面向对象的高分辨率SAR图像处理及应用

目的随着合成孔径雷达(SAR)技术和分辨率的不断提高,越来越多的空间细节呈现在高分辨率SAR影像上。与此同时,SAR图像的数据量越来越大,人们对其应用需求也越来越高,这使得传统的基于像素的SAR处理方法不再适用。面向对象分析技术以像元集合——"对象"为分析单元,为高分辨率遥感图像处理提供了有效的思路,并日渐成为遥感、摄影测量以及GIS等领域所关注的对象和研究热点之一。目前该技术在光学遥感中已经得到了广泛的应用,但在SAR图像处理中的应用还处于起步阶段。方法本文在简要阐述面向对象分析技术起源和特点的基础上,对SAR图像面向对象技术中常用的多尺度分割算法进行了分类分析,接着对面向对象技术在SAR遥感的应用方向进行全面介绍,最后对面向对象技术在SAR上的应用进行了总结与展望。结果面向对象分析技术在SAR图像处理中的应用主要分为以下五个方面:地物分类、城市信息提取、变化检测、海洋应用、森林应用。结论面向对象分析技术在解决高分辨率SAR图像尺度效应、抑制噪声等方面有着重要作用。目前,国外学者在基于SAR的面向对象分析技术研究上已经取得了一定的进展,但总体上该技术仍面临诸多问题,需要进一步的研究和完善。     

SAR层析技术的研究与应用

多基线SAR层析技术和SAR极化相干层析技术是合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）的最新扩展。阐述了多基线SAR层析技术及极化相干层析技术的基本思想,给出了具体的实现流程,总结分析了这两项技术星载实施的可行性以及它们的研究现状和应用前景。     

SAR图像打击效果评估技术研究

首先通过对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像打击效果评估方案的分析,提出了一种改进的SAR图像打击效果评估方案,新方案增加了专家指数库推理;然后从图像配准、变化检测和毁伤评估3个方面对基于变化检测的效果评估方法技术进行了研究;最后对SAR图像打击效果评估研究中待解决的问题进行了总结。论文具有一定理论指导意义。     

雷达遥感技术在水稻识别中的研究进展

合成孔径雷达技术拥有全天时、全天候、高分辨率和不受云层干扰的特点,利用SAR在我国水稻种植区进行水稻识别拥有无可比拟的优势。该文主要对雷达遥感技术在水稻识别和监测中的应用情况进行了综述。首先总结了合成孔径雷达的发展历史,介绍了目前用于水稻识别的SAR传感器的参数和特点;介绍了水稻的后向散射特性,根据水稻的后向散射模型分析了影响其后向散射系数的因素;综述了国内外利用SAR进行水稻识别的各种方法,并对未来利用SAR监测水稻进行了展望。     

基于马尔科夫随机场的改变势函数的SAR图像分割

随着合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar)技术的发展,合成孔径雷达技术常应用于地表检测、灾害检测、环保检测工作等方面.SAR图像的分割处理也变得尤为重要.因为马尔科夫随机场(Markov Random Field)结合了邻域像素的空间相关性,所以基于MRF的图像分割法在SAR图像方面得到了广泛...     

高分辨率极化合成孔径雷达成像研究进展

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic aperture radar,SAR）是一种有效的地球遥感技术,对观测区域进行全天时、全天候的高分辨率大范围成像,在军事侦察、环境监测和地质测绘等领域有着十分广泛的应用。随着雷达技术和地球科学的发展,人们期望能够获取更多的目标特性,传统的单极化SAR已经难以满足越来越多元化的实际应用需求。极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar,PolSAR）基于多个极化通道获取目标不同极化状态下的散射特性丰富了SAR图像的信息量,拓展了SAR的应用领域。从极化数据中准确地解译目标的物理特性是PolSAR应用的重要前提。本文对PolSAR的研究进展进行了总结,重点介绍了极化目标分解算法,给出了高分辨率PolSAR实测数据处理结果,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

