考虑电-气综合需求响应的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

随着“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的提出,低碳电力更加符合社会发展的需求。氢气具有清洁无污染、能量密度大等特点,合理利用氢能源为综合能源系统的发展提供了新的方向。基于此构建了含制氢-储氢设备的综合能源系统低碳经济调度模型,引入电-气综合需求响应并考虑碳排放惩罚成本,以系统总成本最优为目标函数,利用粒子群算法对实际算例进行分析求解。仿真结果表明通过引入综合需求响应和制氢-储氢设备,可提高可再生能源的消纳水平,降低系统的成本,减少系统的碳排放。     

考虑多元负荷需求响应的综合智慧能源系统协同优化调度

考虑综合智慧能源系统管理中电负荷和热负荷的可调度价值,提出了一种考虑电热多元负荷需求响应的综合智慧能源系统协同优化调度模型及方法。首先,利用用户对供热舒适度感知的模糊性及热网在传输过程中的热惯性,将热负荷作为能源系统中的柔性负荷加入到综合智慧能源系统的优化调度中。同时,综合考虑了电负荷与热负荷的不同类型的需求响应,构建了电热多元负荷综合需求响应模型。其次,引入能质系数将能量的“质”和“量”相结合,以系统用能效率最优为目标函数,考虑正常运行条件下电气热系统运行约束,建立了综合智慧能源系统协同优化调度模型,采用量子粒子群算法对模型进行分析计算。最后,利用IEEE 9节点系统、20节点天然气系统和6节点热系统为算例进行分析,验证了所建模型及方法的合理性和有效性。     

计及需求响应的综合能源系统协同优化策略

综合能源系统（Integrated Energy System,IES）可以实现多能协同互补、促进能量梯级利用,同时综合需求响应作为柔性负荷的直接调控手段,在提升IES经济与可靠运行方面展现出巨大潜力。文章基于电-气互联系统,综合考虑多元储能系统的运行特征及IES多能耦合特性,构建了IES多能耦合模型;进一步地,将传统电负荷需求响应拓展到IES中,提出了多元负荷的综合需求响应机制;进而以IES系统运行成本最小化为优化目标,建立了计及多元负荷需求响应的IES优化调度模型,并借助商用求解器实现了IES优化模型的高效求解。算例分析验证了所提模型可以充分发挥多元柔性负荷需求的响应潜力,促进可再生能源消纳,同时提高IES运行的经济性。     

基于综合需求响应和奖惩阶梯型碳交易的综合能源系统优化调度北大核心CSCD

随着能源需求急剧上升及环境污染日益严重,安全高效、低碳清洁的能源形式已成为能源发展的主流方向,而综合能源系统是降低环境污染排放、提高能源利用效率的有效途径之一。为了实现综合能源系统经济、低碳运行,本工作提出一种基于奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制和综合需求响应策略的综合能源系统低碳优化调度策略。首先,针对多元负荷的柔性特性和可调度价值,提出了考虑冷-热-电多元负荷的综合需求响应模型,并在此基础上,提出了响应补偿机制;其次,针对可再生能源的不确定性,采用拉丁超立方抽样法结合Kantorovich场景削减法生成光伏、风电和负荷的预测出力典型场景,并在优化调度模型中引入奖惩阶梯型碳交易成本,建立了以系统运行成本、响应补偿成本以及阶梯型碳交易成本之和最低的优化目标函数。最后,采用CPLEX工具箱对所提模型进行求解。算例仿真设置了不同场景,分析了综合需求响应策略和奖惩阶梯型碳交易机制对综合能源系统运行优化、节能减排的影响,验证了所建立的模型和策略能有效兼顾系统的经济、环境效益。     

计及负荷聚合商的综合能源系统双层主从博弈运行优化

随着综合能源系统（Integrated Energy System,IES）的兴起,传统的需求响应逐渐转变为综合需求响应（Integrated Demand Response,IDR）。如何在综合能源系统中建立涉及综合能源用户与负荷聚合商（Load Aggregator,LA）的多方利益主体运行机制和价格策略,是将负荷聚合商引入综合能源市场的首要问题。文章考虑两类需求响应类型,建立了综合能源系统、负荷聚合商和用户三者之间的运行优化机制和交易策略模型,并将其表达为双层主从博弈模型;提出了分布式组合求解算法,在三者不断交互的博弈过程中,实现三者利益均衡。考虑负荷聚合商是否实施电力辅助服务及综合需求响应,建立了3种情景,比较不同情景下综合需求响应策略、能源定价策略及能源交互策略。结果表明,文章所提出的负荷聚合商参与综合需求响应的运行机制有效地发挥了需求响应资源的作用,双层主从博弈模型的引入保证了该机制长久运行,为未来综合能源系统的发展提供了新思路。     

