旋转型行波超声电机网络的性能测试和仿真

行波超声电机是新型电机,利用能量转换摩擦传递超声波振动,产生动力,其结构简单、性能优越和发展迅速。旋转型适合在医疗、航空航天等精密领域中使用。本文介绍了超声电机的工作原理和分类等,着重分析了不同温度下对电机工作频率、机械特性和摩擦材料等的变化情况。旋转型行波超声电机的性能随温度的升高呈下降趋势。     

行波型旋转超声电机的低温特性

将行波型旋转超声电机的定子环形体等效为压电复合梁模型,考虑温度分别对压电材料和定子金属基体的影响,引入温度影响系数得到温度对超声电机共振频率影响的数学模型,通过对模型进行计算机仿真,分析了电机共振频率随温度的变化。建立了超声电机在低温下的试验测试系统,测试了低温环境下电机的机械特性,以及摩擦材料对电机转速稳定性的影响。对比常温和低温下摩擦材料表面的形貌显示,低温对磨擦界面的影响较小。总之,目前研制的行波型旋转超声电机在低温下的性能有所下降,在超低温环境中性能变化则较大。     

行波型放置超声电机的低温特性

将行波型旋转超声电机的定子环形体等效为压电复合梁模型,考虑温度分 别对压电材料和定子金属基体的影响,引入温度影响系数得到温度对超声电机共振频率影响 的数学模型,通过对模型进行计算机仿真,分析 了电机共振频率随温度的变化。建立了超声电机在低温下的试验测试系统,测试了低温环境 下电机的机械特性,以及摩擦材料对电机转速稳定性的影响。对比 常温和低温下摩擦材料表面的形貌显示,低温对磨擦界面的影响较小。总之,目前研制的行波 型旋转 超声电机在低温下的性能有所下降,在超低温环境中性能变化则较大。     

基于摩擦自激振动升频效应的超低频振动能量收集

低频振动在环境中广泛存在,针对目前低频振动能量收集效率低的问题,提出将外界低频振动转化成摩擦系统的自激振动,实现低频振动到高频振动的升频转换,以达到提高低频能量收集效率的目的 .为此,首先建立了集总参数模型,从理论上阐明低频振动能量收集方法的可行性,并分析模拟了该模型压电电压与功率的输出特性;其次分别设计了往复摩擦自激振动能量收集试验和压电悬臂梁碰撞能量收集试验,对比分析将低频振动转化为摩擦振动能否提高压电输出功率.试验与仿真结果表明,利用摩擦自激振动能够显著提升振动频率.摩擦自激振动电压幅值随着激励频率的增大而增大,与碰撞电压相比,其电压幅值较低,但是频率得到了大幅提升.由于频率的提升,压电振子的能量输出大幅提升,使得超低频振动能量收集性能明显提高.     

基于压电PVDF微穿孔板的复合隔声结构设计

提出一种新型的复合隔声结构,外部为刚性材料、内部为外接阻尼分流电路的压电PVDF微穿孔板。利用结构的共振吸声作用和压电材料的能量转换作用消耗声能量,进而提高隔声量。为了验证这种复合结构的隔声性能,针对普通无刷直流电机的隔声应用进行实验,实验结果表明电机噪声能量主要分布的频段4~10 k Hz的平均隔声量达到原来噪声的50%。     

压电单晶梁发电机的能量效率

压电发电装置的能量转换效率主要取决于其结构形式、几何参数及材料性能等.为提高压电发电机的机电能量转换效率及其发电能力,利用欧拉一伯努利方法建立了发电装置的能量转换模型,研究了结构及参数等对压电发电机能量转换效率及发电能力的影响规律.结果表明,存在最佳厚度比(基板/总厚)可使发电机获得最大的能量转换效率和发电量;随杨氏模量比(基板/陶瓷)的增加,最佳厚度比降低,但效率提高.钼、铝基板发电机的最佳厚度比和效率分别为(O.4,2.74%)和(O.7,2.25%).此外,压电发电机的发电能力还与激励方式有关,恒力激励时存在的最佳杨氏模量比使产生的电量最多,恒位移激励时产生的电量随杨氏模量比的增加而增加.因此,设计时应根据激励方式确定基板的材料及合理的厚度比.     

