利用含储能装置的STATCOM阻尼电力系统多模态振荡

研究了多机系统中使用储能装置与静止无功发生器(STATCOM)的集成抑制电力系统多模态振荡的可行性。推导了集成电池储能系统(BESS)的STATCOM的非线性动态模型和线性化Phillips-Heffron模型。利用STATC0M/BESS能够和系统自由交换有功功率和无功功率的特点,在每个控制回路上设计附加阻尼控制器阻尼多模态振荡。基于可控性指标确定STATCOM/BESS的安装地点并为各模态选择控制回路,使用人工鱼群算法进行多个阻尼控制器间的协调优化。仿真结果表明,单个STATCOM/BESS能够成功实现电力系统多模态振荡的抑制;阻尼效果受容量限制的影响,容量大时阻尼效果好。     

ON THE NATURE OF POWER FLOW EQUATIONS IN SECURITY ANALYSIS

Abstract

The power system network is assumed to be in steady-state even during low frequency transients. However, depending on generator dynamics, and toad and control characteristics, the system model and the nature of power flow equations can vary

The nature of power flow equations describing the system during a contingency is investigated in detail. It is shown that under some mild assumptions on load-voltage characteristics, the power flow equations can be decoupled in an exact manner. When the generator dynamics are considered, the solutions for the load voltages are exact if load nodes are not directly connected to each other     

Interaction between phase shifting transformers installed in the tie-lines of interconnected power systems and automatic frequency controllers

FACTS devices like TCPAR can be used to regulate the power flow in tie-lines of interconnected power system. The transient state power flow occurring after power disturbances can be influenced by using TCPAR equipped with power regulator and frequency-based stabilizer. The analysis of a simple interconnected power system consisting of two power systems has shown that the control of TCPAR can force a good damping of both power swings and oscillations of local frequency. In the case of a larger interconnected power system consisting of more than two power systems, the influence of the control of TCPAR on damping can be more complicated. Strong damping of local frequency oscillations and power swings in one tie-line may cause larger oscillations in remote tie-lines and other systems. Hence the use of devices like TCPAR as tools for damping power swings and frequency oscillations in a large interconnected power system must be justified by detailed analysis of power system dynamics. In this paper, some results of time-domain simulations of a three-system area are presented. These results have proven that it is possible to obtain a good damping of tie-line power and frequency swings by optimizing the main parameters of TCPAR installed in tie-lines. The results have been confirmed by an eigenvalue analysis of linearized model of interconnected system consisting of three subsystems.     

基于遗传算法的优化控制在VSC-HVDC中的应用

基于电压源型的新型高压直流输电系统具有广阔的应用前景,这种新型的直流输电技术和传统直流输电相比,有许多优点。本文在建立有新型高压直流输电系统的交直流混合系统模型基础上,提出一种利用新型高压直流输电系统潮流快速调节能力综合稳定交直流系统的控制方式,以发电机和交流系统有关参量组成新的性能指标。利用遗传算法对控制器参数进行寻优,形成一种新型的优化控制策略。仿真结果证明,遗传算法能有效地对新型高压直流输电系统控制参数进行优化,且系统响应特性较参数优化前有较明显改善。     

LCL滤波的风电网侧变流器有源阻尼策略

为提高基于LCL滤波器拓扑的风电变流器系统稳定性,对变流器的谐振阻尼策略进行了研究。通过对LCL滤波的变流器电流闭环特性分析,提出了一种新型的有源阻尼策略。利用电容电流和比例环节对电网电流闭环极点进行配置,以增大电网电流闭环控制系统的阻尼,抑制谐振发生。为降低采样环节对系统稳定性的影响,提出了利用相位超前滤波器对延迟进行补偿的措施。通过搭建基于LCL滤波器的风力发电系统网侧变流器仿真模型和实验系统,对理论进行了验证。仿真和实验结果证明所提出的控制方案是正确可行的。     

