澧阳平原埋藏古水稻土腐殖质组成及空间分布特征研究

为了探明埋藏古水稻土的腐殖质组分特征以及空间分布规律,采用野外采样和室内分析相结合的方法,以澧阳平原杉龙岗遗址古水稻土为材料,选取3处剖面(PA、PB、PC),比较分析了各剖面中现代耕作水稻土层和埋藏古水稻土层的有机碳、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)和胡敏素(HU)等含量变化情况。结果表明:杉龙岗遗址古水稻土腐殖质各组分含量为胡敏素胡敏酸富里酸;随着土层深度的增加,在现代耕作水稻土中各组分含量表现为波动性降低趋势,而在埋藏古水稻土中呈现微幅增加趋势;现代耕作水稻土中耕作层腐殖质累积速度较快,从上到下的迁移量相对较大,而埋藏古水稻土中各形态腐殖质含量变化相对较小,并且朝着更加稳定的趋势变化。     

三明市水稻土主要肥力性状研究

根据三明市2009—2012年测土配方施肥项目所采集的1 943个水稻土耕层样品的检测数据,分析研究了水稻土主要肥力性状。结果表明,辖区水稻土耕层土壤有机质和有效磷含量丰富,碱解氮含量中等,速效钾普遍缺乏,土壤酸化明显。并就其土壤培肥利用,提出了科学施用石灰、推广测土配方施肥等建议。     

加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法分析水稻土样品中16种多环芳烃的含量

建立了加压流体萃取(PFE)-气相色谱质谱法分析水稻土样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法。结果表明,16种PAHs在2.0～40.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R)大于0.997;空白加标测试结果表明其精密度为3.3%～9.7%;对水稻土土壤样品进行加标测试,其回收率为74.3%～113%。结果表明该方法快速、高效、准确,满足水稻土土壤样品检测16种PAHs中的精密度和准确度的要求。     

三明市辖区水稻土主要肥力性状研究

根据三明市辖区2009—2012年测土配方施肥项目所采集的1943个水稻土耕层样品的检测数据,分析研究了水稻土主要肥力性状。结果表明,辖区水稻土耕层土壤有机质和有效磷含量丰富,碱解氮含量中等,速效钾普遍缺乏,土壤酸化明显。并就其土壤培肥利用,提出了科学施用石灰、推广测土配方施肥等建议。     

珠江三角洲地区典型农田土壤中六六六和滴滴涕残留分布状况

通过对珠江三角洲地区典型某市农田土壤范围内六六六与滴滴涕有机氯农药的残留状况进行调查,以村(社区)为单位,采集土壤样品81个,摸清农业用地六六六与滴滴涕污染现状与程度,为农业土壤的合理利用提供参考。结果表明,监测81个农田土壤中六六六有5个检出,总检出率6.2%;滴滴涕有6个检出,总检出率7.4%。在比较菜园土、水稻土、果园土污染情况,六六六的残留量水稻土菜园土果园土,滴滴涕的残留量果园土菜园土水稻土。     

腐植酸调酸剂在水稻现代化育秧中的应用

唐山地区水稻种植面积150万亩,占全省水稻面积一半,增产潜力很大。随着农村经济体制改革的发展,水稻生产正由传统种植向现代化转移。水稻工厂化育秧的核心之一是人工调整床土的酸度。河北省东部滨海稻区用以配制床土的自然土,一般在pH值7～8左右,秧苗不宜生长(床土pH值5～6为宜)。日本利用硝基腐植酸作为调酸剂,调整床土,既增加了水稻成本又受到局限性,不易推广。丰润县腐植酸厂利用当地的风化     

红壤施钾对粮食作物品质的影响

本研究从本所红壤旱地及红壤性水稻土化肥定位试验中,进行玉米、水稻产品品质的监测,旨在探素鉀素与农产品品质的关系,为建立高产优质的施肥模式提供科学依据。     

FMH—水稻育苗床土调节剂对水稻的增产效应

东北地区无霜期短,水稻旱育移栽技术的推广应用为水稻高产早熟提供了十分有效的途径。在水稻旱育苗过程中要进行调酸、施肥、消毒、灭草、通风等多个环节与步骤,操作起来较为复杂,不宜掌握。为此,急需解决一种变复杂作业为复合一体化作业的方式。根据这种需求,我们利用发电厂排出的粉煤灰作载体,研制出《FMH-水稻育苗床土调节剂》(以下简称 FMH-床土调节剂)以适应水稻旱育苗移栽技术的需要。粉     