压电电源的关键技术及发展趋势

压电发电机是一种利用周围环境的能量发电,可向微功耗电路供电的能源装置。基于压电陶瓷的压电效应简要地分析了压电发电的工作机理;针对提高压电电源的能量转换量及转换效率,论述了国内外在新型压电材料、压电振子结构、共振频率调节方法及能量收集电路等方面的研究;指出了压电电源向能量来源的多样化、微型化和集成化方向发展。压电电源是绿色可持续能源装置,在航空航天、军工领域以及无线传感网络等方面有广阔的应用前景。     

信息速递

系列超声电机问世 南京航空航天大学自１９９５年成功地研制出环形压电行波超声电机原型后,又连续新开发直线型、驻波型和行波型超声电机,其中行波型系电机基本达到国际同类产品先进水平,受到全国首次超声波电机技术研讨会上与会的清华大学、浙江大学、上海交大等高等院校、科研所３０余位专家教授的赞赏。这些系列超声电机已在国内试用,不久将投入批量生产。 超声电机是国际上最近发展起来的一种新型电机,它突破了传统电磁电机的概念。没有电枢绕组和磁路,不依靠电磁相互作用来转换能量,而且利用压电陶瓷的逆压电效应和超声振动,将…     

陶瓷发动机研究近况

陶瓷材料具有导热性差、耐高温、硬度高、摩擦系数低、热胀系数极低等一系列特点,用陶瓷材料制造的发动机,与金属材料发动机相比,其最大特点是无需配备冷却系统,由此,便带来许多益处,诸如: (1)节能。因冷却系统吸收热能后排放(水蒸发)到空气中,造成了能量的损失。而陶瓷材料具有耐高温且能隔热的能力,热量不外传,无需冷却,能充分利用热能。同时,陶瓷材料的摩擦系数低,摩擦损失当然也低,这也是节能的因素之一。 (2)减重。去掉冷却系统,整个动力系统的重量自然便轻了,体积亦缩小了;此外,陶瓷的比密度也比金属低,有利于动力系统的轻量化、小型化。 (3)适应性强。在严寒季节,因结冰往往使冷却     

玻璃纤维粉对聚合物基超声电机摩擦材料性能的影响

为获得硬度高、耐磨性好、满足超声电机低速大力矩运行要求的摩擦材料,采用冷压烧结法制备玻璃纤维粉改性聚合物基摩擦材料,研究玻璃纤维粉体积分数对摩擦材料力学性能、超声电机性能以及摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:玻璃纤维粉可以增大摩擦材料的弹性模量和硬度,降低材料冲击韧性;摩擦材料的摩擦因数随玻璃纤维粉体积分数的增加有明显提升;玻璃纤维粉可以改善摩擦材料的超声电机性能和耐磨性,随着玻璃纤维粉体积分数的增加,摩擦材料的超声电机驱动性能先提高后下降,材料的磨损机制由黏着磨损向较为严重的疲劳磨损转变。在文中研究范围内,玻璃纤维粉体积分数为30%时改性摩擦材料具有最好的超声电机驱动性能和耐磨性。     

Minimising heat dissipation in ultrasonic piezomotors by working in a resonant mode

Heat dissipation in ultrasonic motors should be limited, especially in precision applications since it causes thermal deformations. Therefore, an easy-to-understand mechanical model was developed to simulate heat dissipation in an ultrasonic motor. This model involves the dielectric, piezoelectric and mechanical hysteretic losses of the piezoelectric material. Both the model and the experiments lead to the same recommendations to minimise the heat dissipation for ultrasonic motors. Large piezoactuators, exciting passive structures at high resonance frequencies result in a minimum heat dissipation. Furthermore, it was shown that the optimal frequency regarding minimal heat dissipation lies between the resonance and the antiresonance frequency of the system, close to the resonance frequency.     

