The Microbiological Status of Carcasses from Wild Boar in Serbia

In this study, the microbiological status of wild boar carcass meat and the likely sources of its contamination were investigated. Wild boar carcasses (125) were analysed for Total Viable (TVC) and Enterobacteriaceae Count (EBC). The mean TVC and EBC on the skin were 3.5 and 2.1 log₁₀ cfu/cm², whereas higher levels of 4.3 and 2.9 log₁₀ cfu/cm² were determined on carcass meat, respectively. No difference was determined when TVC and EBC were compared between animals shot in the abdominal region and those shot elsewhere, indicating that inadequate hygiene in carcass handling was the reason for high level of microbiological contamination.     

不同月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰性能及肉质比较研究

通过测定屠宰率、pH值、肉色、蒸煮损失、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、快/慢肌纤维数量等指标,综合分析莱芜黑山羊的屠宰性能、营养品质和加工品质,并进行感官品质评价。结果表明:不同月龄莱芜黑山羊各指标间存在不同程度的差异显著性,12月龄莱芜黑山羊屠宰率(48.21%)与24月龄(48.75%)不存在显著差异,并显著高于8月龄(43.55%),其肉骨比为4.04,低于8月龄及24月龄;8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉色与其他月龄相比更加红亮,8、12、24月龄的粗蛋白含量分别为19.29%、21.34%、22.00%,粗脂肪含量分别为1.83%、2.08%、2.10%,8月龄的莱芜黑山羊肉剪切力为4985.98 g,显著低于12、24月龄,嫩度最好,且快肌纤维数量及快/慢肌纤维数量比例最高,为6.36,与其他月龄相比差异显著,同时感官评分最高。因此,8月龄莱芜黑山羊肉可作为高档羔羊肉进行生产,以羔羊胴体销售时,12月龄屠宰效益较高。     

Hot-Water Rinsing and Trimming/Washing of Beef Carcasses to Reduce Physical and Microbiological Contamination

A field study was conducted to compare trimming/washing procedures with hot-water rinsing as interventions for beef carcass decontamination. Treatments included no trimming/no washing; knife-trimming followed by spray-washing (26°C, 276 kPa followed by 1000 kPa); and hot-water rinsing (> 77°C, 138–152 kPa, 2.5 or 8 sec) following either knife-trimming or no knife-trimming of the contaminated site and spray-washing. Samples were analyzed for counts of total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli, as well as for the presence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7. Results indicated decontamination of beef carcasses could be achieved by knife-trimming followed by spray-washing or by spray-washing followed by hot-water rinsing.     

食品中微生物卫生标准相关性研究

对动物性食品、焙烤食品、发酵食品、海产品、饮用水、果仁食品等的细菌卫生标准――菌落总数和大肠菌群进行监测,应用生态学模拟对鲜猪肉在冷藏过程中的菌落总数、大肠菌群和沙门氏菌三项指标的变化情况进行分析。结果表明:鲜猪肉在贮藏过程中反映出菌落总数和大肠菌群之间具有同步效应,大肠菌群和沙门氏菌之间的关联却不十分清楚,发酵食品、焙烤食品、海产品和饮用水等都很难得出菌落总数和大肠菌群之间具有内在联系。     

屠宰猪肝脏的纤维化检测

为探讨当前屠宰猪的健康状况,应用Mallory三色染色对某地区291例屠宰猪肝脏的样品进行纤维化检验。结果发现屠宰猪的肝脏出现了不同程度的纤维化,仅有60例（20.6%）未发现可见的纤维化。在发生纤维化的样品中初期（S1期）和中期（S2期）为主,分别为119例（40.9%）和73例（25.1%）,部分样品出现了肝硬化。结果表明屠宰猪生长过程受到多种不良因素的影响,屠宰过程中应加强检疫。     

苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊的肉品质和挥发性风味物质比较

为了探究品种对羊肉品质和风味的影响,选取12月龄苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和二狼山白绒山羊(乌拉特山羊)各12只,测定其屠宰性能,再分别取股二头肌测定肉品质和挥发性风味物质并进行比较。结果表明:巴美肉羊的胴体质量、背膘厚、a^*值均显著高于苏尼特羊和乌拉特山羊(P<0.05),说明其屠宰性能较好,肉色较红;苏尼特羊的pH显著高于乌拉特山羊(P<0.05),而巴美肉羊与二者之间无明显差别(P>0.05)。品种对挥发性成分的相对含量和构成影响很大,电子鼻测定结果表明苏尼特羊、巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊的气味存在差异,进一步对比挥发性风味物质发现,苏尼特羊肉中醛、醇及酮类化合物的总相对含量较高。气相色谱-质谱联用检测出乌拉特山羊肉中风味物质较其他两种丰富,通过相对气味活度值(ROAV)筛选出庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、反-2-壬烯醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、反-2-癸烯醛和十二醛可作为三种羊肉共有的关键风味物质,其中壬醛对苏尼特羊肉风味贡献最大,而巴美肉羊和乌拉特山羊肉中贡献最大的风味物质为1-辛烯-3-醇。总体上,巴美肉羊的屠宰性能较优良且肉色略红,在风味方面,不同品种的羊肉其关键风味物质存在差异。     