面向综合需求响应的综合能源系统优化调度

电能和天然气的强耦合使得电气综合能源系统调度问题复杂化,特别是该类系统需求侧的灵活性显著强于电力系统或天然气系统,基于此,该文旨在解决考虑综合需求侧灵活性的电气综合能源系统优化调度问题。为了充分利用需求侧的灵活性,该文建立了详细能量路由器的综合需求响应模型,与传统需求响应方案不同,综合需求侧响应方案须考虑电力需求和天然气需求的灵活性和可控性。此外,该文建立的综合需求响应模型属于一个优化问题,而不是价格响应问题。基于两级优化框架,实现了能量路由器综合需求响应模型与电气综合能源系统的调度模型的能量交互。然后,将上述优化调度问题建模为一个复杂的双层混合整数非线性规划问题,并提出了一种有效解决上述复杂问题的方法。最后,案例研究验证了所提方法的优越性。     

考虑电转气与冷热负荷惯性的综合能源系统优化调度

风电、光伏等清洁能源发电具有反调峰特性和不确定性,容易造成弃风、弃光。为应对清洁能源消纳这一挑战,提出考虑电转气与冷热负荷惯性的综合能源系统优化调度模型。搭建电转气和冷热负荷惯性模型,并分析碳交易机制下电转气设备的工作特性以及冷热负荷惯性对其需求的影响,从而建立冷热负荷供需不等式约束条件;进一步建立考虑电转气与冷热负荷惯性的综合能源系统运行成本最小目标函数,以及相应的各机组与系统功率约束。通过YALMIP和GUROBI工具箱建立并求解最优调度模型,结果表明：所提方法能够提高清洁能源消纳能力,降低综合能源系统运行成本。     

考虑气电网络架构的沼-风-光综合能源微网优化调度

传统能源系统不考虑多种能源之间的协同和互补,仅对电、气、热中的某种能源进行分析和利用。文中采用能量枢纽的概念表示各能源之间的耦合关系,同时考虑气电网络架构的运行约束。在实现各能源间转化、转移和存储等协同工作的基础上,建立含沼-风-光的综合能源微网优化模型,并对其优化调度进行了研究。为保证该模型的可求解性,对其中的电力系统潮流约束采用二阶锥松弛方法,对气管网约束进行泰勒展开,将原模型转换成凸规划模型。在由TEST6节点系统、6节点天然气系统和1台沼气池装置组成的综合能源微网测试系统上进行仿真分析,结果表明,考虑气电网络架构的调度优化结果满足实际运行要求,且该综合能源微网系统在可持续性、经济性和稳定性方面都具有一定的优越性。     

含电转气的电—气综合能源系统低碳经济调度策略

为优化用能效率和发展低碳电力,采用综合能源系统(IES)模式耦合电力网络和天然气网络,通过电转气(P2G)技术形成电—气—电能量闭环流动,提升电力与天然气网络间的强耦合性和IES整体供能稳定性。兼顾电—气综合能源系统的经济性与低碳性,引入碳排放机制构建IES低碳经济调度模型,首先详细阐述了IES模型架构、电转气技术、碳排放交易机制等基本理论,并对天然气网络进行建模,然后采用多场景法考虑风电出力波动,以经济成本和碳交易成本最小为优化目标,构建综合能源系统新型低碳经济优化调度模型,最后通过算例对比分析了4种不同调度方案,验证了所提模型的有效性和合理性。     

基于"端-边-云"架构的园区综合能源系统协调优化调度

园区综合能源系统具有供能子系统繁多的特点,亟需对多个供能子系统进行协调优化调度以提高系统运行经济性.为此,提出一种基于"端-边-云"架构的园区综合能源系统协调优化调度方法.该方法考虑园区中相邻供能子系统之间的电、热、气互济互补,在云端建立综合能源系统优化模型,在边缘侧利用同步型ADMM算法求解调度方案,在端侧将最优化调度方案下控至各用能设备.算例结果表明,所提优化调度方法可有提升系统运行的经济性与可靠性,并缓解调度中心的计算压力.     

