CRACK INITIATION MECHANISMS IN TORSIONAL FATIGUE

Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in Co45Ni specimens during push—pull and reversed torsion tests, performed inside a scanning electron microscope, was observed and the different stress states compared. It appeared that transgranular crack initiation and development is delayed and intergranular crack initiation promoted under torsional loading. This was explained in terms of reduced surface distortion at the emergence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and smaller compatibility stresses at the PSB-matrix interfaces. The influence of the mechanical strength of grain boundaries on the difference between tensile and torsional fatigue lives is discussed.     

Ti单晶及多晶与孪晶相关的疲劳裂纹萌生

研究了高纯Ｔｉ单晶在ＳＥＭ中循环变形及多晶在拉－压对称疲劳和反复弯曲疲劳时与孪晶相关的疲劳裂纹萌生，发现除孪晶界外，循环孪晶带内孪晶与孪晶的碰撞、孪晶内部沿特定面以及孪晶撞击晶界也诱发了疲劳裂纹。     

SiCw/LD2疲劳裂纹萌生的研究

本文研究SiCw/LD₂复合材料的疲劳裂纹萌生部位、寿命和机制。用TEM现察疲劳试验后材料中的位错分布和出现在晶须旁的微裂纹。用SEM观察疲劳试样的表面一级塑料复型,发现5μm长的表面裂纹。认为复合材料的疲劳强度比基体合金高的一个原因是基体细小的晶粒所导致的较高的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。     

STATIC AND CYCLIC FRETTING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICON NITRIDE

A cyclic fretting fatigue test machine was constructed. The piezoelectric bimorphs were used as actuators for cyclic loading and fretting motion at the resonance frequency of the system. Fretting fatigue tests under static and cyclic loading conditions were carried out using HIP-sintered silicon nitride. From the experimental results, it was found that fretting fatigue strengths under the two test conditions were identical and hence the effect of cyclic loading on fretting fatigue strength of silicon nitride was almost negligible. A fretting crack initiated in a very early stage of the fatigue life at the position of the maximum frictional stress in the contact area. Fretting fatigue life prediction based on fracture mechanics was also carried out. The predicted lives were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

柔度法测试车轮轮箍的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命

借助MTS TESTSTAR材料试验机的Fatigue Crack Growth Test应用软件，建立了材料的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命测试方法——柔度法。用该方法测试了HDSA车轮和LG61轮箍的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命，并与其它六种车轮的有关数据进行了对比。结果表明，HDSA车轮和LG61轮箍的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命分别比915D车轮提高了33．4％和35．5％。     

13SiMnNiCrMoV钢切口疲劳裂纹萌生门槛值

本文研究在13SiMnNiCrMoV 结构钢中用尖裂纹的应力强度因子来反映三点弯曲缺口试样的疲劳裂纹萌生规律。当 R=0.1,f=100Hz,试样尺寸 B×W×L=12.5×25×117mm 时,缺口名义应力幅的门槛值为Δσ_(th)=3315ρ~(0.352) MPa,0.5mm≤ρ≤5mmΔK_(th)=250ρ~(0.352) MPam~(1/2)门槛值与ρ有关。同时得到缺口裂纹萌生的循环次数 N_i 与名义应力幅Δσ、缺口曲率半径ρ的定量关系是N_i=3.98×10~(22)ρ~(1.62)/Δσ~(4.85),N_i≤10~(5.5)并讨论了(ΔK_1/ρ~(1/2))_(th)与ρ无关的结论。     

THE ROLE OF PRIOR AUSTENITE GRAINS IN FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN LOW CARBON MARTENSITE

Abstract— A study has been made of the role of Prior Austenite Grains (PAG) in fatigue crack initiation and propagation in low carbon martensite. The occurrence of ferrite precipitation along prior austenite grain boundaries during rapid cooling will lead to the formation of intergranular cracking. This intergranular cracking has a close relationship with the reduction of the endurance limit for fine grained low carbon martensite.     

INITIATION AND GROWTH OF FRETTING FATIGUE CRACKS IN THE PARTIAL SLIP REGIME

Abstract— —Recent work addressing the problems of fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation under a carefully controlled axi-symmetric Hertzian contact is described. Both experimental work, enabling the fretting damage, sites of initiation, and crack trajectory to be viewed, and theoretical work, permitting a prediction of those processes are presented. Good correlation between the two strands of work is found. In particular, the initiation criterion proposed by Ruiz, Boddington and Chen for a very different geometry is found to work well, and would seem to indicate its potential as a design tool.     

CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF A HEAT-TREATED CARBON STEEL IN CORROSION FATIGUE

Abstract— When estimating fatigue damage quantitatively it is important to clarify its physical basis. In this study, rotating bending fatigue tests of a heat-treated 0.45% carbon steel were carried out in 3% NaCl solution, in order to clarify the physical basis of corrosion fatigue damage from successive observations of plastic replicas. The results show that corrosion pits are generated during the early stages of cycling, then most of them grow with further cycling until a crack is initiated from each corrosion pit. The initiation of corrosion pits from slip bands is observed only in the case when the stress range is relatively large, and in the range of stress for which slip bands are produced in air. After initiation of a crack, the crack propagates by frequent interactions and coalescence with other cracks. The growth rate of an especially small crack in NaCl solution is larger than that in air. However, the growth rate of a comparatively large crack is smaller in NaCl solution than in air.     

THE INFLUENCE OF COMPRESSIVE LOADS ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN METALS

An experimental study on Al alloy 7475-T7351 was conducted to determine the influence of compressive loads on fatigue crack propagation. The investigation was based on the determination of the crack propagation stress intensity factor, K_PR , under three different basic loading sequences involving compressive loads. The data of the entire experimental program collapse onto a single 'master curve' which describes K_PR as a function of K_max and the unloading ratio UR. Load interaction effects are mainly due to the changes of the residual compressive stress state in front of the crack tip, while crack closure plays a minor part. The results give an improved understanding of fatigue crack propagation.     

FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN A LOW-CARBON STEEL OF TWO DIFFERENT GRAIN SIZES

Rotary bending fatigue tests were carried out using both plain and notched specimens of a low-carbon steel with two different grain sizes (15 and 50 μm). The process of early crack development was observed by the replication method. The effect of grain size on crack development was studied. The main conclusions were as follows. (1) Fatigue resistance, in terms of the relative positions of the S-N curves, increases with decreasing grain size. This phenomenon is related to the number of cycles to propagate a crack to failure and the condition for the non-propagation of a fatigue crack. (2) The size of a non-propagating crack, which initiates below the fatigue limit, tends to become larger as grain size increases. (3) The difference in fatigue behaviour between small (15μm) and large (50μm) grain sized specimens is due both to a decrease in crack propagation rate and a smaller non-propagating crack limit in the finer grained material.     

压缩载荷下闭合斜裂纹的分支裂纹渐近扩展分析

采用滑动裂纹模型并结合现有张开斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹扩展特性的研究成果,研究了闭合斜裂纹的I型分支裂纹的渐近扩展特点,结果表明：1) 闭合斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹路径的渐近线为平行于最大主应力的一条直线,并得出了渐近线方程;和张开斜裂纹的翼型裂纹不同,闭合斜裂纹的翼型裂纹路径的渐近线不一定过初始裂纹中心点,该渐近线位置与初始裂纹面的摩擦系数、初始裂纹长度及初始裂纹角有关;2) 闭合斜裂纹的I 型分支裂纹的扩展路径可以近似采用双曲线描述,并得出了描述I 型分支裂纹扩展路径的方程.采用ABAQUS 二次开发对闭合斜裂纹的分支裂纹的扩展过程进行了数值模拟,并采用数值模拟和现有试验相结合的方法验证了以上结论的正确性.     

CYCLIC FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND CLOSURE BEHAVIOUR IN ALUMINA CERAMICS

Cyclic fatigue crack growth behaviour in alumina ceramics is investigated and the effect of grain size discussed. Special attention is given to crack closure effects. Cyclic fatigue tests were carried out using four-point bend specimens, and the load–strain and load–differential strain curves were monitored. These curves show hysteretic behaviour probably related to frictional sliding of bridging grains, and also include non-linearities due to crack closure. The crack opening load is determined from the load–differential strain curve by using a method introduced in this study. Growth rates can be successfully described by the relationship da/dN = C[ΔK_{eff /(1 ? Kmax /KIC )]m} which is proposed in this study to account for the effects of crack closure and the maximum stress intensity factor. Irrespective of grain size, growth rates can be well represented by the above relationship, implying that the grain size exerts an influence on growth rates not only because of crack closure behaviour but also the material fracture toughness. The growth rate curve based on the proposed relationship shows a sigmoidal form for ceramic materials, which is similar to metals.     

