生物柴油标准分析与制定研究

我国生物柴油技术的发展急需生物柴油标准的建立。本文分析了国内外生物柴油标准发展现状,讨论了国内现有生物柴油企业标准。建立了一系列生物柴油质量测试方法,测试了国内典型的3种工业生物柴油样品及原生植物油、柴油及20%生物柴油样品。在对测试结果和国际主要生物柴油标准进行对比和分析的基础上,对我国生物柴油标准的制定提出了建议。     

二甲醚(DME)应用前景瞻望

二甲醚(DME)是近几年被广泛看好的柴油及液化气替代燃料,文章论述了DME的用途及前景用途,阐述了二甲醚用作替代燃料的潜在优势。     

锯木屑提取柴油

日本最近研制出从锯木屑中提取柴油的方法。制造工艺:在锯木屑中渗入碳酸钾,再加水和醋酸乙酯,在20个大气压、300℃温度条件下,即可提炼出柴油。炼出的柴油为黑褐色,其成分和用途与0号柴油相近。     

政策法规

商务部发布《原油市场管理办法》和《成品油市场管理办法》为了保障经营企业和消费者的合法权益,2006年12月4日商务部发布2006年第23号令《成品油市场管理办法》,要求在中华人民共和国境内从事成品油批发、零售、仓储经营活动,应当遵守有关法律法规和本办法。国家对成品油经营实行许可制度。本办法所称成品油是指汽油、煤油、柴油及其他符合国家产品质量标准、具有相同用途的乙醇汽油和生物柴油等替代燃料。     

优化工艺、提高质量、促进清洁柴油生产

本文针对国Ⅲ标准与普通柴油标准的主要技术指标进行了对比,介绍了中石油大港石化公司近年来为发展清洁柴油生产所进行的工艺流程与产品结构优化、新型加氢精制催化剂的研发与工业试验,通过合理的柴油调合比例分配,最大化的生产出两种标准柴油。并对今后实现更高标准柴油的生产工艺提出建议。     

一种清洁能源--生物柴油的粘度试验研究

生物柴油是未来的一种重要能源。介绍、分析了生物柴油的粘度试验结果 ,并与欧洲生物柴油标准及我国矿物燃油指标进行了比较 ,结果表明 ,采用改进的连续管式反应器进行生物柴油的试验生产效果很好     

生物柴油和矿物柴油的性质对比

文章三种自制生物柴油性质完全符合德国现行生物柴油标准,基本符合0#矿物柴油标准。对比生物柴油与矿物柴油性质得出:生物柴油较矿物柴油更环保、更安全,但其低温性、蒸发性和雾化性不太理想,将其与矿物柴油调合使用,可以取长补短,发挥各自的优势。通过对调合油性质分析,结果表明,生物柴油和矿物柴油的适宜调合比为B20。     

国内外柴油氧化脱硫技术研究进展

介绍了国内外柴油产品质量与标准的发展趋势,以及国内外柴油氧化脱硫技术的研究进展,各种柴油氧化脱硫技术的优势及存在的问题,与加氢脱硫技术相比,氧化脱硫将成为今后生产超低硫柴油的主要工艺之一。     

生产国Ⅴ柴油的液相循环加氢技术

介绍了抚顺石油化工研究院开发的柴油液相循环加氢技术及其在柴油加氢工业装置上生产国Ⅴ标准柴油的应用情况。结果表明,采用柴油液相循环加氢技术处理直馏柴油、直馏柴油和焦化柴油的混合油及直馏柴油和催化柴油的混合油时,均可以生产满足国Ⅴ标准的清洁车用柴油调和组分。在反应器入口压力9.5 MPa、体积空速1.3 h~(-1)、循环比1.5和入口反应温度360℃的工艺条件下,加工直馏柴油和催化柴油的混合油,可以生产国Ⅴ标准的车用柴油产品调和组分,并可以满足装置长周期稳定运行的要求。     

费托合成产品调和0号国Ⅵ柴油及润滑性能研究

通过分析掌握费托合成清洁柴油组分的特性,开展加氢裂化轻柴油与煤炭直接液化柴油油品的调和工艺探索与研究,以提高费托清洁柴油密度及各项指标,使产品指标符合0号国Ⅵ车用柴油标准,从而满足成品油销售要求,为费托合成清洁柴油的生产、销售奠定基础。     