计及(火用)分析的综合能源系统多目标优化调度

建立综合能源系统优化调度模型并进行高效求解有利于可再生能源的开发利用,发掘综合能源系统降本增效的潜力。针对含光伏发电的综合能源系统,以系统■效率倒数最小和总运行成本最小为目标,结合电-热-冷综合需求响应模型和运行约束,构建综合能源系统多目标运行模型。针对模型中存在的非凸非线性项进行等价线性转化处理,将问题由多目标混合整数线性分式规划等价转换为多目标混合整数线性规划,进一步采用ε约束法将其转换为一系列单目标混合整数线性规划问题进行高效求解获得帕累托Pareto前沿,并采用TOPSIS法进行决策。算例仿真表明,所建立的含光伏发电的综合能源系统能提升系统运行灵活性,相比于单目标运行,计及■分析的综合能源系统多目标优化调度能够实现系统运行成本和效率的折衷。     

Development and modelling of a novel electricity-hydrogen energy system based on reversible solid oxide cells and power to gas technology

Compared to the conventional thermal units and electrolytic devices, reversible fuel cells have very high efficiencies on both fuel cell mode of generating electricity and electrolysis mode of producing hydrogen or CH_x. However, previous studies about fuel cells and its benefits of power to gas are not fully investigated in the electricity-gas energy system. Moreover, state-of-art studies indicate that hydrogen could be directly injected to the existing natural gas (NG) pipeline within an amount of 5%–20%, which are considered to make a slight influence on the natural gas technologies. This work proposes a novel electricity-hydrogen energy system based on reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) to demonstrate the future vision of multi-energy systems on integrating multiple energy carriers such as electricity, pure hydrogen, synthetic natural gas (SNG) and mixed gas of H₂-natural gas. The P2G processes of RSOC are sub-divided modelled by power to H₂ (P2H) and power to SNG (P2SNG). The co-electrolysis/generation processes and time-dependent start-up costs are considered within a unit commitment model of RSOC. The proposed electricity-hydrogen energy system optimization model is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), where the H₂-blended mixed gas flow is linearized by an incremental linearize relaxation technic. The aim of the optimization is to reduce the energy cost and enhance the system's ability to integrate sufficient renewables through NG networks. Besides quantified the benefits of renewable level and H₂ injection limit on the P2G process, the numerical results show that RSOC combined with H₂/SNG injection results in productive economic and environmental benefits through the energy system.     

基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化

电力系统与供热、天然气等系统之间的互联及耦合越切紧密,从区域电力和供热系统的协调优化角度出发,通过建立电力系统与供热系统的数学模型,以总能量损失最小为目标,结合系统的等式及不等式约束,构建了基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化模型。以某区域电力和供热系统为研究对象,利用上述优化模型进行建模和分析,验证了基于遗传算法的区域电力和供热系统优化模型的实用性及有效性。研究内容为区域电力和供热系统运行优化奠定了基础。     

Thermodynamic performance comparison of SOFC-MGT-CCHP systems coupled with two different solar methane steam reforming processes

Multi-energy complementary distributed energy system integrated with renewable energy is at the forefront of energy sustainable development and is an important way to achieve energy conservation and emission reduction. A comparative analysis of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-micro gas turbine (MGT)-combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems coupled with two solar methane steam reforming processes is presented in terms of energy, exergy, environmental and economic performances in this paper. The first is to couple with the traditional solar methane steam reforming process. Then the produced hydrogen-rich syngas is directly sent into the SOFC anode to produce electricity. The second is to couple with the medium-temperature solar methane membrane separation and reforming process. The produced pure hydrogen enters the SOFC anode to generate electricity, and the remaining small amount of fuel gas enters the afterburner to increase the exhaust gas enthalpy. Both systems transfer the low-grade solar energy to high-grade hydrogen, and then orderly release energy in the systems. The research results show that the solar thermochemical efficiency, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the second system reach 52.20%, 77.97% and 57.29%, respectively, 19.05%, 7.51% and 3.63% higher than those of the first system, respectively. Exergy analysis results indicate that both the solar heat collection process and the SOFC electrochemical process have larger exergy destruction. The levelized cost of products of the first system is about 0.0735$/h that is lower than that of the second system. And these two new systems have less environmental impact, with specific CO₂ emissions of 236.98 g/kWh and 249.89 g/kWh, respectively.     

