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1.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(7):1175-1184
A novel, fully automated method based on dual-column switching using online turbulent flow chromatography followed by LC-MS/MS was developed for the determination of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in milk, fresh milk and milk powder samples. After ultrasound-assisted extraction, samples were directly injected into the chromatographic system and the analytes were concentrated on the clean-up loading column. Through purge switch, analytes were transferred to the analytical column for subsequent detection by mass spectrometry. Different types of TurboFlowTM columns, transfer flow rates and transfer times were optimised. Method limits of detection obtained for AFB1 and AFM1 were 0.05 μg kg–1, and limits of quantification were 0.1 μg kg–1. Recoveries of aflatoxin B1 and M1 were in range of 81.1–102.1% for all samples. Matrix effects of aflatoxin B1 and M1 were in range of 63.1–94.3%. The developed method was successfully used for the analysis of aflatoxin B1 and M1 in real samples. 相似文献
2.
Current Immunoassay Methods for the Rapid Detection of Aflatoxin in Milk and Dairy Products
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Emmanuel Matabaro Nestor Ishimwe Eric Uwimbabazi Byong H. Lee 《Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety》2017,16(5):808-820
The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuff causes serious health problems to consumers and economically affects the food industry. Among the mycotoxins, aflatoxins are very toxic and highly carcinogenic contaminants which affect the safety of many foods, and therefore endanger human health. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) found in milk results from the biotransformation of aflatoxin B1. Many efforts have been made to control the source of AFM1 from farmers to dairy product companies. However, AFM1 escapes ordinary methods of food treatment such as cooking, sterilization, and freezing, hence it appears in milk and dairy products. The presence of high levels of AFM1 constitutes an alarming threat as milk and dairy products contain essential nutrients for human health, especially for infants and children. For this reason, there is a pressing need for developing a fast and reliable screening method for detecting trace aflatoxins in food. Several analytical methods based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectroscopy have been used for aflatoxin detection; however, they are expensive, time‐consuming, and require many skills. Recently, immunoassay methods, including enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosensors, and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), have been preferred for food analysis because of their improved qualities such as high sensitivity, simplicity, and capability of onsite monitoring. This paper reviews the new developments and applications of immunoassays for the rapid detection of AFM1 in milk. 相似文献
3.
《International Dairy Journal》2007,17(5):429-435
To evaluate the reliability of ELISA in aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) determination in milk, more than 15,000 samples were tested and results from 600 of them were compared with those of the HPLC reference method. Extraction efficiency by immunoaffinity columns was checked under various conditions. ELISA and HPLC assays of spiked samples gave same precision (coefficient of variation), recovery, and regression coefficient R2 values (0.9–8%, 96.8–108%, 0.993, respectively) for samples containing less than 70 ng L−1 of AFM1. At higher concentrations up to 100 ng L−1, ELISA gave a slight overestimation, with CV 7–21% and R2=0.876. This overestimation was confirmed (R2=0.788) for the 600 comparison samples. Data from this study support ELISA as a reliable routine quality control assay for AFM1 in milk, quantifying exactly its content for values above, but close to, the legal limit. Regulatory rules require HPLC confirmation of positive samples, but by using ELISA, no cases of false-negative determination should occur. 相似文献
4.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(9):1261-1265
A sensitive and reliable method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with an electrospray-positive ionization method was developed for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. This method includes simple extraction of the sample with acetonitrile by ultrasonic, separation on an MGIII-C18 column using 0.01% formic acid buffer/acetonitrile (60 : 40, v/v) as mobile phase, and MS/MS detection using multiple reaction-monitoring mode. Average recoveries of aflatoxin M1 from spiked samples at concentrations of 0.02 and 1 ng ml?1 ranged from 77% to 94%, with a 6% relative standard deviation. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.006 and 0.02 ng ml?1, respectively. The standard curve was linear between 0.02 and 20.0 ng ml?1. The recommended method is simple, rapid, specific and reliable for the routine monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in milk. 相似文献
5.