直驱风电机组次同步振荡阻尼控制方法及其适应性

由风电波动引发的次同步振荡具有振荡频率多变、涉及动态装置多、影响因素复杂等特点,现有的阻尼控制类装置难以实现有效抑制,需研究适用的附加阻尼控制方法。文中通过线性化方法推导了直驱风电机组并网系统的特征方程和传递函数,并获取了风电机组并网系统在不同工况下的频率响应特性。然后提出了基于奈奎斯特稳定判据的风电机组次同步振荡阻尼控制器的参数设计方法,以及基于粒子群优化算法的参数优化方法;结合特征值法及时域仿真法,分析了阻尼控制器对于次同步振荡的抑制作用。研究结果表明,依据前述方法设计的阻尼控制器在多种运行条件下均具有较好的适应性。     

The development of generator modeling techniques for multimode oscillations and study of generator H ∞ control design method for robust control

Modern electric power systems of Japan are characterized by high density, wide area coverage, and a complicated structure. Multimode oscillations occur in the generators connected to the systems. These oscillations represent a combination of high‐ and low‐frequency modes that occur between individual power systems and oscillations of other types, such as the SSR and cross‐compound machine oscillations, which are characteristic mode oscillations of generators. In this paper, we first construct a real model of the generator that realizes the multimode oscillations. Next, model reduction of this real model is carried out, and a design model to be used for the control design is constructed. The H ∞ control design based on the modern control theory is presented by using this design model, which implements the damping of power system oscillations and robust stabilization of other multiple modes. In conclusion, we confirm that the target parameters of the control design have been achieved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(1): 42–52, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10253     

基于振荡能量下降原理的UPFC模糊控制器设计

研究了自适应统一潮流控制器(U PFC)模糊逻辑辅助阻尼控制器的设计方法。从振荡能量函数角度分析了U PFC安装线路的功率振荡特性,提出了以降低振荡能量为控制目标的阻尼控制策略。控制器以U PFC线路的功率为输入信号,通过对系统运行状态和控制效果进行评判,应用模糊规则自适应地调节控制参数,实现对系统功率振荡的有效抑制。控制器设计不需要系统的精确模型和参数。在10机新英格兰测试系统上的仿真研究表明,该控制器控制效果明显优于线性控制器,能有效抑制系统低频振荡,提高电力系统的动态稳定性水平,且具有较强的鲁棒性。     

Simulation of load shedding as a corrective action against voltage collapse

The evolution of a lot voltage collapse scenarios on large power systems can be alleviated by controlled load shedding associated with rearrangement of generator outputs. Dynamic simulation of power system mid-term voltage response is required to adequately determine the impact of load shedding actions and to design appropriate control systems. The dynamic simulation must take into account load-voltage behaviour, transformer tap changer controls and limits, generator overexcitation limiters, automatic generation control and system protective devices. This paper demonstrates the impact of load shedding as a corrective action through simulation of the system dynamic response to a disturbance. Whilst load shedding can stabilise a system, rigorous techniques are required to identify the magnitude and location of shedding. The application of voltage modal analysis in combination with the determination of reactive power margins in resolving this problem is demonstrated.     

Limit cycle analysis of a hydroelectric system: A new approach

In this paper, a systematic method that predicts limit cycle oscillations in a hydroelectric system with governor deadband on the parameter plane is presented. A new technique for constructing limit cycle loci on this plane is also proposed. This approach is based on the characteristic equation as well as the describing function approximation and avoids the use of derivation and separation of stability equations. For each family of solution loci in the parameter plane, only two integrations are needed. The stability of the limit cycle can also be determined easily from the plane using the gradient approach. Finally, the proposed method is employed to investigate the influence that several variations in the modeling of a hydro system may have on the existence of limit cycles. The results from this study will shed some light on the selection of automatic generation control (AGC) parameters as a remedy for this phenomenon.     