气相色谱-双柱双检测器测定水稻土中菊酯农药的残留

建立全自动索氏提取-气相色谱法双柱双检测器测定水稻土中的7种拟除虫菊酯的分析方法。水稻土经石油醚和丙酮(2∶1)提取后,弗罗里矽小柱净化,ECD检测器分析,外标法定量,对水稻土前处理和仪器条件进行优化。结果表明:石油醚和丙酮(2∶1)提取液的效果及弗罗里矽小柱净化作用较为突出,结果符合农药残留分析要求。7种拟除虫菊酯类农药含量在0.02～0.50mg/L间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R2均大于0.995。检出限(S/N=3)为0.001～0.003 mg/kg,添加0.02～0.50 mg/kg浓度,平均回收率72.8%～88.6%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)2.3%～6.7%之间。该方法具有操作简单、灵敏度高、重现性好等特点,适用于水稻土中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的检测分析。     

氯化铵肥效及硝化抑制效应试验

本文针对辽宁省的草甸土、棕壤、水稻土进行了水稻、玉米、高粱等粮谷施用氯化铵的肥效试验。并在校内河淤土条件下,进行了春小麦和向日葵施用氯化铵的田间、盆栽试验。结果证明:都有明显的增产效果。比无肥区平均增产为27.5～34.6%,氯化铵与标准氮肥硫铵比较,等氮量的肥效(两年结果)基本相似。     

酸雨对珠三角不同土壤中Pb的释放规律研究

以Pb元素为例,通过模拟酸雨,采用与自然界相接近的间歇性淋滤方式对土样进行淋滤,研究了pH酸雨对珠三角潮土和水稻土中Pb元素的溶出规律.结果表明,龙山潮土淋失量绝大多数＞0.5μg/L,pH=4.50时淋失最严重;大旺水稻土淋失量绝大多数＜0.5μg/L,最大淋失量出现在pH=2.50时的表层土,且淋失量随深度呈现减小...     

噻吩磺隆在不同类型土壤中的降解行为

[目的]采用实验室模拟试验研究了好氧和厌氧环境中噻吩磺隆在衢州红土、萧山潮土、金华水田土中的降解行为,为其环境和生态安全性评价提供重要的科学依据。[方法]样品经乙腈提取,高效液相色谱仪(DAD检测器)检测。[结果]在好氧和厌氧环境中,噻吩磺隆在3种不同类型土壤中的降解速率大小均为潮土>水田土>红土,好氧环境中降解半衰期分别为2.7、5.6、9.8 d,厌氧环境中降解半衰期分别为7.6、11.1、13.7 d,降解符合一级动力学方程。[结论]土壤中好氧微生物和土壤pH值对噻吩磺隆的降解有显著影响。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》划分标准,噻吩磺隆在土壤中为易降解农药。     

Microbial aerobic oxidation of methane in paddy soil

The microbial aerobic oxidation activity of methane, the population of aerobic methane oxidizers and the factors influencing the activity of methane oxidation were investigated in three types of paddy rice soil in Zhejiang Province, China. Methane oxidation activity was different among Huangsong paddy soil developed from fluvo-aquic soil, Old huangjinni paddy soil developed from quaternary red clay and Qingzini paddy soil developed from coastal saline soil. The Huangsong paddy rice soil showed the highest activity of methane oxidation. Different methane oxidation activity and populations of methane-oxidizing bacteria were found in various Huangsong soil samples that had different plant-cover. Methane oxidation returned to the same level after these soil samples were incubated and induced by extra added methane. The population of methane oxidizing bacteria was at maximum within the peak-tillering, heading and flowering stages, during which the largest population of methanogenic bacteria also appeared. Temperatures from 25 to 35 °C and pH from 6 to 8 were the optimum conditions for aerobic oxidation of methane in paddy rice soil. Soil particle size also affected the activity of methane oxidation.     

苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在稻田水和土壤中的动态消解研究

为探索苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在稻田水和土壤中的降解快慢,设计了田间试验方案,施药一次,按不同时间进行样品采集。使用液-液萃取提取在水中的残留,分散固相萃取法提取在稻田土壤中的残留,应用HPLC/DAD检测。苄嘧磺隆在稻田水和土壤中的添加回收率在77.4%~109%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.9%~6.1%。苯噻酰草胺在稻田水和土壤中的添加回收率在87.2%~103%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.6%~7.9%。经检测发现苄嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在稻田水中的消解速度要大于在稻田土壤中的消解,苯噻酰草胺在稻田水中的降解速率要大于在土壤中。     