Aflatoxin M1 is one of the most common toxic natural substances found worldwide. It metabolizes from aflatoxin B1 that is present in the diet of mammals. In this study, 84 milk samples were investigated in total, and 63 (75 %) were contaminated with aflatoxin M1 above the limit of detection. No difference was observed between the samples from organic and conventional systems (0.021 vs. 0.018 µg/kg; p > 0.05). There was no difference between pasteurized and raw milk samples (0.018 vs. 0.020 µg/kg; p > 0.05). None of the samples contained aflatoxin M1 above the maximum level permitted by Brazilian Legislation (0.5 µg/kg for fluid milk). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of aflatoxin M1 through organic and conventional milk consumption was also evaluated. In this study, the EDI-values for aflatoxin M1 did not pose a toxicological risk for the population. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on aflatoxin M1 levels in organic milk from Brazil. 相似文献
6.
Mateen Ahmad Muhammad Awais Hafiz Azhar Ali Khan Muhammad Riaz Asif Sultan 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2019,12(1):18-23
In this survey aflatoxin, M1 was quantified in raw and processed milk from various areas of two big cities of Punjab province, i.e. Lahore and Multan. The results indicated that approximately 90% of the raw milk samples collected from Lahore city was contaminated with aflatoxin M1. Similarly, around 92% of the raw milk samples collected from Multan city was contaminated with aflatoxin M1. All samples of processed milk and tea whiteners were contaminated and 56% of the contaminated processed milk samples and 66% of the contaminated tea whitener samples were violating the maximum limits. The dietary exposure data of AFM1 among six different groups was calculated, which indicated that the male children population was the most vulnerable group to AFM1, up to 6.68 ng L?1 per day and the least affected one was the female group above 20 years of age with 1.13 ng L?1 per day. 相似文献
7.
Wondimeneh Taye Amare Ayalew Alemayehu Chala Mashilla Dejene 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(4):237-245
Natural contamination of sorghum grains by aflatoxin B1 and total fumonisin and their producing toxigenic fungi has been studied. A total of 90 sorghum grain samples were collected from small-scale farmers’ threshing floors and 5–6 months later from underground pits during 2013 harvest from three districts of East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Mycotoxin analysis was done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The limits of detection were in the range 0.01–0.03 μg kg–1. The results revealed that all sorghum grain samples were contaminated with both Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Aflatoxin B1 was detected at levels ranging from ?1 grain. There were marked variations in aflatoxin B1 concentrations between fresh and stored samples, with much higher levels in the latter. Total fumonisin levels varied between 907 and 2041 µg kg?1 grain across the samples. Lowest total fumonisin was recorded in freshly harvested sorghum grain samples. Sorghum is a main staple cereal in the studied districts and its consumption per day per person is high. Daily intake of low doses of mycotoxin-contaminated food stuff over a period of time could lead to chronic mycotoxicosis. 相似文献
8.
A survey on 73 milk samples from different animal breeds and 24 dairy products samples from Sicily, Italy, was carried out for the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) by LC-fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity cleanup. AFM1 was detected in 48% and 42% of the milk and dairy samples at concentration ranges between <5.0–16.0 and <5.0–18.0 ng L?1, respectively. Within the raw milk samples, 92% had an AFM1 content below 5.0 ng L?1, in 7% of the cases it was in the range 5.0–10.0 ng L?1 and 1% was contaminated between 10.0 and 20.0 ng L?1. For the dairy products, ultra-high-temperature treated (UHT) milk, milk cream and cheese, the incidence was 42%, of which 83% contained less than 5.0 ng L?1 and 17% contained 10.0–20.0 ng L?1 AFM1. The levels of contamination found justify continuous monitoring for public health and to reduce consumer exposure. 相似文献
9.
