An After‐School Snack of Raisins Lowers Cumulative Food Intake in Young Children

Snacks are an important part of children's dietary intake, but the role of dried fruit on energy intake in children is unknown. Therefore, the effect of ad libitum consumption of an after‐school snack of raisins, grapes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies on appetite and energy intake in twenty‐six 8‐ to 11‐y‐old normal‐weight (15th to 85th percentile) children was examined. On 4 separate weekdays, 1 wk apart, children (11 M, 15 F) were given a standardized breakfast, morning snack (apple), and a standardized lunch. After school, children randomly received 1 of 4 ad libitum snacks and were instructed to eat until “comfortably full.” Appetite was measured before and 15, 30, and 45 min after snack consumption. Children consumed the least calories from raisins and grapes and the most from cookies (P < 0.001). However, weight of raisins consumed was similar to potato chips (about 75 g) and lower compared to grapes and cookies (P < 0.009). Raisins and grapes led to lower cumulative food intake (breakfast + morning snack + lunch + after‐school snack) (P < 0.001), while the cookies increased cumulative food intake (P < 0.001) compared to the other snacks. Grapes lowered appetite compared to all other snacks (P < 0.001) when expressed as a change in appetite per kilocalorie of the snack. Ad libitum consumption of raisins has potential as an after‐school snack to achieve low snack intake prior to dinner, similar to grapes, compared to potato chips, and cookies in children 8 to 11 y old.     

完善我国食品检查制度的思考——以美国食品检查制度为借鉴

分析中国食品检查制度的现状及缺陷,借鉴美国食品检查制度的经验和做法,提出完善食品检查法律法规、食品检查指南的建议,明确提出各级食品检查机构职责、加快建立职业化食品检查员队伍以及加强食品检查员队伍能力建设的建议和思考,以期完善和推进我国食品检查制度建设。     

The Effects of a Beef‐Based Meal Compared to a Calorie Matched Bean‐Based Meal on Appetite and Food Intake

Protein and fiber have strong satiety‐inducing potential. Beef is a high quality, protein‐rich food. Beans contain moderate levels of protein as well as fiber. To determine the effects of a high protein meal (beef) compared to a moderate protein, high fiber meal (beans) on subjective appetite and energy intake at a subsequent meal twenty‐eight adults, 14 men (ages 24 ± 5 y, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m²) and 14 women (ages 25 ± 5 y, BMI 22 ± 2 kg/m²) consumed 2 test lunches containing a “meatloaf” made from either beef or beans. The beef meal provided 26 g of protein and 3 g of fiber while the bean meal provided 17 g of protein and 12 g of fiber. An ad libitum snack was given 3 h after the test meal. Visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, and prospective food intake. Gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance was assessed over 24 h. No difference between the beef and bean was observed for appetite ratings over 3 h, food intake at the subsequent meal (632 ± 75 kcal compared with 611 ± 75 kcal, respectively), or sum of GI score (2.2 ± 0.5 compared with 2.9 ± 0.5, respectively). Gas and bloating were reported more often after the bean meal than the beef meal (2.0 ± 0.4 compared with 1.3 ± 0.4, P value 0.057). A beef‐based meal with high protein and a bean‐based meal with moderate protein and high fiber produced similar satiety, while the bean‐based meal resulting in higher, yet moderate, gas and bloating.     

The Effects of Whole Grain High‐Amylose Maize Flour as a Source of Resistant Starch on Blood Glucose,Satiety, and Food Intake in Young Men