Multi-objective optimized operation of integrated energy system with hydrogen storage

In this paper, an integrated energy system (IES) consisting of wind turbine unit, photovoltaic cell unit, electrolytic hydrogen unit, fuel cell unit, and hydrogen storage unit is proposed, and the construction of multi objectives for day-ahead power dispatching of the IES considering both operation and environment cost is discussed. By adopting piecewise linearization method, the optimization variables are divided into 24 periods, and the day-ahead power dispatching optimization problem is transformed into a 24-h piecewise optimization problem. On the basis, a complete non-linear mixed integer dynamic scheduling optimization model is established. An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is applied to solving the model. In optimization process, an interactive strategy is adopted to solve the coordination between discretization of variables and restriction of switching times of electrolyzer. Optimization results show that, compared with the single objective of minimizing operating costs, the multi-objective optimization scheme can reduce carbon emissions by 3.5% with 2.8% increase of operating cost. Compared with the single objective of minimizing environmental, the multi-objective optimization scheme can reduce operating cost carbon by 5.12% with 2.6% increase of environmental cost.     

A new modeling and solution method for optimal energy flow in electricity‐gas integrated energy system

With the increasing interdependency of electricity and gas, it is necessary to simultaneously investigate electric power system and natural gas system from the perspective of an electricity‐gas integrated energy system (EGIES). As an extension and integration of both optimal power flow (OPF) and optimal gas flow (OGF), optimal energy flow (OEF) is regarded as the cornerstone of the EGIES and lays an essential foundation for further research on the EGIES's operation and analysis considering stochastic conditions and contingency states. The objective of this paper is to develop a generalized mathematical model and a universally applicable simulation tool for the OEF problem. First, natural gas system is modeled in a way similar to electric power system according to electricity‐gas analogy analysis, where gas admittance, gas nodal admittance matrix, and the nodal equation of gas flow conservation are derived. Then, a generalized accurate OEF model is formulated by simultaneously integrating the OPF model and the OGF model as well as their coupling constraints in a unified modeling framework. Furthermore, an available hybrid optimization approach consisting of whale optimization algorithm, MATPOWER, hydraulic calculation iterative program, and nonstationary penalty function method is put forward to solve the OEF problem. The accuracy, feasibility, and applicability of the proposed modeling and solution method is finally demonstrated by analyzing Belgian 20‐node gas system combined with IEEE 30‐bus test system.     

The economic and environmental impact of power to hydrogen/power to methane facilities on hybrid power-natural gas energy systems

The curtailment of renewable energy would be reduced by converting it to hydrogen or methane using power to hydrogen (P2H) facilities or power to methane (P2M) facilities. Both hydrogen and methane can be injected into the existing natural gas system which has significant potential to unlock the inherent flexibility of integrated energy systems. The coordinated operation strategy of the hybrid power-natural gas energy systems considering P2H and P2M is proposed aiming to minimize the operational cost. In addition, a method to calculate the higher heating value of hydrogen-natural gas mixture is presented along with a strategy for handling the constraints of hydrogen mixture level limits. The simulation results of three case studies demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of P2H/P2M in terms of reductions in cost, CO₂ emissions and wind power curtailment. The differences in benefits between P2H and P2M have also been compared and analyzed.     

计及多能需求的综合能源服务商优化运行策略研究

随着分布式发电技术的不断成熟及发展,未来综合能源服务将是整合不同类型分布式发电并满足用户不同用能需求的有效途径.提出了一种含有多种分布式发电资源同时考虑多用能需求的综合能源服务商优化运行策略模型.首先建立了含有风电、光伏、燃气轮机、电储能、电热泵、辅助锅炉等分布式资源及电、热用能需求的园区综合能源系统优化调度模型;其次...     

Multi-objective optimization of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic-hydrogen-natural gas integrated energy power station based on carbon emission priority

Establishing integrated energy systems is conducive for improving renewable energy utilization and promoting decarbonization. In this study, a grid-connected photovoltaic-hydrogen-natural gas integrated energy system is established to explore the effects of the configuration of the integrated energy system on its environment and economy. A multi-objective hierarchical optimization allocation model is developed, and an optimization strategy with carbon emission superior to total cost is established for the first time. Additionally, the economy, environment, and energy efficiency of the system are analyzed. A comparative study is performed using a strategy considering that the total cost is superior to carbon emission. A case study reveals that the levelized cost of electricity increases by 62.24%, levelized carbon emission of power decreases by 74.19%, and energy efficiency increases by 8.51%, as compared with those of the comparison strategy. Thus, the carbon emission of the system is reduced considerably, and the energy efficiency is improved. Although the cost of the system optimized by the proposed strategy is higher, it is economically feasible. Further analyses indicate that extending the grid-connected period would be infeasible, as it might increase the total cost and carbon emission of the system. Moreover, sensitivity analyses show that increasing the natural gas price or carbon tax base price will not reduce the carbon emission of the system.