本消除,达到了改善组织的目的。此外,在电阻点焊后冷却的过程中,熔核内的液态金属沿与散热方向相反的方向长大,从而在熔核区形成了柱状晶组织。     

永磁体磁场对铝合金电阻点焊力学性能及微观组织的影响

文中采用永磁体作为磁场源,研究了外加稳定磁场对铝合金电阻点焊的熔核尺寸、焊点力学性能、断裂模式以及微观组织的影响.文中还对熔核直径与峰值载荷之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,永磁铁的工作距离对熔核直径大小具有重要影响.距离越近,外磁场促进熔核直径增加的效果越明显.外加磁场能够有效增加焊点熔核直径、提高点焊接头的剪切拉伸强度、促进断裂模式由界面断裂向纽扣断裂转变.在不同工艺参数下,熔核直径增长在3.5%~14.1%,剪切拉伸力可提高4%~25%.外加磁场可促进点焊熔核内等轴晶的形成和细化.峰值载荷与熔核尺寸、工件厚度、母材极限抗拉强度的乘积具有良好的线性关系.     

电阻点焊熔核微观组织模拟

基于有限差分思想建立了电阻点焊的三维宏观传热模型,并在此模型基础上通过进一步细化网格差分得到枝晶形核和生长所需的温度信息.基于元胞自动机方法建立枝晶形核和生长的微观模型,将已建立的宏观温度场模型和微观元胞自动机模型互相耦合起来,建立了电阻点焊熔核微观组织模拟的宏微观耦合模型.利用耦合模型模拟了5754铝合金电阻点焊一定参数下熔核的微观组织形成过程,所得的模拟结果为"柱状+等轴"晶组织,与试验结果吻合较好.     

Estimation of current path area during small scale resistance spot welding of bulk metallic glass to stainless steel

Abstract

The current path area is a significant factor in estimating the temperature distribution via numerical modelling for resistance spot welding. This paper presents a method for the estimation of the current path area at the faying surface during small scale resistance spot welding between bulk metallic glass and stainless steel. Observation of cross-sections and fracture surfaces reveals the welding process at the faying surface for both dissimilar and similar welding. The equipotential surface that depends on the difference between the contact area of the electrode-to-sheet and sheet-to-sheet interfaces is estimated by numerical modelling. The current path area at the faying surface is estimated by measuring the electric potential between the sheets, taking into account the current distribution.     

磁场和活性焊联合作用对焊接熔池形态的影响

为了研究磁场和活性焊联合作用对焊接熔池中液态金属流动形态的影响,文中建立了移动热源作用下镁合金TIG焊三维瞬态数学模型. 利用fluent软件及其二次开发功能,模拟了单独磁场、单独活性焊和两者联合作用对焊接熔池温度场和速度场的影响. 模拟结果表明,在单独磁场作用下,熔池中液态金属呈顺时针定向旋转运动,速度场呈不对称双峰分布,最大速度偏向熔池一侧;在单独活性焊作用下,熔池中液态金属形成由外向内的对流模式,从而冲刷熔池底部增加熔深;在两者联合作用下流体流动较为复杂,熔池表面附近液态金属流动主要受表面张力的影响,熔池内部主要受外加电磁力的影响.     

Modelling the transverse magnetic field generated by equipment in arc welding

The design of equipment for generating the transverse magnetic field in arc welding can be optimised by modelling the direct magnetic field produced by the device for generating (GD) the transverse magnetic field (TMF) by the electric field of the current flowing in flat models made of electrically conducting materials. The lines of force of the electric field in the flow of the current in the modelling medium correspond to the lines of force (induction lines) of the magnetic field generated by GD TMF. Using these modelling methods, it is shown that to obtain the maximum values of the transverse component of the induction of the magnetic field in the zone of the welding arc of the electrode droplet and liquid metal of the weld pool, the optimum design of GD TMF is the one in which the angle of inclination of the bars to the vertical is equal to 45° and the end surfaces have chamfers parallel to the plane of the welded sheets.     

Effects of electrode contact condition on electrical dynamic resistance during resistance spot welding

This study systematically investigates the effects of electrical resistance at the workpiece/electrode interface or electrode face on temperature dependent dynamic resistance during resistance spot welding (RSW). To evaluate temperature transport equations of mass, momentum, energy, species and magnetic field intensity in workpieces, the energy and magnetic equations in the electrode are solved. Contact resistances composed of constriction and film resistances are functions of hardness, temperature, electrode force and surface conditions. The results show that dynamic resistance is complicated due to different variations of film and constriction resistances with temperature at not only the faying surface but also the electrode face in the early stage, i.e. shorter than around 3 cycles. Dynamic resistance in this stage is fortunately insignificant to transport processes. When the power is off, dynamic resistance depends on competition between decreased bulk resistance and increased constriction resistance at the electrode face. Decreased constriction resistance at the electrode face reduces dynamic resistance and temperature.     