环境激励下电力系统外在表征及振荡识别方法研究

环境激励作用下的电力系统机电响应数据中蕴含有丰富的机电动态信息。文中推导了小幅环境激励下电力系统机电响应的解析形式,从数学角度证明了机电振荡特征在电力系统随机响应中的存在性,揭示了利用小幅环境激励作用下的系统响应提取系统振荡特征的基本原理,进而提出了基于动态模式分解算法(DMD)与随机响应数据的机电振荡特征参数辨识方法。以小幅负荷随机激励下IEEE 4机2区域系统响应数据及某区域电网扰动录波数据为例,辨识所得参数与理论振荡特征参数的比较以及对概率统计结果的分析表明,DMD在随机激励下机电振荡参数识别中具有较强的适应性,验证了利用小幅环境激励下的随机响应识别系统机电振荡特征的正确性。     

引入功率微分项的并网下垂控制逆变器小信号建模与分析

针对经典的电压-频率下垂控制系统受扰易产生振荡的问题,提出了加入功率微分项的下垂控制方法。建立了经典下垂控制与所提加功率微分项的下垂控制的并网逆变器完整的小信号模型。分析了下垂系数与功率微分系数对系统特征根分布的影响,得到了加入功率微分项后系统低频域特征根阻尼比增加、可有效抑制扰动带来的振荡的结论;分析了各参数变化对系统稳定性的影响,为系统参数设计与性能分析提供了理论依据。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink建立模型,在同样初始状态下系统取不同参数以及不同控制策略时,系统受扰的响应与理论分析一致,验证了建模与理论分析的正确性。     

Power system stabilization control based on the wide area phasor measurement

This paper presents a method of tuning power system stabilizers (PSS) in order to damp low‐frequency oscillations in a multimachine power system based on wide area phasor measurements. The authors have developed a method for detecting interarea low‐frequency modes from measured small oscillations associated with load fluctuations by approximating the oscillations as a coupled vibration model. In this paper, the coupled vibration model is extended to include the effect of PSS. PSS are tuned directly by using the extended model, since the model includes parameters of PSS. The advantage of this method is that steady state phasor fluctuations are available for tuning PSS and assessing the effect of the tuning control. That is, a large disturbance like a line fault is not necessary since the stability of major modes can be investigated directly by using eigenvalues of the extended model. The identification process does not require information on the input to the system for perturbation. Some numerical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by using phasor dynamical data obtained by a power system simulation package. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 16–24, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20640     

Damping of subsynchronous oscillations in EHV series-compensated ACDC transmission system

Subsynchronous oscillations in a power system with series-compensated lines can be amplified and sustained because of interaction between the electrical power system and the turbine generator system. Recently, it has been found that an HVDC link may have a similar effect. A subsynchronous resonance study is described for an EHV series-sompensated ACDC transmission system performed on a digital computer which includes mathematical modelling of a synchronous machine with torsional dynamic representation. Owing to the fast controllability of HVDC transmission, a simple DC current regulator can be incorporated into the rectifier current control system to modulate the DC power whereby the rather fast (10–20 Hz) torsional oscillations can be damped out. This power mudulation can be used for the damping of oscillations caused by the series-compensated AC line as well as by an HVDC link.     

采用电量参数分析方法的电能质量扰动参数估计

电能质量扰动的参数估计是电能质量分析的重要内容之一,可为电能质量的控制与管理提供定量参考信息。该文提出了基于电量参数分析的扰动参数估计方法。从电量参数的角度将电能质量扰动划分为3类,在时域中构造了3个物理意义明确、不受其他扰动影响的特征量。这3个特征量可 对扰动进行参数估计,且计算量小、抗噪性强。可估计的参数有谐波总畸变率、电压波动周期及波动值、电压下跌的起止时刻和下跌幅度、振荡暂态的起始时刻及振荡参数、切痕的深度与时间的乘积。对于混合扰动,可估计下跌与谐波、波动与谐波、谐波与振荡暂态、下跌与切痕的主要参数,且其估计精度与单一扰动接近。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Power system damping enhancement using unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) can inject voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with a transmission line. It can also generate or absorb controllable reactive power. UPFC is expected to be able to damp power system oscillations more effectively than power electronics devices such as SVG and TCSC. In this paper, a control system design of a UPFC for power system damping enhancement based on the eigenvalue control method is proposed. It is made clear that the best design method for the power system damping enhancement is to determine steady‐state values of the UPFC control variables and the control parameters of the UPFC such as gains and time constants simultaneously, because the controllability of UPFC depends on the steady‐state values of UPFC and the power flow condition. The effectiveness of the proposed control system taking into account UPFC inverter ratings is verified by digital time simulation. Furthermore the effects of the input signals to the UPFC controller on small‐signal stability and transient stability enhancement are studied, and it is made clear that UPFC controllers using global information are more effective for power system damping enhancement than those using local information because global information has stronger observability for power system oscillations than local information. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 35–47, 2000     

