化学清洗与表面活性剂

叙述了表面活性剂在化学清洗中的作用，列举了大量工业应用的实例，简介了表面活性剂的基本知识，对化学清洗中有效选择表面活性的原则提出浅见。     

水基金属油污清洗剂的研制

研制的ｐＨ值范围为９４～１０９、ＨＬＢ值范围为９０～１２４的弱碱性水基金属油污清洗剂主要成分（质量分数）是６０％～６６％Ｋ４Ｐ２Ｏ７,３５％～５０％Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７,６．０％～８．１％非离子表面活性剂,４０％～６０％阴离子表面活性剂,５０％～９０％与水相混溶的有机溶剂及微量有机缓蚀剂。该清洗剂能有效地清洗任何金属表面的油污,尤其适合清洗铝及其合金的表面,清洗率可达９９０％,腐蚀率几乎为零。最佳清洗温度为６０℃左右,最佳清洗时间为２０ｍｉｎ左右。     

含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状与展望

分析与总结了国内外含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状,用于含油污泥热清洗的表面活性剂可以分为3类:生物表面活性剂及植物提取物或低聚物、化学表面活性剂、复配型表面活性剂,各类清洗剂各有优缺点。对现有含油污泥处理工艺标准和装置研究进行了介绍与比较,就处理技术发展方向进行了展望,以期更好地为含油污泥热清洗处理技术的运用和发展提供理论基础与技术支持。     

膜的化学清洗

膜清洗是膜分离技术应用中的的一个重要问题。着重讨论了膜化学清洗清洗剂的种类、化学清洗条件和清洗效果的评价方法。化学清洗剂包括酸、碱、表面活性剂、氧化剂、酶、螯合剂等，清洗效果可以用膜的通量恢复率和清洗液杂质含量评价。     

含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状与展望

分析与总结了国内外含油污泥热清洗处理技术研究现状,用于含油污泥热清洗的表面活性剂可以分为3类:生物表面活性剂及植物提取物或低聚物、化学表面活性剂、复配型表面活性剂,各类清洗剂各有优缺点。对现有含油污泥处理工艺标准和装置研究进行了介绍与比较,就处理技术发展方向进行了展望,以期更好地为含油污泥热清洗处理技术的运用和发展提供理论基础与技术支持。     

7003铝合金CMP后表面SiO2纳米颗粒清洗研究

通过在弱酸环境的水溶液条件下加入非离子表面活性剂辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚,缓蚀剂焦磷酸二氢二钠和苯并三氮唑(BTA),并结合超声波的湿化学清洗方法,对化学机械抛光(CMP)后的7003铝合金表面的清洗进行了研究.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对清洗前后铝合金表面形貌进行对比分析.研究结果表明,辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚能够保持颗粒和表面之间处于容易清洗的物理吸附状态,结合超声波协同作用可以对铝合金表面残留的SiO2颗粒进行有效的清洗.在一定范围内随着活性剂质量分数的递增,表面清洗效果逐渐改善,当质量分数为2%时,表面残留的SiO2颗粒基本被清洗干净,得到最优表面且未发生腐蚀现象.清洗后表面形成活性剂保护层,防止了颗粒的再次吸附.     

表面活性剂在化学清洗中的应用及研究进展

综述了表面活性剂在化学清洗中的作用原理、应用及研究现状,并分析了其中存在的问题。指出了合成可生物降解的绿色表面活性剂及开发表面活性剂的绿色合成工艺是今后发展的重要方向。     

化学清洗技术在工厂的应用——一项企业节能增效的新技术

简要地介绍了化学清洗的分类及清洗方案的制定以实例论述了化学清洗技术在工厂的应用效果，实践说明了化学清洗技术是一项非常有效的企业节能增效新技术     

芳烃抽提装置化学清洗

根据芳烃装置生产工艺及设备特点，简述了杂质污垢的存在对生产过程的影响以及进行化学清洗的意义介绍了抽提装置的清洗范围、清洗系统划分和清洗工艺过程通过实施化学清洗，结果表明：清洗质量符合美国ＵＯＰ公司有关规范和我国化工行业有关标准的规定     

技术资料

硬表面清洗剂中常用的表面活性剂近来年，随着表面活性剂工业的不断发展，国内外开发了许多专用硬表面清洗剂。由于清洗物件的种类、沾污的情况、物件的材质和清洗的方法等的不同，对品种繁多的表面活性剂的选用也不尽相同，下面介绍一些经常选用的表面活性剂。     

表面活性剂在消毒领域中的应用

介绍了表面活性剂在消毒领域中应用的现状、主要形式以及具有杀菌作用的季铵盐类和汰垢(Tego)类表面活性剂的结构与性能。同时介绍了传统消毒药物中加入各类表面活性剂提高消毒效果、在各种洗涤剂中加入抗菌剂达到洗涤与杀菌和提高抗菌效果的作用，并对利用表面活性剂的负载体、增溶和乳化作用，克服原有剂型的缺点和改变消毒剂剂型，提高其综合性能进行了概述。     

两性表面活性剂（六）——两性表面活性剂的应用性能

介绍了两性表面活性剂的应用性能,包括泡沫力、去污力、润湿力和乳化力,指出两性表面活性剂的上述应用性能皆与体系的pH密切相关,两性表面活性剂本身泡沫力和去污力在实际应用中并不重要,但它们与其他表面活性剂,特别是阴离子型表面活性剂混合体系的泡沫力和去污力却很重要,可以极大地改变配方体系的许多性能。     