电极点蚀形貌对铝合金电阻点焊的影响

采用有限元分析和物理模拟相结合的方法,研究了环形和孔形两种电极点蚀形貌对铝合金AA5182电阻点焊的影响.结果表明,环形点蚀使两试件间接触半径增大,电流幅值基本不变而峰值略外移,所得熔核直径略有增大;孔形点蚀使试件间接触半径增大更为显著,电流密度降低,且由于此时界面中部没有电流流过,材料不能熔化,只能形成环形熔核.孔形点蚀使点焊接头强度大大降低,其对接头强度的不利影响远大于环形点蚀.     

铝合金电阻点焊过程的有限元模拟

建立了铝合金电阻点焊过程的有限元分析模型，采用基于显微接触理论的接触电阻模型模拟点焊过程中试件与试件界面上的接触电阻。计算获得了焊接过程中电极／试件和试件／试件接触界面上接触半径的变化，以及试件间界面上压应力、电流密度和温度的分布。试验考察了熔核的形成和长大过程。比较表明，计算与试验测量结果符合很好，证实了所采用的接触电阻模型在铝合金电阻点焊模拟中的正确性和适用性。     

Numerical analysis of single sided spot welding process used in sheet to tube joining

Abstract

As a new kind of lightweight structure, hydroformed tubes are now widely used in vehicle bodies. The single sided spot welding (SSSW) is a variation of resistance welding used in joining hydroformed closed tubular parts and vehicle structures. During the process of SSSW, large deformation and complex contact status of the workpieces occur because there is no inside support. The time variation of the contact region and pressure distribution changes the flow paths for electric current timely and brings a fierce shunting at the position far away from the axis line, which prevents the heat concentration at the faying surface of workpieces. The characteristics of SSSW different from those of classical resistance welding mentioned above make it difficult to determine rational welding processing parameters for SSSW. In the present paper, a comprehensive structural–thermoelectric model is established. Using the incrementally coupled analysis of finite element analysis, the electrical, thermal and mechanical aspects of sheet to tube process using SSSW are investigated. The mechanical characteristic of specimens during the squeeze and welding progress, the electric current density transient distribution, the nugget formation process, and the effects of welding parameters for SSSW are discussed. It is found that ring nugget is obtained by sheet to tube SSSW. Modifying electrode force during welding cycle is a valid method to obtain acceptable nugget with shorter welding time or less energy. The calculated results of nugget size and location are in good agreement with those of experimental observations.     

Improving austenitic stainless steel resistance spot weld quality using external magnetic field

A ring-shaped permanent magnet is applied in resistance spot welding to improve the weld quality of austenitic stainless steel. Under the action of an external magnetic field, the profile of the weld nugget became peanut-shaped instead of ellipsoidal. The crystal orientation near the faying surface was less directional, and equiaxed grains were formed in weld nugget centre. Moreover, the shrinkage cavities tendency in traditional resistance spot welds was reduced. The relatively slow cooling speed could cause element segregation and thus change solidification mode and significantly affect weld microstructures. The mechanical performance of the welds was finally improved by the applied external magnetic field in terms of microhardness and lap-shear strength.     

Prediction of nugget development during resistance spot welding using coupled thermal–electrical–mechanical model

Abstract

An axisymmetric finite element model employing coupled thermal–electrical–mechanical analysis of resistance spot welding is presented. The welding parameters considered include: heat generation at the faying surface and the workpiece–electrode surface; Joule heating at the workpiece and the electrode; and the thermal contact conductance between the electrode and the workpiece. The latent heat of phase change due to melting is accounted for. The effect of friction coefficient on the workpiece interface is also studied. The computed results agree well with the experimental data. Heat generation at the faying surface in the initial stages of welding dominates the nugget development, and Joule heating at long times governs the weld nugget growth. A parametric study is carried out for the nugget growth with specific consideration of resistance spot welding of Al alloys. Process control and modelling of resistance spot welding of Al alloys is more difficult than that for steel because of their high electrical and thermal conductivity and low melting point.     

非磁性合金激光焊旋转磁场搅拌机理

详细地研究了激光焊非磁性材料时,熔池液态金属的电磁搅拌机理;探讨了旋转磁场对激光焊接Al-12Si合金显微组织的影响.结果表明,尽管激光束既无磁性又非导体,Al-12Si合金为非磁性材料,但旋转磁场能改变液态Al-12Si合金的运动状态,产生磁搅拌作用,细化晶粒、消除焊接缺陷.对于激光焊,旋转磁场切割焊接熔池中的液态金属,液态金属中产生感生电流,带电的液态金属受到电磁力的作用使熔池中液态金属产生旋转运动.磁场的旋转速率越高,液态金属受到的电磁搅拌作用力越强.