蜂窝型陶瓷蓄热体换热器的热动态特性实验研究

对高温空气燃烧技术中的关键设备——蜂窝型陶瓷蓄热体换热器的热动态特性进行了实验测试。结果表明:蜂窝型陶瓷蓄热体换热器的压力损失随着空气流速以及蓄热体长度的不同而变化,但总体上说,其压力损失并不大;四通换向阀的换向周期和蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体换热器的体积等是影响其温度效率和热回收率等热性能的重要因素。     

高温空气燃烧系统中陶瓷蓄热体传热特性分析研究

针对小球、圆孔、方格孔、三角孔和正六边形孔蜂窝体等不同几何结构下的陶瓷蓄热体对高温空气燃烧系统的非稳态交替加热和冷却的传热过程的影响进行了理论分析，得出了正方形蜂窝体具有最佳的比表面积和开孔率的结论。建立了陶瓷蓄热体和气体的温度变化微分方程和数值计算的离散方程，并选取实例进行了数值计算，得出了温度变化和传热变化的特性曲线，其与实验测试结果变化规律基本一致。研究结果可以为高温空气燃烧过程中合理有效地控制蓄热体中交替换热过程提供理论依据。     

不同蜂窝蓄热体的性能对比及能耗分析

蜂窝蓄热体对于改善空气燃烧过程,降低NO_x起着至关重要的作用。通过Pointwise和FLUENT软件建立了蜂窝蓄热体三维数值模型,从不同的换向时间、孔型、边长、材料的角度对比了蜂窝蓄热体的换热特性,并对实际工作中节能效率进行了理论计算。结果显示：当换向时间从15增长到45 s时,正方形蓄热体的温度效率从78.5%降低到63.1%;当边长、壁厚相同时,圆形蓄热体的温度效率最高,压降也最大,六边形蓄热体的温度效率最低,但压降最小。总结发现,孔隙率的减小可以有效地提高温度效率,但是同时会增大流动的压力损失,在实际应用中可据此选择合适的孔隙率。同时得到,在实际运行中,当a=2.00 mm时,圆形蓄热体的节能效率最高(26.9%),六边形节能效率最低(24.4%)。     

蓄热体余热回收换热器强化传热实验研究

利用蓄热式热热交换理论和高温空气燃烧技术的原理,在热态实验基础上建立了蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体的性能研究实验.结果表明,热效率及温度效率随换向时间的增加均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,存在一个最佳换向时间,即热效率和温度效率随着长度的增加而增大,但阻力损失也随之增大;同时存在一个最佳气体流速使蓄热体效率与经济效益达到最佳值;蓄热体的平均温度与气体出口温度均随着换向周期数的增加而升高;对于给定几何外形尺寸的蓄热体,四边形孔格结构的蓄热体具有较大的比表面积,流动性更好,具有更高的温度效率和热效率.     

蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体格孔壁面应力变化特性的数值研究

介绍了高温空气燃烧过程中蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体的工作原理和损毁原因,采用代数雷诺应力模型和修正的速度-压力耦合算法SIMPLEC,耦合蓄热体内流体的流动和换热过程,运用有限元分析方法,对蜂窝陶瓷蓄热体格孔壁面上的应力变化规律进行数值研究,并根据计算结果对操作参数进行了改进。结果表明,频繁的蓄热和释热过程变换,使得蓄热体格孔壁面交替地受到拉应力和挤压应力的作用。流体的流速越大,应力变化越大;换向时间越短,应力交替作用的影响越大。适当地调低烧嘴负荷,延长四通阀的换向时间,有利于提高蓄热体的使用寿命,计算结果为蓄热体结构设计和操作参数的优化提供了依据。     

蜂窝蓄热体温度特性数学解析

基于蜂窝蓄热体气固传热精确解，研究蓄热体温度变化和切换周期设计方法，忽略沿气流流动方向的固体导热影响，建立了周期传热数学模型，并求出了气固温度分布精确解。和数值计算相比，半解析解可信，按炉内低氧稳定燃烧和蓄热体低温端不结业的要求，可进行切换周期优化设计，从而为低氧弥散燃烧设计和操控优化提供一种高效、经济、准确的解析研究方法。     

蜂窝体蓄热室结构优化及软件开发

以蜂窝体蓄热室的结构优化为研究目标,模型采用的多目标优化以蜂窝蓄热体的温度效率和热回收率作为目标函数.,以空气流速,换向时间和蜂窝蓄热体的高度为优化变量,模型的计算采用线性加权法,对蜂窝体蓄热室的主要结构参数进行了优化设计,以保证气体在满足换热强度条件下,尽量减小阻力损失。并开发了蜂窝体蓄热室结构优化的软件。     

蜂窝体中碳黑沉积规律的实验研究

采用燃料油裂解产生碳黑的方法 ,测定出含有碳黑的烟气通过蜂窝体所形成的压差阻力以及入口温度变化 ,进而找出蜂窝体的碳黑沉积符合Boltzmann变化规律 ,它对于高温低氧蓄热燃烧的应用研究 ,研发新型蓄热体有很好的参考价值     