《Journal of dairy science》2023,106(5):3641-3649
In the past few years there has been a growing trend in the prevalence of aflatoxins, attributable to climate change, in substances destined for animal feeding, together with an increase in dairy product consumption. These facts have triggered great concern in the scientific community over milk pollution by aflatoxin M1. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the transfer of aflatoxin B1 from the diet into milk as AFM1 in goats exposed to different concentrations of AFB1, and its possible effect on the production and serological parameters of this species. For this purpose, 18 goats in late lactation were divided into 3 groups (n = 6) and exposed to different daily doses of aflatoxin B1 (T1 = 120 µg; T2 = 60 µg, and control = 0 µg), during 31 d. Pure aflatoxin B1 was administered 6 h before each milking in an artificially contaminated pellet. The milk samples were taken individually in sequential samples. Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily, and a blood sample was extracted on the last day of exposure. No aflatoxin M1 was detected, either in the samples taken before the first administration, or in the control group ones. The aflatoxin M1 concentration detected in the milk (T1 = 0.075 µg/kg; T2 = 0.035 µg/kg) increased significantly on a par with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested did not have any influence on aflatoxin M1 carryover (T1 = 0.066% and T2 = 0.060%), these being considerably lower than those described in dairy goats. Thus, we concluded that the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk follows a linear relationship with respect to the aflatoxin B1 ingested, and that the aflatoxin M1 carryover was not affected by the administration of different aflatoxin B1 doses. Similarly, no significant changes in the production parameters after chronic exposure to aflatoxin B1 were observed, revealing a certain resistance of the goat to the possible effects of that aflatoxin. 相似文献
10.
乳品中黄曲霉毒素M1检测方法研究进展 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
黄曲霉毒素M1是动物摄入黄曲霉毒素B1后的代谢产物,主要分布在动物的乳汁、尿液中。黄曲霉毒素M1毒性很大,经乳制品摄入会对人体产生巨大的危害。本文主要对乳品中黄曲霉毒素M1毒性、危害、检测方法进行综述。对主要检测方法的特性及适用范围进行分析与概括,并且对未来黄曲霉毒素M1的检测方法的发展进行了合理展望。 相似文献
11.
Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 in Food Matrices by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Wenxiao Jiang Zhanhui Wang Greta Nölke Jing Zhang Lanlan Niu Jianzhong Shen 《Food Analytical Methods》2013,6(3):767-774
Aflatoxins are a class of highly toxic chemical contaminants occurring in food. Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food can lead to harmful effects on human health. A rapid and reliable analysis of aflatoxins in food is crucial. In this study, we generated a broad–specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3 C10 against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The MAb 3 C10 binds specifically to AFB1 and AFM1 and has a IC50 of 0.13 μg L?1 for AFB1 and 0.16 μg L?1 for AFM1. Furthermore, the MAb showed high cross-reactivity to AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2. To enable simultaneous AFB1 and AFM1 detection in different food matrices, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) based on MAb 3 C10 has been developed and optimized. In addition, the extraction methods of different food matrices (peanut, corn, soybean, wheat flour, rice, soy sauce, vinegar, wine, raw milk, pure milk, skimmed milk, and yogurt) were established. The average recovery ranged from 73 to 121 %, with relative standard deviation values less than 15 %. The limit of detection was 0.52?+?0.36 μg kg?1 (mean?+?3SD) for AFB1 in eight agricultural products and 0.031?+?0.015 μg kg?1 (mean?+?3SD) for AFM1 in four dairy products. The sensitivity of icELISA was below the limit set by the European Commission for aflatoxin detection in different food matrices and similar to LC–MS/MS method. We demonstrate a rapid, simple, and reliable method for simultaneous screening of AFB1 and AFM1 in different food matrices. 相似文献
12.
Beja is an agricultural area in northwest Tunisia. It contributes to national needs by offering cereals and milk to the market for human and animal consumption. A small number of studies on mycotoxin occurrence in feedstuffs and raw milk from lactating dairy cows in this region are available. Therefore, 226 samples were collected from farms and local markets during November 2008 until April 2010. Samples consisted of 112 raw cow milk, 56 blood from lactating cows and 58 feed destined for dairy cows. Plasma and feed were analysed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Milk samples were analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). All samples were treated using a simultaneous methanolic-aqueous extraction, followed by immunoaffinity column clean-ups and were investigated by competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Recoveries were 80%–95% and 81%–92% for AFB1 and AFM1, respectively, while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01?µg/kg or µg/l for both mycotoxins. Results revealed the presence of AFB1 in 84.4% of the feed samples (mean 18.7?±?1.4?µg/kg), and 39.2% of the plasma-examined samples (median 7.1?±?1.0?µg/l) were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the Tunisian and the European Union (EU) limit for dairy animals, which are 20 and 5?µg/kg in animal feed, respectively. AFM1 was detected in 60.7% of the cow raw milk samples examined (median 13.6?±?1.4?µg/l). Contaminated levels were higher than the EU limit of 0.05?µg/l. It was concluded that more precaution should be taken on hygiene controls in order to prevent fungal contamination. 相似文献
13.