SAR目标特性分析技术

随着合成孔径雷达（SAR）传感器技术的发展和获取信息的增多,如何有效地实现SAR图像的信息提取和解译,是当前亟待解决的关键问题。本文研究和综述了面向识别的SAR目标特性分析技术。首先,从SAR的成像原理出发,深入分析和探讨了影响SAR图像目标特性的主要因素;然后,系统总结了点状目标、线状目标和面状目标的一些特性分析和特征提取技术;最后,对SAR目标识别技术的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

合成孔径雷达及其干涉技术研究进展

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperturer adar,SAR)能够在全天候、全天时条件下对地面进行大范围测绘,是现代民用遥感和军事侦察中的重要手段。本文回顾了SAR及干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)技术的历史,叙述了SAR由非聚焦到完全聚焦,由光学处理到全数字式处理,由二维测绘到干涉三维测绘的发展历程。通过例举典型系统,介绍了国外机载、空载SAR和InSAR技术的现状,并对我国近年来在该领域取得的进展作了简要介绍。最后,本文给出对SIR—C／X—SAR采集的航天飞机SAR数据处理所得到的成像结果。     

空间微波遥感研究与应用—丛书述评

《空间微波遥感研究与应用丛书》共10部学术专著已由科学出版社2019～2020年内出版.该丛书包括了我国科学工作者近年来在星载微波主动遥感的合成孔径雷达技术、被动遥感的气象和海洋卫星的地球遥感技术等领域的部分研究成果.合成孔径雷达领域包括了:星载高分辨率宽幅SAR、SAR图像信息解译应用软件、SAR图像智能解译、空天目...     

基于Vega软件的SAR实时仿真技术

进行合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像仿真是研究成像雷达的一个重要手段。本文在分析SAR成像仿真机理的基础上,提出了一种利用视景仿真软件Vega进行SAR实时成像的仿真方法。利用软件平台VC＋＋、Multigen Creator和Vega设计机载合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像仿真系统,分析了影响机载SAR成像质量的各种参数,论述了利用Vega的雷达仿真模块——RadarWorks开发机载SAR成像仿真软件的流程以及整体系统的实现等关键技术。     

一种SAR图像稳健特征点提取方法

针对合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像自动配准问题,提出了一种新的SAR图像特征点提取方法.先对SAR图像灰度值进行对数变换处理,将乘性噪声转化为加性噪声,然后利用Gabor滤波器取代高斯滤波器建立尺度空间,使SAR图像在低尺度仍较好地保留细节,增加了提取特征点数目,并设置了对比度双门限,有效地抑制了伪特征点,从而提高SAR图像配准的精度和速度.实验结果表明,SAR图像稳健特征点提取方法是有效的.     

极化合成孔径雷达测量海浪的研究

描述了极化合成孔径雷达海浪成像过程。提出了一种极化雷达反演海浪方向谱的方法,该方法利用合成孔径雷达图像谱与海浪方向谱之间简单的线性关系和最优方法反演得到海浪方向谱,并将结果与现场资料进行了比较。经过对同一海区机载雷达P、L、C 3个波段的图像进行反演,其方向谱相当一致,而且有效波高和波向与实测数据吻合相当好。     

合成孔径与实孔径雷达谱域成像算法对比分析

讨论了合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar,SAR)和实孔径雷达(Real aperture radar,RAR)一维扫描方式下的谱域成像实现问题.文中从SAR和RAR扫描下的波数域波散关系入手,分析了这两种扫描方式下的谱域填充区域和成像分辨率,指出了二者的异同,导出了相应的成像算法.单目标和组合目标的雷达成像仿真实验验证了两种扫描方式下成像算法的有效性和理论分析结果.     

Phase unwrapping method based on image segmentation

In this Letter, a method is proposed for interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase unwrapping based on image segmentation. An auxiliary phase map was generated and the interferometric phase was divided into many connected regions without discontinuity by separation and combination operations. A local optimal strategy was used to combine these regions with as few discontinuities as possible. The coherence map is not necessary. The authors compared the proposed method with Goldstein's branch‐cut algorithm (BC) and the weighted multi‐grid algorithm (WMG), demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Using C/X-band SAR interferometry and GNSS measurements for the Assisi landslide analysis

This work presents an analysis of the applicability of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry to landslide monitoring. This analysis was carried out by using different interferometric approaches, different spaceborne SAR data (both in the C-band and in the X-band), and in situ global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements. In particular, we investigated both the reliability of displacement monitoring and the issues of the cross-comparison and validation of the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) results. The work was focused on the slow-moving landslide that affects a relevant part of the urban area of the historical town of Assisi (Italy).