添加复合缓冲剂对高精料饲喂泌乳奶山羊乳品质的改善及机制

目的:探讨复合缓冲剂对高精料饲喂泌乳期奶山羊乳品质及机体健康状态的影响。方法:选取8只体质量接近的泌乳中期萨能奶山羊,随机分为高精料组(high concentrate diet group,HG)(精粗质量比60∶40)和缓冲剂组(buffering concentrate group,BG)(高精料中添加复合缓冲剂)。实验共20周,每周统计奶山羊产乳量,每周检测乳成分含量;至第19周,采集瘤胃液和血液样品,测定瘤胃液p H值及脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)含量及血液中相关生化指标。结果:与HG相比,BG的奶山羊平均日产乳量、乳中乳蛋白率、乳脂率及乳糖含量都高于HG,其中乳脂率显著高于HG(P0.05)。HG奶山羊瘤胃p H值一直低于BG,且出现了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒症状,其中瘤胃液中LPS含量极显著高于BG(P0.01);生化指标检测结果显示:HG奶山羊血液中碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶的活性都高于BG,且差异显著(P0.05)。结论:给泌乳奶山羊高精料饲料中添加复合缓冲剂可以改善泌乳期奶山羊乳品质和产乳量,其机理可能与复合缓冲剂缓解高精料所致的瘤胃p H值下降、减少代谢异常产物的产生,从而改善机体的健康状态有关。     

Evaluation of Prerequisite Programs Implementation and Hygiene Practices at Social Food Services through Audits and Microbiological Surveillance

Prerequisite programs are considered the most efficient tool for a successful implementation of self‐control systems to ensure food safety. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the implementation of these programs in 15 catering services located in Navarra and the Basque Country (regions in northern Spain), through on‐site audits and microbiological analyses. The implementation of the prerequisite program was incomplete in 60% of the sample. The unobserved temperature control during both the storage and preparation of meals in 20% of the kitchens reveals misunderstanding in the importance of checking these critical control points. A high level of food safety and hygiene (absence of pathogens) was observed in the analyzed meals, while 27.8% of the tested surfaces exceeded the established limit for total mesophilic aerobic microorganisms (≤100 CFU/25 cm²). The group of hand‐contact surfaces (oven door handles and aprons) showed the highest level of total mesophilic aerobic microorganisms and Enterobacteriaceae, and the differences observed with respect to the food‐contact surfaces (work and distribution utensils) were statistically significant (P < 0.001). With regard to the food workers’ hands, lower levels of microorganisms were observed in the handlers wearing gloves (that is, for Staphylococcus spp we identified 43 CFU/cm² on average compared with 4 CFU/cm² (P < 0.001) for those not wearing and wearing gloves, respectively). For a proper implementation of the prerequisites, it is necessary to focus on attaining a higher level of supervision of activities and better hygiene training for the food handlers, through specific activities such as informal meetings and theoretical‐practical sessions adapted to the characteristics of each establishment.     

Cow-level prevalence of paratuberculosis in culled dairy cows in Atlantic Canada and Maine

The prevalence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Mptb) in culled dairy cattle in Eastern Canada and Maine was determined to be 16.1% (95% confidence interval 13.8 to 18.3%) based on a systematic random sample of abattoir cattle. Mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum from 984 cows were examined by histologic and bacteriologic methods. Histological testing was far less sensitive than bacteriologic methods for detecting infected cattle. A seasonal pattern of positive cows was also detected, with the highest proportion of cows being Mptb-positive in June (42.5%). Overall, body condition score was not associated with prevalence of Mptb isolation.     

啤酒酿造中的微生物污染

由于啤酒酿造的环境奈件,如营养丰富的麦芽汁、发酵过程中酵母产生的生长因子以及较长的发酵时间等非常适宜于微生物的生长,所以在啤酒酿造中许多环节都存在微生物污染的可能性。啤酒酿造过程中的微生物污染不仅会影响产品的质量,严重时还会给啤酒生产厂家造成一定的经济损失。介绍了啤酒酿造过程中的污染微生物的种类、来源以及对啤酒质量的影响。通过了解啤酒酿造中微生物的污染情况,可以有助于我们生产高质量的啤酒产品.     