18t天然气蜂窝体蓄热式熔铝炉的设计应用

叙述了蜂窝体蓄热式燃烧技术的工作原理,并对其优势进行阐述。针对目前应用最广的18t熔铝炉(以天然气为燃料),建立蜂窝体蓄热室的设计模型,推导出相应的计算公式。通过工程实例证实模型和公式的正确性,为蜂窝体熔铝炉的设计与研究提供理论基础。     

用拉普拉斯变换法求解蜂窝蓄热体气固温度分布

提出一种蜂窝蓄热体气固耦合周期传热数学解析研究方法。忽略沿气流流动方向的固体导热影响,建立了薄壁蓄热体周期传热数学模型,并对线性偏微分方程组进行无量纲化处理;借助Matlab的符号运算功能,用拉普拉斯变换法,求出了蜂窝蓄热体气固温度连续分布函数精确解,并获得了温度分布数值解;和文献纯数值计算对比,半解析结果吻合。证实高效、经济、准确地获取蜂窝蓄热体传热半解析数值解的可行性。     

Effects of NH＿3 on N＿2O Formation and Destruction in Fluidized Bed Coal Combustion

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Characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion in gas turbines

This paper reports on a numerical study of the thermodynamic and basic combustion characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion in gas turbine related conditions using detailed chemical kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The oxy-fuels considered are mixtures of CH₄, O₂, CO₂ and H₂O, representing natural gas combustion under nitrogen free gas turbine conditions. The GRI Mech 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanism, consisting of 53 species and 325 reactions, is used in the chemical kinetic calculations. Two mixing conditions in the combustion chambers are considered; a high intensity turbulence mixing condition where the combustion chamber is assumed to be a well-stirred reactor, and a typical non-premixed flame condition where chemical reactions occur in thin flamelets. The required residence time in the well-stirred reactor for the oxidation of fuels is simulated and compared with typical gas turbine operation. The flame temperature and extinction conditions are determined for non-premixed flames under various oxidizer inlet temperature and oxidizer compositions. It is shown that most oxy-fuel combustion conditions may not be feasible if the fuel, oxygen and diluent are not supplied properly to the combustors. The numerical calculations suggest that for oxy-fuel combustion there is a range of oxygen/diluent ratio within which the flames can be not only stable, but also with low remaining oxygen and low emission of unburned intermediates in the flue gas.     

煤粉再燃过程中最佳停留时间的实验研究

采用实验研究了煤粉再燃过程中停留时间与氧浓度影响脱硝效率的依赖关系,发现最佳停留时间与煤粉着火状态有直接关联。在再燃温度及氧浓度较低时,煤粉尚未着火,同相脱硝作用在整个脱硝反应中占优,最佳停留时间与烟气中碳氢化合物的消耗速率有关。随着再燃区氧浓度进一步上升,挥发分着火,大量挥发分被燃烧反应消耗掉,最佳停留时间与挥发分着火时间基本吻合,过多延长停留时间对脱硝没有实际意义。氧浓度更高时煤焦被挥发分的燃烧热引燃,颗粒大幅升温,煤焦的异相脱硝作用在总体脱硝作用中开始占优,并随停留时间延长持续上升,此时最佳停留时间的确定应与煤粉燃尽一起来考虑。     

天然气燃料轴向分级预混燃烧特性研究

低NOx排放是燃气轮机燃烧室的重要性能指标,面对燃烧室出口温度不断增加的趋势,新型燃烧技术探索应用成为必然。燃料轴向分级(Axial Fuel Staging,AFS)燃烧作为一项可行技术方案已在各燃机厂商的最先进燃气轮机燃烧室上获得应用,其主要通过降低高温烟气有效停留时间和低氧浓度燃烧来实现低NOx排放。基于Chemkin平台建立轴向分级预混燃烧室化学网络模型,针对1 973 K燃烧室,研究二级负荷比例、当量比和停留时间对NOx/CO排放的影响规律,对比分析主燃区高温烟气与二级未燃预混气掺混特征的影响,获得AFS燃烧的污染物排放特性和关键影响因素。同时,在贫预混燃烧器上,设计二级喷射段,实验研究二级火焰结构、污染物排放等燃烧特性。结果表明,相比于常规贫预混燃烧,AFS燃烧在高温区体现出很好的低NOx优势,且能拓宽低NOx工况范围,其中主燃区温度、二级当量比和停留时间匹配特征、主燃区高温烟气与二级预混气掺混性能等是关键。     

CSTR系统中氢气燃烧特性的分岔分析

运用分岔理论,采用了氧气的详细化学反应机理,对连续流动均匀搅拌反应器(CSTR)中氢气的燃烧特性进行详细的分析.分别以系统温度、滞留时间为分岔参数,详细讨论了CSTR系统的各种工况(系统压力、入口混合气过量空气系数、系统温度及滞留时间)对混合气着火特性的影响.结果表明,当以系统温度为分岔参数时,系统压力及滞留时间对混合气的燃烧特性影响较大,而过量空气系数影响较小;当以滞留时间为分岔参数时,系统温度对混合气燃烧特性有较大的影响.     