Influence from humidity on the alumina friction drive system of an ultrasonic motor

Miniaturized ultrasonic motors, based on piezoelectric movement, are rapidly developing and the number of commercial applications is steadily growing. The details of the friction drive system of these motors still need systematic studies to fully utilize the potential of the technique. The friction drive system transfers the high frequency oscillatory movement from the stator to a drive rail. The friction force should be maximized and stabilized to achieve the best motor performance, while maintaining a low wear rate.The mating parts of a friction drive system typically consist of alumina which is selected due to its relatively low wear rate and relatively high coefficient of friction. With increasing relative humidity, the friction coefficients of alumina ceramics generally decrease.This work examines how water and humidity affect a friction drive system with respect to coefficient of friction and wear of the mating surfaces. Ball-on-disc experiments were used to evaluate the tribological properties. The worn surfaces were studied by scanning electron microscopy.The coefficient of friction was found to be relatively low but stable with water on the surface but higher and more fluctuating in dryer conditions. The character of the worn surfaces did not clearly correlate to the friction behaviour.     

Principle and experimental verification of novel dual driving face rotary ultrasonic motor

Existing rotary ultrasonic motors operating in extreme environments cannot meet the requirements of good environmental adaptability and compact structure at same time,and existing ultrasonic motors with Langevin transducers show better environmental adaptability,but size of these motors are usually big due to the radial arrangement of the Langevin transducers.A novel dual driving face rotary ultrasonic motor is proposed,and its working principle is experimentally verified.The working principle of the novel ultrasonic motor is firstly proposed.The 5th in-plane flexural vibration travelling wave,excited by the Langevin transducers around the stator ring,is used to drive the rotors.Then the finite element method is used in the determination of dimensions of the prototype motor,and the confirmation of its working principle.After that,a laser Doppler vibrometer system is used for measuring the resonance frequency and vibration amplitude of the stator.At last,output characteristics of the prototype motor are measured,environmental adaptability is tested and performance for driving a metal ball is also investigated.At room temperature and 200 V(zero to peak) driving voltage,the motor’s no-load speed is 80 r/min,the stalling torque is 0.35 N·m and the maximum output power is 0.85 W.The response time of this motor is 0.96 ms at the room temperature,and it decreases or increases little in cold environment.A metal ball driven by the motor can rotate at 210 r/min with the driving voltage 300 V(zero to peak).Results indicate that the prototype motor has a large output torque and good environmental adaptability.A rotary ultrasonic motor owning compact structure and good environmental adaptability is proposed,and lays the foundations of ultrasonic motors’ applications in extreme environments.     

A test method to investigate the tribological behaviour of friction materials under ultrasonic fretting conditions

To investigate and understand the tribological behaviour of high-frequency tribosystems such as ultrasonic motors, a specific test method is necessary. This work reports on the construction of a test machine to evaluate the friction and wear behaviour of friction materials under ultrasonic fretting conditions, as well as giving some representative experimental results. Hard/soft (steel/polymer) and hard/hard (steel/alumina, alumina/alumina) couples were studied with respect to their application as contact materials in ultrasonic motors. Investigation of friction behaviour at high frequencies showed that friction-induced vibrations lead to friction forces of much lower magnitude than predicted by quasistationary friction coefficients obtained for sliding friction. The wear behaviour is characterised by abrasive, adhesive, fatigue and oxidative mechanisms, depending on the mating materials. For polymeric friction materials, the influence of fibre reinforcement and the incorporation of PTFE as a solid lubricant were evaluated. The presence of PTFE resulted in a strong improvement of both friction and wear behaviour.     

多组分纤维混杂增强树脂基摩擦材料研究

为提高摩擦材料高温下的摩擦磨损性能和摩擦因数的稳定性,利用正交试验法对多种纤维增强酚醛树脂基摩擦材料的配方进行优化设计,并通过极差分析,探讨多种纤维及含量对摩擦材料性能的影响及摩擦材料的磨损机制.研究表明:混杂纤维增强树脂基摩擦材料有着优异的耐磨性.陶瓷纤维硬度较高,开散混料后能够均匀分布在树脂基体内,对酚醛树脂基摩擦...     

