中厚板变坡口焊缝填充自适应控制系统

针对中厚板变坡口机器人焊接焊缝填充的问题,利用激光传感器扫描坡口拟合出坡口截面积变化规律. 设计焊接数据库,存储不同焊接参数下对应的焊缝截面积,使用最小二乘法推理出焊缝截面积与焊接速度的函数关系. 根据坡口截面积变化规律,自适应控制焊接速度的变化,从而使得工件坡口刚好填满,解决了变坡口焊接参数调整的难题. 可用数据库语言对知识库进行规范管理,不断完善焊接数据库. 以厚度为12 mm的变坡口中厚板为例进行试验. 结果表明,该系统焊接效果良好,坡口金属填充量误差较小.     

基于激光传感器的机器人自适应多层多道焊接

针对机器人自动化焊接过程中工件的定位误差、加工误差和激光传感器的安装误差的问题,提出了一种基于线结构视觉激光传感器获取焊缝形状位置信息,并使机器人能够自动调整焊枪位置和姿态来修正误差,同时自适应不同角度焊缝的多层多道路径规划方法。首先进行手眼标定,采用pyqt5在windows系统环境下部署焊接机器人手眼标定软件,把焊道空间点信息从视觉坐标系转换为机器人基坐标系下。然后对工件进行扫描,通过预设定算法完成对实际坐标点的预处理计算,并自适应调节工具坐标系的位姿弥补偏差;最后根据处理得到的焊缝坡口的特征参数和焊接工艺要求,规划多层多道焊接的路径完成焊接。对中厚板碳钢单边V形坡口进行试验,结果表明,该方法具有良好的实用性。     

窄间隙MAG焊侧壁熔深信息的获取与同步化

窄间隙焊中坡口侧壁熔深是反映焊接质量的重要参数,针对侧壁熔深信息难以直接获取的问题,提出一种窄间隙MAG焊熔深信息离线获取,并实现与其他焊接数据采集信息同步的方法。首先设计了一个划线装置,实现在工件上标记开始数据采集到结束数据采集的位置,其次通过平行焊接方向、在工件最大熔深位置处对工件进行切割、打磨、腐蚀,获取整体熔合线变化曲线,并采用人机交互的图像处理算法对熔合线进行边缘提取和函数拟合,实现侧壁熔深信息获取及与其他数据信息的同步,为进一步的熔深建模和控制研究奠定基础。     

船用低温高强钢三维多层焊接变形有限元模拟

低温高强钢EH36在船舶重要结构部位应用广泛.采用有限元软件,根据EH36钢热物理特性,对其焊接温度场和焊接变形进行了数值模拟.通过选择具备热和结构功能的耦合单元,应用APDL二次开发语言和生死单元技术,在三维方向上,对开坡口厚板的多层焊焊接热循环过程进行了分析,得到工件收缩变形及角变形等数据.结果表明,第一层焊接变形与第二层焊接变形大小和趋势存在差异,而后焊部位的焊接变形也不同于先焊部位.通过常见的V形坡口和U形坡口焊接变形大小的比较,在坡口截面尺寸相同的情况下,得到U形坡口焊接角变形明显小于V形坡口的结论.     

V型坡口多层多道焊温度场数值模拟

与I型坡口相比,V型坡口可以提高工件的连接强度,更恰当地调节熔合比,但易变形。为了研究V型坡口对接接头在焊接变形较小情况下的温度场变化规律,使用有限元Visual Environment软件,采用双椭球热源模型,模拟了典型位置的热循环曲线;并将模拟得到的热循环曲线同试验结果进行对比,两者基本吻合。     

基于PSD的薄板焊接坡口信号识别系统

坡口信号识别是自动化焊接工艺的难点。基于此,运用PSD传感器的光敏性设计了光路图,建立了相对应的光路模型;针对PSD传感器会出现一定程度的非线性畸变,建立了相对应的改进模型,根据PSD传感器的输出位移与时间曲线的特点,提出了提取坡口角点信息的相关算法,实现对角点的实时提取及坡口的形貌拟合。结果表明,该信号识别系统能准确检测坡口的位置变化,并对坡口存在的缺陷进行实时检测,避免后期焊接过程出现失误,影响焊接质量。     

带钝边马鞍形焊接坡口数控切割数学模型

以带钝边马鞍形焊接坡口数学模型建立为出发点,给出了钝边曲线的几何定义,讨论了选择不同的切割轨迹对钝边高度原理性误差Δb的影响范围.提出了坡口母线长度变化Δm对割炬与工件之间切割距离a的影响规律及消除因Δm存在引起割炬与工件距离变化Δa的方法.简述了带钝边马鞍形焊接坡口三维几何模型的建立步骤,利用焊接坡口三维几何模型计算Δm并创建Δm与切割转角θ曲线的方法.结果表明,用纯边曲线作为切割轨迹,同时消除因Δm引起的Δa变化,可有效提高切割质量和精度.     

坡口偏差厚板机器人多道焊接方法

厚板构件在工程机械及重工行业等领域应用广泛,但许多工况的坡口因为加工和组对等原因存在较大偏差. 针对工件加工和组对出现的坡口间隙不一致、坡口角度偏差和错边等三种典型问题,分别给出了应对方法和修正措施. 通过焊接摆动参数调整补偿坡口间隙不一致时造成的偏差,采用焊接参数和摆动参数调节实施联合补偿坡口角度偏差带来的影响,以焊道数量调整和焊接电流周期变化补偿坡口组对错边情况. 采用这些措施,利用焊接机器人进行坡口偏差工况焊接试验. 焊后接头填充饱满,焊缝外观无明显缺陷. 焊缝截面观察焊道排列整齐有序,未出现内部缺陷. 结果表明,采用坡口偏差修正方法拓宽了机器人厚板焊接对坡口偏差的适应性,为机器人厚板焊接现场施工提供基础数据.     

基于电弧传感和位置前馈的机器人焊缝跟踪算法

关节机器人具有自动化程度高、运动精准等优点,被广泛应用于电弧焊接领域。但是,由于被焊接工件存在加工、装配以及安装定位误差。所以,在焊接质量要求较高、且被焊接工件一致性不好的情况下需要配套焊缝跟踪系统方能实现高质量的焊接作业。电弧传感作为焊缝跟踪的传感方式具有系统结构简单、传感位置与焊接位置重合等优点,但也具有信噪比小、精度差、跟踪参数调整困难等缺点。本研究利用电弧传感的优点,结合机器人焊接对焊缝形状位置的预知特性,利用电弧传感作为基础偏差传感器,机器人控制器根据电弧传感器测量的偏差信号,对当前焊接点进行调整的同时,还对焊缝曲线的空间方程进行调整,从而实现对焊缝曲线上未焊接点的偏移量进行预判,实现焊缝偏差的前馈调整。     

火焰气割异形件中圆形坡口的简易转胎

对于异形工件焊接处加工圆形坡口（等角坡口和变角坡口）的方法,若采用手工气割,生产效率较低,影响焊接质量;若采用机加工方法加工,成本费用很高。针对这两种现状,进行技术革新,自行设计了一种能够加工异形件中圆形坡口的简易气割转胎,投入使用后取得了满意的效果。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。