The objective of this study was to determine the dose response effect of whole grain high‐amylose maize (HAM) flour as a source of resistant starch (RS) on blood glucose, appetite and short‐term food intake. In a repeated‐measures crossover trial, healthy men (n = 30, 22.9 ± 0.6 y, BMI of 22.6 ± 0.3 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 3 cookies once a week for 3 wk. Cookies were control (100% wheat flour), low‐dose (63% wheat flour,37% HAM flour), and high‐dose (33% wheat flour, 67% HAM flour) providing 53.5, 43.5, and 36.3 g of available carbohydrate, respectively. Ad libitum food intake was measured 120 min at a pizza meal, blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured after consumption of the cookie (0 to 120 min) and after the pizza meal (140 to 200 min). Blood glucose concentrations were lower at 30 and 45 min after high‐dose treatment, and at 120 min after both high‐ and low‐dose treatments compared to control (P < 0.05). Blood glucose AUC before the pizza meal (0 to 120 min) was 44% and 14% lower, and higher by 43% and 41% after the pizza meal (140 to 200 min) compared with control. Yet despite the higher response following the meal, cumulative AUC (0 to 200 min) was still 22% lower after the high‐dose treatment (P < 0.05). All treatments equally suppressed subjective appetite and there was no effect on food intake. In conclusion, HAM flour as a source of RS and incorporated into a cookie was associated with better glycemic control in young men.     

菜籽油中芥酸含量对动物食用安全性的影响

采用气相色谱法分析双低冷榨菜籽油和普通菜籽油的芥酸含量;运用掺食法喂饲小鼠含两种菜籽油的饲料(含油量2%),连续饲养5 周,观察小鼠、体质量、摄食量、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、脏器( 心、肝、脾、肺、双肾、睾丸、卵巢) 质量的变化;研究菜籽油中芥酸含量对小鼠食用安全性的影响。结果表明,双低冷榨菜籽油芥酸含量为4.744%,普通菜籽油芥酸含量为 32.595%,双低冷榨菜籽油芥酸含量明显低于普通菜籽油。喂饲双低冷榨菜籽油饲料组小鼠血清TC、TG 水平低于普通菜籽油饲料组;血清HDL-C 水平略高于普通菜籽油饲料组;与普通菜籽油饲料组相比,喂饲双低冷榨菜籽油饲料对小鼠血脂水平有良好影响。与正常对照组和双低冷榨菜籽油组相比,普通菜籽油组小鼠心脏质量和肝脏质量明显升高,可能与芥酸使脂肪沉积于心脏和肝脏有关。喂饲两种菜籽油对小鼠体质量、摄食、其他脏器质量均无明显影响。     

The influence of demographic,physical, behavioral,and dietary factors on hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide and glycidamide in the general U.S. population

Purpose: This study aims to better understand the individual characteristics and dietary factors that affect the relationship between estimated consumption of acrylamide and measured acrylamide hemoglobin adduct levels (HbAA) and glycidamide hemoglobin adduct levels (HbGA). Methods: Acrylamide levels in individual food items, estimated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, were linked to data collected in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between estimated consumption of acrylamide and HbAA. Results: A significant association between acrylamide intake and HbAA was observed, after adjustment for gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, age, and BMI (R² = 0.34). Across quartiles of acrylamide consumption, HbAA and HbGA levels increased monotonically. Among nonsmokers, an evaluation of three heavily consumed, high AA concentration foods showed a positive trend between the consumed amount of fried potatoes and HbAA in children, adolescents, and adults. A significant positive trend between the consumed amount of potato chips or coffee was indicated in adolescents, adults, and seniors. Conclusions: Consumption of some individual foods affects HbAA concentrations more strongly and in an age-dependent manner. Our results suggest that effective dietary guidelines for controlling acrylamide intake should be subpopulation specific.     

美国食品监督检查制度的分析和借鉴

以美国食品监督检查制度为研究对象,深入剖析了其监督检查机构的组成、管理运行机制、检查理念以及检查员的培训特点,提出了建立基于风险和质量体系的食品监督检查制度、综合性食品监督检查信息管理平台以及统一的食品检查员培训和认证体系的建议,为完善中国食品监督检查制度提供借鉴。     

Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology

With increase in processed and packaged food intake, there has been a growing concern regarding excessive use of food additives in food production. To assess whether these food additives pose a health hazard, their intake levels need to be defined. Various methods, such as per capita approach, total diet studies, Danish budget method, and individual- and household-based diet surveys, have been used for estimating exposure to food additives, namely, preservatives, synthetic food colors, artificial sweeteners, and antioxidants. A regular monitoring mechanism should be in place for assessing risk of exposure to additives, especially in developing countries of the world.     