船用内燃机润滑油的分类及检测

介绍了船舶柴油机分类,阐述了船舶柴油机润滑油的选用及船舶在用油的检测方法。船舶在用油的检测项目一般有6项,包括运动粘度、闪点、戊烷不溶物、水分、碱值和元素。详细分析了怎样依据油品质量的变化来判断设备可能出现的问题。     

油酸甲酯与ZDDP交互作用对柴油机油抗氧抗磨性能的影响

为更好的研究脂肪酸甲酯与柴油机油添加剂之间的交互作用,迚一步揭示生物柴油对柴油机油性能的影响。采用旋转氧弹法、热重法等手段研究了油酸甲酯与ZDDP的交互作用对柴油机油氧化安定性和热稳定性的影响,通过红外光谱分析了氧化前后柴油机油结构组成的变化,利用抗磨性试验考察并探讨了氧化前后油酸甲酯与ZDDP的交互作用对柴油机油抗磨性能的影响规律。结果表明:油酸甲酯显著劣化柴油机油的氧化安定性;油酸甲酯与ZDDP交互作用降低柴油机油的热稳定性;在给定试验条件下,油酸甲酯一定程度上改善了基础油的抗磨减摩性能,油酸甲酯与ZDDP交互作用会降低柴油机油的抗磨性能。     

Determination of performance and exhaust emissions properties of B75 in a CI engine application

In this study, performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine was experimentally investigated. Therefore, biodiesel has been made by transesterification from cotton seed oil and then it was mixed with diesel fuel by 25% volumetrically, called here as B75 fuel. B75 fuel was tested, as alternative fuel, in a single cylinder, four strokes, and air-cooled diesel engine. The effect of B75 and diesel fuels on the engine power, engine torque and break specific fuel consumption were clarified by the performance tests. The influences of B75 fuel on CO, HC, NOx, Smoke opacity, CO₂, and O₂ emissions were investigated by emission tests. The engine torque and power, for B75 fuel, were lower than that of diesel fuel in range of 2-3%. However, for the B75, specific fuel consumption was higher than that of diesel fuel by approximately 3%. CO₂, CO, HC, smoke opacity and NO_x emissions of B75 fuel were lower than that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that B75 fuel can be substituted for the diesel fuel without any modifications in diesel engines.     

Measurement of number and size distribution of particles emitted from a mid-sized transportation multipoint port fuel injection gasoline engine

This study was carried out to characterize the engine-exhaust particulate emissions from a typical multipoint port fuel injection gasoline engine used in transportation sector. Though gasoline engine showed no visible tail pipe emissions yet its particle concentrations were comparable to mineral diesel, particularly at high engine loads. Average sizes of particles emitted in gasoline exhaust are found to be way smaller than particles emitted in diesel exhaust under similar operating conditions. The peak particle concentrations for mineral diesel never go below 40 nm size however for gasoline engine, it was as low as 20 nm for most engine operating conditions. Within a very limited operating range, gasoline engine performance was superior to its diesel counterparts in terms of particulate size and number distribution however it deteriorates very quickly as soon as the fuel-air mixture becomes closer to stoichiometric ratio, typically under high engine load and speed conditions.     

基于粒子群算法的车用柴油机有机朗肯循环系统运行参数优化

为了有效回收柴油机排气余热能,通过实验研究了一台车用柴油机排气能量变化规律,进而设计有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统回收该柴油机的排气余热能,并基于粒子群算法,以净输出功率和(火用)效率为目标函数,选取蒸发压力、过热度和膨胀机膨胀比为优化变量,对ORC系统的运行参数进行了优化研究。优化结果表明,在柴油机不同运行工况条件下,存在最佳的蒸发压力、过热度和膨胀机膨胀比,从而使ORC系统的净输出功率和(火用)效率最优。根据运行参数优化结果,分析了ORC系统和车用柴油机-ORC联合系统(联合系统)的性能。研究结果表明,当柴油机转速为2200 r·min^-1,转矩为1215 N·m时,ORC系统的净输出功率可达30.61 kW,联合系统的有效输出功提升率(POIR)可达9.86%;当柴油机转速为1200 r·min^-1,转矩为1131 N·m时,联合系统的有效燃油消耗率(BSFC)为175.0 g·(kW·h)^-1。     

Assessment of pyrolysis oil as an energy source for diesel engines

This paper describes an experimental study of using tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) obtained from waste automobile tyres by vacuum pyrolysis method, as a fuel in diesel engine. In this work, performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder water cooled diesel engine running on TPO diesel reference fuel (RF) blends in steps of 20% on volume basis of TPO, viz. TPO20 up to TPO70 were used as fuels and the results compared with diesel operation. Results indicated that reliable operation can be achieved up to 70% of TPO diesel blends. Thermal efficiencies were lower compared to diesel operation. Higher smoke, HC and CO emissions were recorded in the experimentation. Oil sticking was occasionally found on the nozzle stem and sac. There was no corrosion in the injection system after running the engine with TPO–RF blends.     