A C-band ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar (ENVISAT ASAR) dataset acquired between 2003 and 2010 was processed by using two different interferometric techniques, to allow cross-comparison of the obtained displacement maps. Good correspondence between the results was found, and a deeper analysis of the movement field was possible. Results were further compared to a set of GNSS measurements with a 7 year overlap with SAR data. A comparison was made for each GNSS marker with the surrounding SAR scatterers, trying to take into account local topological effects, when possible.

Further, the high-resolution X-band acquired on both ascending and descending tracks by the COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) constellation was processed. The resultant displacement fields show good agreement with C-band and GNSS measurements and a sensible increase in the density of measurements.     

星载SAR的噪声干扰分析

由于在星载SAR干扰功率计算中,采用传统的雷达干扰方程很难得到某些参数,因此计算结果可能不合理。根据星载SAR的成像原理和噪声干扰机理,从定性和定量两个方面分析了对星载SAR实施噪声干扰的可行性。在不考虑成像算法及传输损耗的影响下,提出了与星载SAR的方位、距离分辨率及其运行轨道等参数有关的干扰方程,分析了与传统干扰方程的不同及影响因素。依据星载SAR系统波位设计原理,分析了雷达天线端口及其接收机通道的信干比变化,并进行了仿真、计算。研究结果适用于星载SAR干扰的工程设计及计算。     

River extraction of SAR images via active contours driven by adaptive global fitting energies

ABSTRACT

This article proposed a novel active contour model based on adaptive global fitting energies to achieve accurate river extraction of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. First, inspired by the mean local fitted image in the local image fitting energy model, the mean global fitted image is defined. Second, to adapt to intensity characteristics of SAR images, we define another median global fitted image which can suppress the effect of interference regions. Then the energy functional of the proposed model is obtained by minimizing the differences between the original image and above two kinds of global fitted images. Moreover, the minimum absolute differences of pixel intensities inside object and background regions are utilized to adaptively adjust energies of object and background regions. The experimental results of river extraction of SAR images demonstrate that the proposed model can extract rivers of SAR images accurately and efficiently and has advantages in extraction performance and extraction efficiency.     

Multi-look processing of synthetic aperture radar data from dynamic ocean surfaces

The basic theory is described of multi-look processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from dynamic ocean surfaces. The principal effects inherent to multi-look SAR on the impulse response function are first illustrated using a moving point target model. The theory is then extended to the multi-look imagery of diffusely scattering ocean surface waves. Finally, the use of a sliding synthetic aperture is suggested to investigate the short life-times of small scale surface waves that are considered to be the predominant scatterers on the ocean surface.     

Monitoring snowmelt across the Arctic forest–tundra ecotone using Synthetic Aperture Radar

Detailed snowpack observations, meteorology, topography and landcover classification were integrated with multi‐temporal SAR data to assess its capability for landscape scale snowmelt mapping at the forest–tundra ecotone. At three sites along an approximately 8° latitudinal gradient in the Fennoscandian mountain range, 16 multi‐temporal spaceborne ERS‐2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) were used for mapping snowmelt.

Comparison of field measurements and backscatter values demonstrates the difficulty of interpreting observed backscatter response because of complex changes in snow properties on diurnal and seasonal temporal scales. Diurnal and seasonal melt–freeze effects in the snowpack, relative to the timing of ERS‐2 SAR image acquisition, effectively reduce the temporal resolution of such data for snow mapping, even at high latitudes.

The integration of diverse data sources did reveal significant associations between vegetation, topography and snowmelt. Several problems with the application of thresholding for the automatic identification of snowmelt were encountered. These largely related to changes in backscattering from vegetation in the late stages of snowmelt. Due to the impact of environmental heterogeneity in vegetation at the forest–tundra ecotone, we suggest that the potential to map snow cover using single polarization C‐band SAR at the forest–tundra ecotone may be limited to tundra areas.