Effects of lanthanum on nitrification and ammonification in three Chinese soils

The effects of lanthanum on nitrification and ammonification in three Chinese soils were evaluated through an incubation experiment. Soils were collected from experimental plots under rice/rape rotation in Yingtan, Jiangxi province (red soil), under rice/wheat rotation in Wuxi, Jiangsu province (paddy soil), and under corn/wheat rotation in Fengqiu, Henan province (Fluvo-aquic soil). Soil nitrification was stimulated slightly by La at lower concentrations, and the stimulation rate reached about 20% in red soil at 150 mg La kg^–1 dry soil, and 14% in fluvo-aquic soil at 300 mg La kg^–1 dry soil. When more La was added in soils, nitrification was inhibited, with a maximum inhibition rate of 42, 44 and 66% in red soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and paddy soil, respectively. Soil ammonification was not significantly different between control and up to 600 mg La kg^–1 dry soil in red soil, but it was significantly reduced in doses of 900 and 1200 mg La kg^–1 dry soil. Significant reduction in soil ammonification was also found in doses from 60 to 1200 mg La kg^–1 dry soil except for 600 mg La kg^–1 dry soil in fluvo-aquic soil. In contrast the ammonification in paddy soil was strongly stimulated by La, reaching about 25 times that of control at 900 mg La kg^–1 dry soil. We assumed that application of La accelerates the transformation of nitrogen in soils at low dosage, and the currently applied dosage in agriculture in China cannot inhibit soil nitrification and ammonification even after long term successive application.     

新型腐殖酸土壤调理剂的作用机理和应用研究

概述了我国土壤酸化和稻田镉污染的现状,对新型腐殖酸土壤调理剂的作用机制进行了初步研究。根据田间试验资料,论证了新型腐殖酸土壤调理剂对治理酸性土壤和修复被镉污染农田具有一定作用,可应用于农业生产中。     

申嗪霉素在稻田环境中的HPLC残留分析方法研究

建立了一种用高效液相色谱仪分析稻田环境(水和土壤)中的申嗪霉素残留量的快速、简便方法。土样以丙酮和乙酸混合溶液提取,水样中添加少许乙酸,用三氯甲烷萃取,浓缩、定容,最后用液相色谱DAD检测器测定。该方法条件下,申嗪霉素的最小检出量为0.2ng,在水和土壤中最低检测浓度分别为0.001、0.01mg/kg,申嗪霉素在样品中的回收率在82.6%～111.6%之间,变异系数(CV)为1.3%～10.5%,满足农药残留分析要求。     

Refinement in methodologies for methane budget estimation from rice paddies

To reduce the involved uncertainties in the methane budget estimation from rice paddy fields, the methodologies of methane budget estimation have been revised mainly on the basis of measurements undertaken in the Methane Asia Campaign (MAC-98). Studies from other continuous measurements of methane emission from rice paddy fields over last few years in other Asian countries were also used. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) sponsored Methane Asia Campaign (MAC-98) in which India, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand participated during 1998–99.The resulting CH₄ measurements have shown that apart from water management, soil organic carbon also plays a significant role in determination of methane emission factors from rice paddy fields. The available data from participating countries reveal that paddy soils can be broadly classified into low soil organic carbon (<0.7%C) and high soil organic carbon (>0.7% C) classes which show average methane emission factors of 12 (5–29) and 36 (22–57) g m^–2 respectively for continuously flooded (CF) fields without organic amendments compared to the IPCC–96 emission factor of 20 g m^–2. Similarly for irrigated paddy fields with intermittently flooded multiple aeration (IF-MA) without organic amendments, the MAC-98 gives average emission factors of 2 (0.06–3) and 6 (0.6–24) g m^–2, respectively, for low and high organic carbon soils compared to IPCC–96 emission factor of 4 (0–10) g m^–2. Incorporation of soil organic carbon along with classification based on water management and organic amendments in the estimation of CH₄ emissions from rice paddy fields yields more characteristic emission factors for low and high organic carbon soils and is, therefore, capable of reducing uncertainties.     

淹水稻田土壤条件下包膜控释肥料养分释放的动力学与数学模拟

采用室内培养方法,对包膜控释肥料在不同温度淹水土壤条件下的养分释放动态变化开展试验,建立了养分释放数学模型。应用该数学模型对包膜控释肥料N释放率的动态变化进行模拟和验证计算。结果表明,模拟值与实测值基本一致,证明数学模型具有实用性。     

Scientific basis for establishing country greenhouse gas estimates for rice-based agriculture: An Indian case study

A comprehensive scientific assessment of CH₄ budget estimation for Indian rice paddies, based on a decade of measurements in India, is presented. Indian paddy cultivation areas contain soils that have low to medium levels of soil organic carbon. The average seasonally integrated CH₄ flux (E _sif) values calculated from these measurements were 15.3 ± 2.6 g m^–2 for continuously flooded (CF), 6.9 ± 4.3 g m^–2 for intermittently flooded (IF) single aeration (SA) and 2.2 ± 1.5 g m^–2 for IF multiple aeration (MA) rice ecosystems. For CF and IF (MA) rice ecosystems having high soil organic carbon, without organic amendments, the CH₄ flux (E _sif) may be increased by 1.7 times relative to low soil organic carbon, whereas it may enhance by 5.3 for CF if amended organically. Organic amendment and high soil organic carbon paddy areas do not alter the methane budget estimates for India (3.6±1.4 TgY^–1) much, due to their small paddy harvested area. Methane estimated using average emission factors (E _sif) for all paddy water regimes, which include harvested areas having soils with high organic carbon and organic amendments, may give a budget of 5 TgY^–1 for India.