Concepts for a class of novel piezoelectric self-locking long-stroke actuators

The friction-type motor is the most common type in the field of piezoelectric motors. One limitation of friction-type motors is their inability to achieve high output push force or torque. Based on the theory of self-lock, a novel mechanism for the linear piezoelectric motor is proposed. On the basis of the proposed mechanism, three prototype models have been developed. The new motors transfer the force and displacement generated by a piezoelectric actuator to the output directly, whereas the friction-type motor transfers via the induced friction between the stator and the rotor. The achieved positioning precision is within 10 nm, while the push force is up to 1,176 N. The new motors can be applied in cases where both high positioning precision and heavy load are essential.     

聚苯酯填充聚四氟乙烯基超声电机转子摩擦材料性能研究

制备聚苯酯填充聚四氟乙烯基超声电机转子摩擦材料,探讨聚苯酯含量对聚四氟乙烯基摩擦材料力学和摩擦学性能以及对应超声电机性能的影响。结果表明:聚苯酯能够提高PTFE复合材料的硬度和弹性模量;随着聚苯酯含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损量均先减小后增大,在本文研究范围内,当聚苯脂质量分数为5%时,复合材料的摩擦因数最小,磨损量最低,且使用该复合材料时超声电机的堵转力矩和空载转速均较高,综合性能较优。     

An Investigation of Hydraulic Motor Efficiency and Tribological Surface Properties

Hydraulic motor efficiency does not depend upon viscosity alone. Under low-speed, high-torque conditions, hydraulic motors operate in the boundary regime and, therefore, surface interactions of lubricant additives can affect friction and efficiency. This article presents an investigation of boundary film formation, friction, and surface topography in benchtop tribometers and hydraulic motors. Fluids investigated included those with varied antiwear packages (zinc dialkyldithiophosphate [ZDDP], ashless) and friction modifiers (with and without) and base oil (Group I, Group III). The mechanical efficiencies of geroler, axial piston, bent-axis, and radial piston motors were measured under low-speed, high-torque conditions. The addition of a friction modifier to an ashless hydraulic fluid increased the efficiency of the motors at low speed. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of motor surfaces after testing revealed the presence of tribochemical films from the hydraulic fluid additives. In benchtop tribometer testing, the friction modifier reduced friction significantly but also increased wear. This could be related to surface competition of the friction modifier and antiwear chemistries, as evidenced by the reduced concentration of phosphorus on the surface. These findings are significant because they provide insights toward the development of fluids that can enhance motor efficiency but also demonstrates the need for a well-balanced additive package so that improved motor efficiency can be achieved without affecting other important properties of the fluid.     

基于面内复合模态的直线超声电机振子有限元分析

提出了一种新型的矩形压电复合板直线超声电机,它除了具有直线超声电机的共同特点之外,还具有自身的薄、小、轻、驱动力大等突出特点,可直接用于计算机硬盘磁头驱动等外设装置。该矩形压电复合板直线超声电机利用矩形压电复合振子平面内的两种弯、弯振动模态合成。在一定预紧力作用下,矩形板的两侧边将产生驱动力使动子移动。本文通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对矩形压电复合振子进行了详尽的模态分析,分析讨论了结构参数及弹性体材料对于矩形压电复合层板模态的影响,为利用面内复合模态的矩形压电复合板直线超声电机的设计奠定了基础。     

聚四氟乙烯基超声电机转子摩擦材料性能研究

制备聚苯酯、碳化硅微粉及玻璃纤维填充聚四氟乙烯基超声电机转子摩擦材料,研究填充剂对复合材料力学、摩擦学性能及超声电机机械特性的影响。结果表明:POB、玻璃纤维、碳化硅微粉均能提高PTFE复合材料的硬度、弹性模量和耐磨性。在本文研究的范围内,质量分数20%玻璃纤维填充的聚四氟乙烯复合材料具有较低的摩擦因数和磨损率,使用该复合材料时超声电机具有较低的堵转力矩和较高的空载转速,且运行稳定,噪声较低。