中心裂纹混凝土板的裂纹扩展和延迟失稳

本文把混凝土看作是具有损坏区的粘弹性材料,并结合裂纹前缘破坏过程的观测资料,提出了带裂纹的混凝土和破坏模型,研究了混凝土裂纹的早期扩展和延迟失稳问题。用本文给出的理论,较好地解释了在工程实际中所观察到的,以及大量实验所证实了的混凝土的早期裂纹扩展问题,并与实验数据符合较好。因此,对预测长期持续载荷作用下混凝土结构的安全性具有实际的意义。     

CRACK INITIATION AND SMALL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF SQUEEZE-CAST Al-Si ALUMINIUM ALLOYS

Abstract— Fatigue strength, crack initiation and small crack growth behaviour in two kinds of squeeze-cast aluminium alloys, AC8A-T6 and AC4C-T6 were investigated using smooth specimens subjected to rotatary-bending fatigue at room temperature. Fatigue resistance of these alloys was almost the same as that of the wrought aluminium alloys because of their fine microstructure and of the decrease in defect size due to squeeze-casting. Fatigue crack initiation sites were at the eutectic silicon particles on the surface of specimens or at internal microporosity in the specimens. Crack initiation life, defined as a crack length of 50 μm on the specimen surface, was successfully estimated from an evaluation of initiation sites using fracture mechanics and the statistics of extrema. Small fatigue crack growth in the two kinds of alloys obeys the relation proposed by Nisitani et al. , namely that d(2c)/d N = C (σ_a/σ_B)ⁿ· (2 c ), where C is a constant and σ_B is the ultimate tensile strength. It is pointed out that an improvement in fatigue strength of cast aluminium alloys can be expected by refining the eutectic silicon rather than by an increase in static strength.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS

The formulation of an isoparametric displacement – electric potential finite element method that accounts for the electro-mechanical coupling effect of piezoelectric materials is briefly presented in this paper. The crack propagation behaviour and the elasto-electric fields near a crack tip in a PZT-5 piezoelectric ceramic under mechanical, electrical and mechanical – electrical mixed loads are investigated using this electro-mechanical finite element method. From the numerical results, it can be seen that crack propagation along the crack plane direction will be impeded and the crack will tend to propagate at an angle of about 84° to the crack plane under a negative electric field on the basis of the maximum stress criterion. The physical explanation of the phenomena is presented in this paper and it is shown that the mechanical strain energy release rate is not a good criterion for predicting crack propagation in the case where the ratio of the electric field to the mechanical load becomes large.     

液体介质对聚氯乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

本文研究了环境介质对聚氯乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:1.溶剂可使硬聚氯乙烯的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降至空气中的1/3—1/10;2.硬聚氯乙烯在溶剂中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降的幅度随着其与溶剂之间的溶解度参数差值变小而增大;3.硬聚氯乙烯在溶剂中的疲劳裂纹扩展断口比在空气中的表现出较大的塑性。本文还从液体压力所致裂纹闭合效应和裂纹-银纹应力场这两个方面讨论了环境介质降低硬聚氯乙烯的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的机理。     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CRACK TIP DEFORMATION FOR SHORT AND LONG FATIGUE CRACKS

Abstract— The behaviour of physical short mode I cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was investigated both numerically and experimentally. A dynamic two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element technique was utilised to simulate cyclic crack tip plastic deformation. Different idealisations were investigated. Both stationary and artificially advanced long and short cracks were analysed. A parameter which characterises the plastically deformed crack tip zone, the strain field generated within that zone and the opening and closure of the crack tip were considered. The growth of physically short mode I cracks under constant amplitude fully reversed fatigue loading was investigated experimentally using conventional cast steel EN-9 specimens. Based on a numerical analysis, a crack tip deformation parameter was devised to correlate fatigue crack propagation rates.     

交通信号支撑结构疲劳裂纹扩展有限元分析

为了解决交通信号支撑结构疲劳裂纹扩展的问题,利用ANSYS软件对已有的信号支撑结构静力和疲劳试验分别建模分析,并用有限元结果与试验结果进行对比。研究表明：静力加载模型中,圆钢管上最大Mises应力为413.7 MPa,有限元结果与试验结果较为接近;裂纹最深点△K_Ⅱ和△K_Ⅲ值较小,△K_eff与△K_Ⅰ几乎完全相等,裂纹扩展寿命主要受△K_Ⅰ值的影响;远离裂纹端点处各点的△K_Ⅰ值呈现出M形状;Bowness公式计算得到的裂纹最深点的△K_Ⅰ值比有限元结果大,利用该公式预测交通信号支撑结构端板与圆钢管焊接节点的疲劳寿命较为保守。     

THE CRACK INITIATION TOUGHNESS FOR BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SUPER DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

Abstract— The occurrence of brittle stable crack growth before unstable fracture was demonstrated with the aid of heat-tinting, for a ferritic matrix super duplex stainless steel which had been age-hardened at 475°C. The critical crack tip opening displacement for stable crack growth, i.e. the crack initiation toughness, was measured using the direct-current-potential drop crack monitoring technique. A quantitative model for the effect of temperature and age-hardening on the brittle crack initiation toughness is described.