Muhammad Asif Asghar Aftab Ahmed Muhammad Arif Asghar 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2018,11(3):167-174
During 2016–2017, 156 samples of fresh milk samples were collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan and analysed for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination using ELISA technique. AFM1 was detected in 143 (91.7%) samples, ranged from 20 to 3090 ng L?1 with a mean level of 346.2 ng L?1. In 125 (80.1%) samples, the AFM1 contamination was greater than the maximum limit (ML = 50 ng L?1) set by EU. However, in 51 (32.7%) samples, the AFM1 level was higher than the ML of 500 ng L?1 as assigned by the USA. Statistical analysis showed that the AFM1 level in milk samples from summer was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that obtained in winter. It was concluded that the AFM1 levels in the tested samples appear to be a serious public health problem. Therefore, immediate measures should be taken and re-evaluation done for the procedures for farming, transportation, refrigeration, and storage for the control of AFM1 level in milk samples. 相似文献
14.
Salum Mohammed Stephen S. Nyandoro 《Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B: Surveillance Communications》2016,9(2):85-90
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk from household cows fed with sunflower seedcakes or sunflower-based seedcake feeds was determined in 37 milk samples collected randomly from different locations in Singida region, Tanzania. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in sunflower-based seedcake feed was determined in 20 feed samples collected from the same household dairy farmers. The samples were analysed by RP-HPLC using fluorescent detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Recoveries were 88.0% and 94.5%, while the limits of detection (LOD) were 0.026 ng mL?1 and 0.364 ng g?1 for AFM1 and AFB1, respectively. Of the analysed cow’s milk samples, 83.8% (31/37) contained AFM1, with levels ranging from LOD to 2.007 ng mL?1, exceeding both the European Commission (EC) and Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) limit of 0.05 ng mL?1. Of the contaminated samples, 16.1% exceeded the Codex Alimentarius limit of 0.5 ng mL?1. AFB1 was present in 65% (13/20) of the feed samples with levels ranging from LOD to 20.47 ng g?1, 61.53% exceeding the TFDA and EC maximum limits of 5 ng g?1 for complete dairy animal feed. The observed AFM1 and AFB1 contamination necessitates the need to raise awareness to dairy farmers in Tanzania to safeguard the health of the end-users. 相似文献
15.
The effect of ultrafiltration-diafiltration (UF-DF) on removal of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from raw whole, homogenized and acidified milk was studied. Milk was artificially augmented with concentrations of AFM1 varying from 0.5 to 3.5 μg/L. The removal of AFM1 was influenced (p<0.05) by the initial concentration and the homogenization process. Homogenization and acidification decreased the removal of AFM, from milk. The UF-DF process did not result in concentrates within permissible residual levels at any concentration studied. However, reconstituted retentates had residual levels of AFM1 < 0.5 μg/L resulting from milk originally containing up to 2 μg/L. 相似文献
16.
A sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) against aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), named as 2C9, was selected by semi-solid HAT medium. It exhibited high affinity for AFM1 of 1.74 × 109 L/mol and no cross-reactivity to aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Based on the antibody, an ultra-sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for AFM1 in milk and infant milk products. Assays were performed in the AFM1-BSA coated (0.0625 μg/mL) ELISA format in which the antibody was diluted 1:10,000. Several physicochemical factors (pH, ionic strength and blocking solution) that influence assay performance were optimised. Finally, the limits of detection were 3 ng/L for milk and 6 ng/L for milk-based cereal weaning food, inter-assay and intra-assay variations were less than 10%, and the recovery ranged from 91% to 110%. Thirty samples were analysed, and concordant results were obtained when the data were compared with a reference high-performance liquid chromatography method. 相似文献
17.