N-乙酰化壳聚糖超滤膜污染的控制

探讨了原料液预处理、超声清洗和表面活性剂膜面表面改性三种强化措施对N-乙酰化超滤膜超滤过程中的浓差极化和膜污染的控制,结果表明:经过原料液真空抽滤和20-30W超声15min以及在非离子表面活性剂APE中浸泡10h的物理和化学清洗相结合的方式,可使膜在一个月内保持纯水渗透通量在5.6ml/(cm2.h)。     

Compatibility of nonionic surfactants with membrane materials and their cleaning performance

Membranes applied in industrial processes, such as for the desalination of seawater as well as for dairy and beverage industry are subjected to fouling resulting in a decline of their performance. In order to regain the flux of the membranes, cleaning procedures are conducted, whereby inorganic scale is often removed with acids and organic matter with surfactants under alkaline conditions. Currently, either ionic surfactants or alkylphenol ethoxylates are utilised to clean membranes of organic matter. Other nonionic surfactants (i.e. fatty alcohol ethoxylates) are not applied, due to the assumption that they irreversibly adhere to the membrane surface and thereby clog the pores. At BASF we have studied the adsorption of a wide range of nonionic surfactants to membrane materials. It was shown, that the affinity of nonionic surfactants critically depends on their structure. Linear alkyl ethoxylates irreversibly adsorb to the membrane surfaces, whereas branched alkyl ethoxylates do not. In a second step, we tested the cleaning performance of nonionic surfactants. Similar to the results for adsorption, a structure-performance relationship was discovered where several branched alkyl ethoxylates showed excellent cleaning results. In a third step, combinations of nonionic surfactants, chelating agents and enzymes were tested in terms of cleaning efficiency. All tested combinations showed excellent cleaning performance on bacterial fouling layers.     

Removal of triglycerides from hard surfaces by surfactants: An ellipsometry study

The removal of triglycerides from hard surfaces by surfactants was studied by means of ellipsometry. Various surfactants were examined, and as the nonionic surfactants of the alkyl polyoxyethylene type proved to be most efficient, they were studied in particular detail. The influence of factors such as surfactant critical micelle concentration, the length of the polyoxyethylene chain in the nonionic surfactants, the pH, the temperature, and the agitation were investigated. The cleaning process involves many consecutive steps on the molecular level, and the measurements provide interesting information about the cleaning mechanism.     

Experimental Design for Optimizing the Cleaning of Starch Adhering to Stainless-Steel Surfaces Using Nonionic Surfactants and Silica Microparticles

The statistical design of experiments has been used to assess the detergency of starch adhering to stainless steel considering three factors: pH, flow rate, and concentration of silica particles in the cleaning solution. The cleaning tests were carried out in a continuous-flow device that simulates the behavior of a Cleaning-In-Place washing system. Different statistical designs were used to evaluate the detergency of cleaning solutions in the absence of surfactants and with two nonionic surfactants, i.e., an ethoxylated alcohol, and an alkylpolyglucoside (APG). Expressions were developed to simulate detergency levels as a function of the variables assayed, determining the optimal detergency of each cleaning solution studied. The results indicate that the variable most influential on detergency was pH. Cleaning solutions with high alkalinity are required to achieve a significant cleaning efficiency. On the other hand, the silica-particle concentration did not influence the detergency results using cleaning solutions without surfactants. Nevertheless, the addition of either the ethoxylated alcohol or the APG to the cleaning solution with silica particles has a significant effect on detergency: it diminished with the ethoxylated alcohol and increased with the APG. Maximum detergency was found at the highest level of pH, particle concentration, and flow rate when the APG was added to the cleaning solution.     

Renewable Surfactants for Biochemical Applications and Nanotechnology

Surfactants find applications in almost every chemical industry, such as household and industrial cleaning, paper, inks, agrochemicals, and personal care or pharmaceuticals. However, their production and use can have a negative impact on the environment and health. Increasing environmental concerns and the strong interest in renewable resources have led to the development of innovative and environmentally friendly surfactants produced by clean and/or sustainable technologies. The aim of this review is to explore the different types of surfactants and their architectures. Then, it will describe the two categories of renewable surfactants: biosurfactants obtained by fermentation, and bio-based surfactants containing either a bio-sourced polar head group or a bio-sourced hydrophobic tail. Finally, this review will focus on highly specialized applications of surfactants (protein crystallization, transfection, and nanotechnology), which are closely related to the ability of surfactants to organize themselves in supramolecular architectures.     

Cleaning Efficiency of Amino‐Acid Surfactants with Polyoxyethylene Ether and Isopropanol in Liquid Carbon Dioxide

Although anionic surfactants have a distinct positive influence on the removal of particulate soil, the removal of particulate soils is insufficient in CO₂ compared to perchloroethylene. A series of amino‐acid surfactants was selected as main surfactants to study the influence of polyoxyethylene ether and cosolvent on the cleaning effect. Glu‐C12 and C16(3) gave the best cleaning results, which increased from a detergency value of 4.6 when no surfactants were used to 8.32 when surfactants were used. In all experiments, charged anionic surfactant particles were formed, which are responsible for the removal of particulate soil from fabric by electrostatic repulsion. The use of a cosolvent (Isopropanol [IPA]) had a positive effect on the removal of particulate soil when using Glu‐C12 and TX‐45. However, for other compounding combinations, the addition of IPA had a negative effect on particulate soil removal. Of the cosolvents investigated, IPA was the most suitable. With the polarity of the system increasing after adding IPA, the ethylene oxide groups of TX‐45 were partially extended to CO₂. Through the steric effects of branched methyl groups, the cleaning effect was improved.     

表面活性剂在石油化工设备清洗中的应用

简述了表面活性剂的结构特点、性质特征及石化装置中的污垢状况及特征,并列举了表面活性剂在化工设备清洗中的大量工业应用实例,指出了化工设备清洗剂中表面活性剂的应用特点及今后表面活性剂的发展方向。