基于结构光的V型焊缝图像实时处理

为了在焊缝跟踪系统中准确获取焊缝中心位置,设计了一套基于结构光的V型焊缝中心提取方法。对焊缝图像采用中值滤波去除图像噪声,采用准固定像素个数阈值分割方法对图像进行二值化处理,采用基于二值形态学的边缘检测方法对二值化的图像进行孤点滤波和边缘检测,采用求取边缘上下两个边界点的平均值方法提取结构光的中心线,通过计算坡口截面重心坐标的方法来获取焊缝中心位置信息。实践表明,所采用的方法能够正确地提取焊缝中心位置信息,具有很强的抗干扰性能,能够满足焊缝跟踪系统的实时性要求。     

基于结构光无坡口对接焊缝图像实时处理研究

设计了一套基于结构光无坡口时接焊缝图像实时处理的方法.对焊缝图像采用中值滤波去除图像噪声,提出三次筛选法对图像进行二值化,采用基于二值形态学的滤波方法滤除孤立点,采用求取边缘上下两个边界点平均值的方法快速提取结构光的中心线.提出了通过求取结构光邻域灰度曲线二阶导数的方法来获取焊缝中心位置信息.试验结果表明,所设计的方法能够准确地提取焊缝中心,具有很强抗干扰性能,能够满足焊缝跟踪系统的实时性要求.     

激光视觉焊缝跟踪系统图像处理

对视觉焊缝跟踪实时图像处理的方法进行了研究,首先采用图像增强来增加图像对比度,采用中值滤波去除图像噪声,并用二值化法将目标图像从背景图像中提取出来.在后处理的研究中激光视觉焊缝跟踪系统图像处理的关键技术--激光带中心线的抽取和特征点的检测提出了切实可行的方法.采用中轴变换法提取的中心线单一、连续;用斜率分析法来检测特征点方便可靠.该处理方法能准确检测焊缝特征点,处理速度快,能够满足跟踪系统的实时性要求.     

不等厚激光拼焊板焊缝质量检测图像处理方法

针对激光拼焊过程中的各种噪声干扰,使得焊缝图像复杂多变,本文对结构光视觉焊缝质量检测系统图像处理方法进行了深入研究。在图像预处理中,首先通过加窗处理来获得兴趣区域,采用中值滤波去除图像噪声。针对母材区域和焊缝区域对结构光反射率不同,提出了使用局部阈值来分割目标图像的方法,并使用形态学开运算进一步去除噪声干扰;在结构光条纹中心线提取过程中,使用模板法获得了条纹的边界并用几何中心法提取了条纹中心线;提出了基于焊缝灰度图像的灰度突变和拟合直线法来检测特征点的方法。试验表明,该方法具有较高的特征点检测可靠性,并且运算速度快、抗干扰能力强,具有较高实用价值。     

基于线结构光的铝合金对接焊缝特征提取方法研究

在对接焊缝的焊后质量检测中,由于环境干扰、材质反射程度及激光功率等因素的影响,造成焊缝表面信息的提取困难。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于线结构光的铝合金对接焊缝特征提取方法,设计了一种基于线结构光的视觉检测系统,实现焊缝表面激光条纹图像的快速采集。针对复杂环境下激光条纹图像的几何分布以及灰度特征,采用直线重投影、图像滤波、连通域分析等图像预处理操作,实现焊缝图像的ROI提取以及噪声滤波;采用加权灰度重心法提取激光条纹的中心线,并通过插值平滑算法得到连通性、拟合程度高的中心线;最后采用最大距离法得到对接焊缝特征点,并计算所需焊缝成形尺寸参数。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高图像检测效率及精度,满足工业检测标准。     

基于结构光视觉传感的焊缝视觉信息检测和识别研究

对基于结构光视觉传感的焊缝视觉信息检测和识别进行了研究.所获取的焊缝图像中存在着大量的飞溅、烟尘和电弧光等噪声干扰.CCD摄像机获取焊缝图像,经图像采集卡A/D转换后送入计算机内存,然后采用各种图像处理方法对图像数据进行处理,焊缝原始图像经过二值化、中值滤波、拉普拉斯锐化、细化一系列图像预处理,准确提取激光条纹信息,提出了几种常见的焊缝形式的检测和识别算法,算法所需时间均不到1 ms,提取焊缝特征,实现对焊缝的自动跟踪.     

基于小波边缘检测的焊缝跟踪技术

在基于视觉传感的焊缝跟踪系统中,焊缝图像复杂多变,要准确得到焊缝中心线,选取合理高效的处理算法是十分重要的.在详细分析焊缝图像特点基础上,采用先行基于梯度信息的自适应平滑滤波,运用3阶B样条双小波多尺度边缘检测方法,减少了误检漏检率,有效地提高了小波变换在抗噪性能和定位精度上的优越性.在此基础上提取出焊缝中心线,用于焊缝自动跟踪控制.试验结果表明,该方法复杂度适中,处理速度较快,效果良好,能有效地提高焊缝跟踪控制的精度.     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像分形维数识别方法

针对紧密对接、无坡口、肉眼难以分辨的微间隙焊缝,采用磁光成像方法获取焊缝位置信息,并运用分形维数方法解决焊缝磁光图像存在较多干扰的问题.根据图像大视野相关信息处理图像,避免受到图像微小细节干扰对焊缝位置识别精度的影响,较传统图像处理法具有显著的抗干扰性.对焊缝磁光图像进行滤波去噪,将图像细分成块并计算出每个图像块的分形维数,再选取合适阈值对图像进行分割,准确地提取出焊缝中心位置.试验结果表明,运用分形维数提取磁光图像焊缝边缘区域特征,能够获取较准确的焊缝位置信息,为焊缝跟踪控制提供重要基础.     

基于结构光视觉传感器的弧焊机器人视觉检测方法及试验结果分析

针对自动焊接机器人焊缝精确检测的问题,研究了基于结构光视觉传感器的视觉检测方法,对结构光视觉传感器实时采集图像进行理论分析,经过焊缝图像预处理、图像边缘检测和轮廓提取等处理过程,运用最小二乘法对焊缝边缘拟合,通过求平均值的方法提取结构光条纹的中心直线,找到数字图像中焊缝的位置,最后利用机器人手眼标定焊缝的位置,并进行焊缝跟踪。结合试验,验证了该视觉检测方法检测精度较好,能够满足实际的工作要求。     

膜式壁焊缝图像处理及其识别方法

提出一种基于新的单目视觉线性结构光的膜式壁焊缝识别方法,克服了焊接过程中的飞溅、烟雾等干扰,快速地提取了膜式壁角焊缝特征点。首先,根据激光条纹图像与背景的显著性差异,采用灰度级频率法提取了激光条纹图像;其次,基于骨架抽取提取了激光条纹中心线,并对中心线坐标应用Takagi Sugeno模糊算法进行滤波;最后,应用动态ROI搜寻法快速找到含有焊缝特征点的区域,结合快速排序算法找到焊缝特征点坐标。经实验证明,该算法能够快速准确地提取焊缝特征点,结合控制算法,能够准确跟踪焊缝。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.