Phase stability,fuel properties,and diesel engine performance of palm-oil-based microemulsion biofuels

Microemulsification and blending are two viscosity-modifying techniques of vegetable oils for direct use with diesel engine. In this study, alcohol blends are mixtures of ethanol, diesel, and palm-oil biodiesel while microemulsion biofuels are thermodynamically stable, clear, and single-phase mixtures of diesel, palm oil, and ethanol stabilized by surfactants and cosurfactants. Although there are many studies on biofuels lately, there is limited research on using biodiesel as a surfactant in microemulsion formulations and applied on engine performance at different engine loads. Therefore, the objectives are to investigate phase stability and fuel properties of formulated biofuels (various blends and microemulsions), to determine the engine performance at different engine loads (no load, and from 0.5 to 2.0 kW), and to estimate laboratory-scale cost of the selected biofuels compared to diesel and biodiesel. The results showed that phase stability and fuel properties of selected microemulsion biofuels are comparable to diesel and biodiesel. These microemulsion biofuels can be applied to the diesel engine at different loads while diesel-ethanol blends and palm-oil-biodiesel-ethanol blends cannot be. It was found that the energy efficiencies of the system using microemulsion biofuels were slightly lower than the average energy efficiency of diesel engine. From this study, it can be summarized that microemulsion biofuels can be formulated using palm-oil biodiesel (palm-oil methyl ester) as a bio-based surfactant and they can be considered as environmentally-friendly alternatives to diesel and biodiesel. However, cost considerations showed that the raw materials should be locally available to reduce additional costs of microemulsion biofuels.     

The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions

Nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions are the most significant emissions for the diesel engines. Especially, fuels containing high-level oxygen content can have potential to reduce smoke emissions significantly. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends (as an oxygenation additive for the diesel fuel) on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a small diesel engine. For this aim five-test fuels, B5 (contains 5% n-butanol and 95% diesel fuel in volume basis), B10, B15, B20 and neat diesel fuel, were prepared to test in a diesel engine. Tests were performed in a single cylinder, four stroke, unmodified, and naturally aspirated DI high speed diesel engine at constant engine speed (2600 rpm) and four different engine loads by using five-test fuels. The experimental test results showed that smoke opacity, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions reduced while hydrocarbon emissions increased with the increasing n-butanol content in the fuel blends. In addition, there is an increase in the brake specific fuel consumption and in the brake thermal efficiency with increasing n-butanol content in fuel blends. Also, exhaust gas temperature decreased with increasing n-butanol content in the fuel blends.     

排放影响的研究综述

生物柴油是内燃机用石化柴油的替代燃料之一。本文从4个方面梳理了生物柴油对车用柴油机NO_X排放影响研究的现状,探讨了NO_X排放增加、减少的原因,从改进生物柴油和柴油发动机两大方面细致分析了降低NO_X排放的措施,给出了进一步研究影响NO_X排放的方向。     

Utilization of ethyl ester of waste vegetable oils as fuel in diesel engines

Jordan relies heavily on expensive and unreliable imported oil. Therefore, this study was initiated to investigate the potential of ethyl ester used as vegetable oil (VO; biodiesel) to substitute oil-based diesel fuel. The fuels tested were several ester/diesel blends including 100% ester in addition to diesel fuel, which served as the baseline fuel. Variable-speed tests were run on all fuels on a standard test rig of a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. Tests were conducted to compare these blends with the baseline local diesel fuel in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions. The results indicated that the blends burned more efficiently with less specific fuel consumption, and therefore, resulted in higher engine thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the blends produced less carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons than diesel fuel. The 100% ester fuel and the blend of 75:25 ester/diesel gave the best performance while the 50:50 blend consistently resulted in the lowest amounts of emissions over the whole speed range tested.