并联永磁同步风电机组小干扰稳定性分析

采用平均磁链定向控制多台永磁同步风电机组进而构造分频发电系统是未来陆上尤其是海上风电的汇集方案之一,但对该模式下多台风电机组间稳定性的研究鲜有文献涉及。针对此问题,基于特征值分析法,研究了平均磁链定向控制的永磁同步风电机组之间的小干扰稳定性。首先,基于高压大容量直驱式永磁同步风电机组的分频集电系统拓扑结构,建立了适用于小干扰稳定分析的风电系统的数学模型;其次,通过辨识振荡模态并分析模态参与因子确定了影响系统振荡的主控因素,通过绘制根轨迹分析了主控因素参数变化对系统振荡的影响,并发现系统振荡受发电机电感、电阻和直流电容参数的影响最大;最后,通过时域仿真验证了研究结论的正确性。     

Application of catastrophe theory to power systems

In recent publications dealing with nonlinear systems, nonlinearities existing in the systems under study have drawn much attention. Studies on the effects of nonlinearities in power systems are becoming an increasingly important part of the research on system stability. It is probable that heretofore undiscovered phenomena caused by the nonlinearities involved in load flow equations, generator swing equations and characteristics of control equipments and loads, etc., may be found. This paper presents a new Catastrophe Theory application to nonlinear power systems. Making use of the concept of Duffing's equation, it is shown that a Catastrophe Theory analogy can be used to interpret unstable phenomena caused by system nonlinearities from the viewpoint of oscillations. When considering system nonlinearities due to poor combinations of system parameters and periodic disturbances, there may exist the characteristic “jumps” in system ates that correspond to slow (quasi-dynamic) changes of the frequencies of periodic disturbances. With this Catastrophe Theory approach, a system bifurcation set can be identified to assess the unstable phenomena of power systems.     

参数可观测性分析及其在电力负荷模型中的应用

给出了参数可观测性概念,指出如果输入激励的功率谱能够覆盖研究对象的振荡频率,则能够在输出信号中观测到这些振荡频率,从而也就可以观测到其对应的模式和参数。提出基于参数的功率谱灵敏度来定量分析参数可观测性,基于输出功率谱实测值与计算值误差平方和的最小化来优化辨识参数。以一个二阶系统为例,分析了输入激励类型、系统幅频特性尤其是系统阻尼对参数可观测性的影响。针对电力负荷传递函数模型,分析了负荷模型的频域特性,通过两种不同频谱分布的激励信号,验证了参数可观测性方法的正确性。     

基于Prony方法的大型互联电网PSS参数优化设计

提出了一种完全基于仿真曲线Prony分析的电力系统稳定器(PSS)参数优化设计方法.该方法通过对仿真曲线的Prony分析辨识系统的弱阻尼区域振荡模式信息,以提高区域振荡模式下的阻尼为优化目标,在限定的参数空间中进行PSS参数优化设计.采用单纯形法对PSS参数进行优化,以Prony方法辨识的PSS参数作为单纯形区域的初始中心点可克服算法的收敛性问题.云南电网发电机组实际PSS参数优化设计的结果表明:在云南电网多种运行方式下,均可很好地抑制系统的区域振荡,验证了PSS参数优化设计方法的有效性和鲁棒性.所提出的基于Prony算法的PSS参数优化方法优于传统PSS设计方法,适用于大型互联电网发电机组的PSS设计.