Trends in exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. Population: 1999-2008

Since 2002, practices in manufacturing polyfluoroalkyl chemicals (PFCs) in the United States have changed. Previous results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) documented a significant decrease in serum concentrations of some PFCs during 1999-2004. To further assess concentration trends of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), we analyzed 7876 serum samples collected from a representative sample of the general U.S. population ≥12 years of age during NHANES 1999-2008. We detected PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, and PFHxS in more than 95% of participants. Concentrations differed by sex regardless of age and we observed some differences by race/ethnicity. Since 1999-2000, PFOS concentrations showed a significant downward trend, because of discontinuing industrial production of PFOS, but PFNA concentrations showed a significant upward trend. PFOA concentrations during 1999-2000 were significantly higher than during any other time period examined, but PFOA concentrations have remained essentially unchanged during 2003-2008. PFHxS concentrations showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2006, but concentrations increased during 2007-2008. Additional research is needed to identify the environmental sources contributing to human exposure to PFCs. Nonetheless, these NHANES data suggest that sociodemographic factors may influence exposure and also provide unique information on temporal trends of exposure.     

Maternal Choline Intake Programs Hypothalamic Energy Regulation and Later‐Life Phenotype of Male Wistar Rat Offspring

Scope: High‐folic‐acid diets during pregnancy result in obesity in the offspring, associated with altered DNA‐methylation of hypothalamic food intake neurons. Like folic acid, the methyl‐donor choline modulates foetal brain development, but its long‐term programing effects on energy regulation remain undefined. This study aims to describe the effect of choline intake during pregnancy on offspring phenotype and hypothalamic energy‐regulatory mechanisms. Methods and results: Wistar rat dams are fed an AIN‐93G diet with recommended choline (RC, 1 g kg^?1 diet), low choline (LC, 0.5‐fold), or high choline (HC, 2.5‐fold) during pregnancy. Male pups are terminated at birth and 17 weeks post‐weaning. Brain 1‐carbon metabolites, body weight, food intake, energy expenditure, plasma hormones, and protein expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides are measured. HC pups have higher expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide‐Y neurons at birth, consistent with higher cumulative food intake and body weight gain post‐weaning compared to RC and LC offspring. LC pups have lower leptin receptor expression at birth and lower energy expenditure and activity during adulthood. Conclusion: Choline content of diets that are consumed by rats during pregnancy affects the later‐life phenotype of offspring, associated with altered in utero programing of hypothalamic food intake regulation.     

Safety of Polyethylene Terephthalate Food Containers Evaluated by HPLC, Migration Test, and Estimated Daily Intake

ABSTRACT:  A comparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of monomers, terephthalic acid (TPA), isophthalic acid (IPA), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) food containers was conducted. Monomer linearities and sensitivities were calibrated between established and novel HPLC analyses. Safety of PET containers was evaluated with newly established detection methods for TPA, IPA, and DMT. Migration of the 3 monomers into food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 20% alcohol, and n-heptane) from 56 PET containers collected from open markets was monitored. Migrated monomers were not detected over 0.1 ppm of detection limit. The corresponding estimated daily intake was measured to confirm the safety of these publicly available PET containers and to permit comparison to the specific migration limit of the European Union. The estimated daily intake of 3 monomers migrating from PET was 0.0384 mg/kg each. This represented only 0.6% of the European Union's specific migration limit, confirming the safety of the examined containers.     

Improving the quality of meat‐free sausages using κ‐carrageenan,konjac mannan and xanthan gum

High consumption of processed red meat can cause health issues. Therefore, production of high‐quality meat‐free food alternatives is necessary. The main objective of this study was to use hydrocolloids including κ‐carrageenan, konjac mannan and xanthan gum at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w to improve the quality of meat‐free sausages formulated by soy protein isolated, texturised soy protein, corn starch, vegetable oil and spices. With the addition of the tested hydrocolloids, the lightness of the sausages improved. κ‐Carrageenan and konjac mannan significantly improved the water‐holding capacity and texture and reduced the cooking loss of the samples, while xanthan gum showed no considerable effect on these parameters. Konjac mannan and κ‐carrageenan (up to 0.6%) improved the general acceptability of the sausages, while inclusion of xanthan gum made no significant difference. Unlike xanthan gum, κ‐carrageenan followed by konjac mannan was highly successful in improving the overall quality of meat‐free sausages.     