燃气轮机无焰燃烧技术的研究进展

燃气轮机无焰燃烧具有分布式火焰、低压力波动、低污染排放等特性,总结了氧化剂温度、氧浓度和烟气循环率对无焰燃烧效果的影响,以及无焰燃烧的多燃料适应性,给出了适合无焰燃烧数值模拟的燃烧模型,归纳了产物的停留时间和燃烧室尺寸对污染物排放的影响;对国内外出现的燃气轮机无焰燃烧室进行了总结和可行性分析,指出了下一步的研究重点是液体燃料无焰燃烧的基础研究和应用研究。     

Oxidation mechanism of ammonia-N/coal-N during ammonia-coal co-combustion

Ammonia-coal co-combustion is a feasible approach to reduce CO₂ emissions during thermal power generation, it is necessary to study NO formation mechanism in ammonia-coal co-firing to realize low-carbon and low-nitrogen combustion. The experimental results showed that temperature and ammonia ratio have a significant effect on the NO formation. Under the same ammonia blending amount, the NO production increased first and then decreased with temperature increasing. Theoretical calculations revealed that the formation of NH in NH₃→NH→NO is one of the factors restricting ammonia combustion. NH oxidation on the char surface first occurred in the NH/coal/O₂ combustion system, and realized the conversion of N to NO, HNO and NO₂ through different reaction paths. Combined with the experimental and theoretical calculation results, it was concluded that the reduction of NO by ammonia/char is enhanced at high temperature (>1300 °C), which reduces the conversion of ammonia-N/coal-N to NO.     

Increasing the efficiency of radiant burners by using polymer membranes

Gas-fired radiant burners are used to convert fuel chemical energy into radiation energy for various applications. The radiation output of a radiant burner largely depends on the temperature of the combustion flame. In fact, the radiation output and, thus, the radiant efficiency increase to a great extent with flame temperature. Oxygen-enriched combustion can increase the flame temperature without increasing fuel cost. However, it has not been widely applied because of the high cost of oxygen production. In the present work, oxygen-enriched combustion of natural gas in porous radiant burners was studied. The oxygen-enriched air was produced passively, using polymer membranes. The membranes were shown to be an effective means of obtaining an oxygen-enriched environment for gas combustion in the radiant burners. Two different porous radiant burners were used in this study. One is a reticulated ceramic burner and the other is a ceramic fibre burner. The experimental results showed that the radiation output and the radiant efficiency of these burners increased markedly with rising oxygen concentrations in the combustion air. Also investigated were the effects of oxygen enrichment on combustion mode, and flame stability on the porous media.     

Characteristics of hydrogen-rich gas production of biomass gasification with porous ceramic reforming

In the present study, an updraft biomass gasifier combined with a porous ceramic reformer was used to carry out the gasification reforming experiments for hydrogen-rich gas production. The effects of reactor temperature, equivalence ratio (ER) and gasifying agents on the gas yields were investigated. The results indicated that the ratio of CO/CO₂ presented a clear increasing trend, and hydrogen yield increased from 33.17 to 44.26 g H₂/kg biomass with the reactor temperature increase, The H₂ concentration of production gas in oxygen gasification (oxygen as gasifying agent) was much higher than that in air gasification (air as gasifying agent). The ER values at maximum gas yield were found at ER = 0.22 in air gasification and at 0.05 in oxygen gasification, respectively. The hydrogen yields in air and oxygen gasification varied in the range of 25.05–29.58 and 25.68–51.29 g H₂/kg biomass, respectively. Isothermal standard reduced time plots (RTPs) were employed to determine the best-fit kinetic model of large weight biomass air gasification isothermal thermogravimetric, and the relevant kinetic parameters corresponding to the air gasification were evaluated by isothermal kinetic analysis.     

Biogas upgrading for on-board hydrogen production: Reforming process CFD modelling

Hydrogen production through fuel reforming can be used to improve IC (internal combustion) engines combustion characteristics and to lower vehicle emissions. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on a detailed kinetic mechanism was developed for exhaust gas reforming of biogas to synthetic gas (H₂ and CO). In agreement with experimental data, the reactor's physical and chemical performance was investigated at various O₂/CH₄ ratios and gas hourly space velocities (GHSV). The numerical results imply that methane reforming reactions are strongly sensitive to O₂/CH₄ ratio and engine exhaust gas temperature. It was also found that increasing GHSV results in lower hydrogen yield; since dry and steam reforming reactions are relatively slow and are both dependent on the flow residence time. Furthermore, the hot spot effect, which is associated to oxidation reforming reactions, was investigated for catalyst activity and durability.