生猪定点屠宰厂(场)病害猪无害化处理工作探讨

中国是生猪生产和消费大国,每年生产数亿合格生猪同时,也有大量的病害猪产生。我国已经建立和完善了针对病害猪无害化处理的法律、法规、标准体系,并且在屠宰环节已经建立了无害化处理财政补偿机制。病害猪无害化处理政策的有效施行,减少了病害生猪产品流入市场,保障了肉类食品安全。本文对生猪定点屠宰厂(场)病害猪无害化处理进行了系统的阐述,希望能促进无害化处理知识的普及,为无害化处理工作的执行提供意见参考。     

HACCP体系在国内外肉牛屠宰加工中的运用

HACCP体系以其系统性强、结构严谨、适用面广、预防性高等优点已被各行各业广泛运用于保障质量安全。本文综述了HACCP体系在国内外肉牛屠宰加工中的运用,对肉牛安全体系的制定提供一定的理论依据。     

Microbiological safety of ready-to-eat minimally processed vegetables in Brazil: an overview

The market of ready-to-eat minimally processed vegetables (RTE-MPV) is increasing in Brazil and many other countries. During processing, these vegetables go through several steps that modify their natural structure while maintaining the same nutritional and sensory attributes as the fresh produce. One of the most important steps is washing-disinfection, which aims to reduce the microbial load, prevent cross-contamination and inactivate pathogenic microorganisms that may be present. Nonetheless, the presence of pathogens and occurrence of foodborne illnesses associated with consumption of RTE-MPV concern consumers, governments and the food industry. This review brings an overview on the microbiological safety of RTE-MPV, focusing on Brazilian findings. Most of the published data are on detection of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, indicating that their prevalence may range from 0.4% to 12.5% and from 0.6% to 3.1%, respectively. The presence of these pathogens in fresh produce is unacceptable and risky, mainly in RTE-MPV, because consumers expect them to be clean and sanitized and consequently safe for consumption without any additional care. Therefore, proper control during the production of RTE-MPV is mandatory to guarantee products with quality and safety to consumers. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Prevalence,Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella spp. in Meat Samples Collected from Italian Slaughterhouses

Recently worldwide food safety authorities indicated the rise of foodborne outbreaks linked to Salmonella: this highlighted the need to intensify monitoring and apply more targeted controls to help manage the spread of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in 7 slaughterhouses, located in different areas of Naples province (Regione Campania, Italy). Meat samples collected from the slaughterhouses were submitted for standardized microbiological analysis in 2015. Results of routine testing for Salmonella spp. were analyzed and then compared to biochemical and molecular evaluations. Salmonella spp. were detected in 12% of 320 samples examined (39/320) and the isolation rates ranged from 87% (32 samples) for raw poultry meat to 13% (7 samples) for pork meat. Biochemical serotyping showed that approximately 50% of the isolates belonged to Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis. Rapid detection methods, such as molecular analysis (polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis), able to confirm food matrices contamination, represent a valid support to the fast identification of Salmonella species. A further aspect of the study consisted, indeed, on analyzing isolated strains through molecular evaluations. By amplifying bacterial DNA—using invA primers, selective for Salmonella—it was possible, in less than 3 h, to classify the isolates as Salmonella spp., confirming the results of microbiological outcomes. Results of distribution analysis, supported by rapid molecular approaches, showed the difficulty of reducing Salmonella risk on food chain. This emphasized the importance of periodic surveillance to prevent outbreaks.     

Microbiological quality of retail fresh fish fillets in The Netherlands

A total of 242 samples of ready-for-sale fish fillets of validated good sensory quality was examined for colony counts at 20, 30 and 37°C, Enterobacteriaceae at 37°C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 10 g aliquots. Staphylococcus aureus and yeast and mould propagules. Gram negative pathogens were not detected in any sample. The following reference values were found attainable: colony counts at 30°C, 10⁶ g^?1; E. coli 10 g^?1; S. aereus 10² g^?1; yeast and mould propagules 10⁴ g^?1. These reference values include, as customary, a tolerance of about 20% of samples exceeding the stated levels without, however, reaching the next log₁₀ level.     

中国食品卫生监管问题与对策

分析了中国食品卫生监管的现状，针对性地提出了加强中国食品卫生监管的对策与建议，尝试对这一现象作初步探讨，以助于该问题尽快有效的解决。     

河南省部分屠宰场生猪及宰后环节金黄色葡萄球菌污染情况及其耐药性分析

目的 了解河南省部分地区屠宰场待宰生猪以及屠宰过程中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行情况及其耐药性.方法 采集待宰生猪鼻拭子、麻电鼻拭子、断头鼻拭子、脱毛体表拭子、劈半体表拭子、冷库体表拭子、烫毛水样及空气样品等,根据GB 4789.10-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》进行金黄色葡萄球菌的常规分离鉴...     

家具展示设计的研究

家具展示设施是联系家具产品与展示场地的中介,其完备程度直接影响到家具展示的效果,本文探讨了家具展示空间设计入口、界面、交通、宣传等四个部分。