Perceptions of peanuts and related products by Thai consumers in the U.S.

A study was conducted to identify perceptions of Thai consumers toward peanuts and related products using a food/food-use appropriateness matrix and to identify new peanut products that exhibit good potential for being accepted by Thais. Most respondents were highly educated young Thai adults who had resided in the U.S. for 4 years or less. Factor analysis of the matrix consisting of sixteen peanut and related products and fourteen use situations identified two food (snack food and every day food) and three use groups (general use, special occasion and value/convenience). The snack food group was deemed appropriate for special occasions and children, while the every day food group was appropriate for general use and when concern existed about value and convenience. The every day food group was also perceived as being appropriate for snacking. Three peanut-based products representing good potential for acceptance were identified as ice cream type, milk type and non-peanut butter spread type.     

The Role of Auditing,Food Safety,and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review

Food safety and quality audits are used widely in the food industry for various reasons (to evaluate management systems, obtain certifications to certain food safety and quality standards, assess the condition of premises and products, confirm legal compliance, and so on). Nowadays, the increased interest of consumers on food safety and quality matters, triggered mainly by recent food scandals, has enabled the public and private food sectors to develop a variety of food safety and quality standards. These standards have both advantages and disadvantages and their effectiveness depends on several factors such as the competency and skills of auditors and the standard used in each case. Although the industry continuously invests in developing and improving these systems, the number of foodborne outbreaks per year appears to be quite stable in both Europe and the United States. This may be an indication that additional measures and techniques or a different approach would be required to further improve the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems. This article examines the role of audits and food safety and quality assessment systems in the food industry, presenting the results of several studies and briefly describing the main food safety and quality standards currently used in Europe (with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom and Greece), the U.S., Australia–New Zealand, and Asia.     

食品机械技术创新动力模式的研究

从食品机械的技术创新动力入手,分析了其创新动力的基本要素、特征和形成过程,提出了技术创新动力的构建模型及计算方法,研究了不同创新模式的特点、适应领域和作用效果,确定了食品机械技术创新比较理想的动力选择方案。     

美国食品药品监督管理局食品检查员培训模式对我国的启示

本文剖析了美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)食品检查员的教育培训内容及特点,针对我国食品检查员的培训现状及问题提出了建立统一的检查员培训标准、加强网络培训建设、建立食品检查员培训师资库、加强现场教学和继续教育培训、加强综合素质类培训、加快食品检查员后备人才培养和加强国际化食品检查人才培养等建议,以期完善我国的食品检查员培训制度。     

Appetite‐Inducing Effects of Homoeriodictyol: Two Randomized,Cross‐Over Interventions

1 Scope

Anorexia of aging, characterized by a decrease in appetite and/or food intake, is a major risk factor of under‐nutrition and adverse health outcomes in elderly people. Recent in vitro evidence suggests homoeriodictyol (HED), a naturally occurring, bitter‐masking flavanone, as a promising agent to increase appetite and food intake.

2 Methods and results

In two cross‐over intervention trials, 30 mg NaHED, either solely (n = 10, Study I) or in combination with a 75 g glucose load (n = 17, study II) were administered to healthy adult subjects. Ratings of hunger were assessed at fasting and either 30 min (Study I) or 120 min (Study II) post intervention. Ad libitum energy intake from a standardized breakfast and plasma changes in hunger‐/satiety‐associated hormones PYY, GLP‐1, ghrelin and serotonin were determined after blood drawings. Effects were more pronounced when NaHED was administered in combination with 75 g glucose since ad libitum energy (+ 9.52 ± 4.60%) and protein (+ 7.08 ± 7.97%) intake as well as plasma ΔAUC ghrelin values increased in study II solely, whereas plasma serotonin concentrations decreased after both interventions.

3 Conclusions

NaHED demonstrated appetizing effects in healthy adults when administered with a glucose load. Long‐term intervention studies are warranted to verify these effects in compromised subjects.