《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2013,30(2):381-388
A new chromatographic method is proposed for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk. The method is based on liquid–liquid extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) is performed on the defatted milk plus sodium chloride by using ethyl acetate as an extraction solvent. Accuracy and precision were evaluated at the LOQ (15?ng?kg–1) spiked sample as well as with three other different naturally contaminated reference materials. The mean overall recovery (n?=?24) was 95% with a confidence interval of 1.9% and a CV% of 4.5%. The performance of the proposed method was compared with that of the Official ISO Method based on the use of immunoaffinity chromatography columns (IAC): LLE protocol could be considered a valid alternative to the LC-IAC. In general it showed better accuracy with lower data dispersion. Moreover, the sample preparation is very simple and straightforward, potentially being applicable as a high-throughput method which, on account of its simplicity and low cost, may be applied to the analysis of a large number of samples in the occasion of outbreaks of large-scale contamination. 相似文献
18.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is an important mycotoxin frequently found in milk and in dairy products. It is a minor metabolic product of Aspergillus flavus and A parasiticus. However, it occurs in dairy products as a metabolite formed in cows from aflatoxin B1 contained in animal feeds. In cheese production, AFM1 distributes between curd and whey, being present in products derived from cheese whey processing. In this study, cheese whey from dairy processing was artificially contaminated with the mycotoxin at about 0.1 µg l−1. Ultra‐filtration experiments of whey were carried out in order to determinate AFM1 distribution between retentate (protein‐rich fraction) and permeate (lactose‐rich fraction). Recoveries of AFM1 in retentate were 72.6–86.4% while, in permeate, recoveries were in the range 2.4–14.7%. Partition coefficients of AFM1, lactose and protein were calculated to determine whether there was an interaction between AFM1 and protein. In all experiments, AFM1 partition coefficient was lower than 1, whilst for lactose coefficients close to 1 were determined, showing an affinity of aflatoxin M1 to the protein‐rich fraction (retentate). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
Elena Saccà Daria Boscolo Alberto Vallati Walter Ventura Federico Bigaran Edi Piasentier 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》2009,89(3):487-493
BACKGROUND: There is little information about the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in goat milk. A survey involving 17 dairy goat farms of north‐eastern Italy was completed during 2005 and 2006, in order to evaluate the prevalence of milk contamination and its relationship with type and level of concentrate supplied. RESULTS: 132 concentrate and 85 milk samples were collected during five farm visits and analysed for aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was > 0.1 µg kg?1 in two‐thirds of the feeds and > 5 µg kg?1 in nine. Contamination was higher in maize than in other pure feeds (median: 0.8 versus 0.1 µg kg?1); complementary feeds showed intermediate values. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was > 3 ng kg?1 in one‐third of milks and > 25 ng kg?1 in three. All the milk samples were below EU statutory limits. The farm ranks for milk AFM1 level and the peak of concentrate AFB1 contamination were significantly correlated (0.642). CONCLUSIONS: Risk to human health was generally found to be absent, with only a few cases involving feed contamination to be monitored. The main aflatoxin risk for goat milk could arise from maize and maize‐based concentrates in the more intensive breeding conditions. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
Marianna Ramos dos Anjos Izabela Miranda de Castro Maria de Lourdes Mendes de Souza Virgínia Verônica de Lima Francisco Radler de Aquino-Neto 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2016,33(6):995-1002
A method developed for the simultaneous analysis of aflatoxin M1, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin, acephate, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, diazinon, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, pirimiphos-ethyl and pirimiphos-methyl in whole raw milk, based on the QuEChERS method for extraction and clean-up, with detection and quantification by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is described. The method was validated according to parameters of the Analytical Quality Assurance Manual from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, and proved suitable for analysis of these analytes within the proposed working range, with recovery values between 77% and 110%, a standard deviation lower than 20%, limits of detection between 0.05 and 0.99 µg l?1, and limits of quantification between 0.15 and 1.98 µg l?1. Samples from animals treated with abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin and diazinon were analysed by the validated method. Residues of aflatoxin M1 were also found in field samples at levels below the established maximum residue limit. 相似文献