二维线性模组空间运动误差实时测量

为实时检测二维线性模组的运动误差，搭建了误差实时测量系统。该系统由四自由度运动误差测量模块、滚动角误差测量模块和线性光栅尺组成，实现单轴六自由度运动误差测量。基于齐次坐标转换矩阵（Homogeneous Transformation Matrix,HTM）原理构建二维模组的空间误差模型，对功能点的实际空间位置进行表示；完成测量系统标定实验，并基于阿贝-布莱恩原则处理实验数据完成比对实验。最终，测量系统的定位误差、直线度误差和角度误差测量精度分别达到±1.2μm，±1.3μm和±1′′，并根据空间误差模型分析二维线性模组XZ平面对角线位置的测量误差。结果表明，使用二维线性模组空间误差模型求解后，XZ平面对角线位置的测量误差由68μm降至13μm，证明采用该系统进行线性模组误差测量是有效的；此外，因为加载状态下二维线性模组各位置的运动误差会改变，为验证测量系统能够实时测量出线性模组的空间误差变化，在Z轴滑块上加装质量为2 kg的标准砝码进行对照实验。结果显示，在使用二维线性模组空间误差模型求解后，XZ平面对角线位置的测量误差由56μm降至14μm。     

双转台五轴机床空间误差补偿技术研究

几何误差、热误差和切削力误差占到了机床总误差的75%,对这3项误差进行控制是提高机床加工精度的关键所在。以双转台五轴机床的空间误差作为研究对象,通过对加工位置、主要热源及电动机电流等相关因素进行分析,确定空间误差建模所需的位移变量、温度变量和切削力变量。以现有的多种误差建模方法为基础,通过对信息融合技术进行研究,提出一种机床空间误差的多模型融合预测方法,建立综合反映几何误差、热误差和切削力误差的最优空间误差模型。最后以DSP为核心,设计空间误差补偿器,实施空间误差补偿,验证补偿效果。结果显示,建立的模型预测精度较高,残差小于2μm,而实施空间误差补偿后,加工零件的轮廓误差也由15μm降到了5μm,补偿效果明显。     

基于球杆仪的五轴数控机床误差快速检测方法

几何误差是五轴数控机床重要误差源,针对传统测量方法仪器昂贵、测量周期长问题,提出基于球杆仪的五轴数控机床几何误差快速检测方法。对于机床的平动轴误差,利用多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换法,建立平动轴空间误差模型,通过球杆仪在同一平面不同位置进行两次圆轨迹,辨识出4项平动轴关键线性误差;针对五轴机床的转台和摆动轴,设计基于球杆仪的多条空间测试轨迹,完整求解出旋转轴12项几何误差。实验结果显示,所提方法获得转角定位误差与激光干涉仪法最大误差为0.001 8°,利用检测结果进行机床空间误差补偿,测试轨迹偏差由16μm降至4μm,为补偿前的25%,验证了方法的有效性。提出的五轴机床几何误差检测方法方便、便捷,适用于工业现场。     

数控机床空间误差测试及补偿技术研究北大核心

分析了三轴机床21项几何误差,给出了光动激光多普勒测量系统原理,介绍了基于分步对角线的空间误差测试路径和测试过程。在机床上进行了空间误差测试,通过i5系统空间误差补偿功能进行了补偿。最后通过加工样件验证了该技术的实际加工效果。     

数控机床空间误差测试及补偿技术研究

分析了三轴机床21项几何误差,给出了光动激光多普勒测量系统原理,介绍了基于分步对角线的空间误差测试路径和测试过程。在机床上进行了空间误差测试,通过i5系统空间误差补偿功能进行了补偿。最后通过加工样件验证了该技术的实际加工效果。     

基于灵敏度分析的立式加工中心批量空间误差建模和补偿

空间误差建模和补偿已成为提高机床精度和性能的最经济方法之一。然而,空间误差元素测量耗时多等原因限制了空间误差补偿的广泛应用。为解决这一问题,提出了一种基于灵敏度分析的空间误差快速建模和补偿方法。首先,基于齐次坐标变换,建立了立式加工中心的广义运动学模型。其次,根据立式加工中心的所有误差元素的灵敏度分析,确定关键误差元素。根据灵敏度分析结果,在误差补偿过程中忽略了影响因子较低的角度误差元素。然后,基于关键误差元素的测量数据和切比雪夫多项式,建立了简化的空间误差快速补偿模型。接着,利用Fanuc数控系统的EMZPS功能开发了实时误差补偿系统,实现了空间误差的补偿。为了评估所提方法的有效性,对每个平动轴和每条体对角线误差补偿前后的测量试验结果进行比较。结果表明,沿三个轴的最大平移误差从21.9μm到6.5μm,最大体对角线误差从81.6μm减小到35.5μm。最后,将该方法应用于一批20个立式加工中心,进行批量补偿试验。所有加工中心补偿后的精度均优于40μm。本研究的创新之处在于将灵敏度分析作为简化机床误差模型的理论依据,并提出了出一种快速批量化建模和补偿的方法。该方法能有效提高误差补偿效率,在未来机床误差补偿的广泛工业应用中有着巨大的潜力。     

基于克里金插值的机床空间误差测量与补偿方法研究

提出了一种基于克里金插值的机床空间误差测量与补偿方法。机床加工精度一般受切削力、热变形和空间误差的影响,为采集机床空间误差样本,提出了一种基于克里金插值的测量方法,利用激光跟踪仪测量给定点的空间误差,通过克里金插值计算给定点之间的空间误差,并进行了机床空间误差测量实验。结果表明,克里金插值的计算精度明显高于线性插值,有效提高了空间误差测量精度。为实施空间误差补偿,通过对机床误差模型进行分步解耦,开发了空间误差补偿器,并进行了机床空间误差补偿实验。结果表明,机床主轴在X轴方向的变形量为025μm,实施空间误差补偿后,某工件平面加工后的最大轮廓误差由15μm减小到了5μm。该补偿方法为提高数控机床的加工精度提供了一种有效途径。     

三轴义齿雕铣机空间误差解耦与补偿研究

针对三轴义齿雕铣机在加工过程中存在空间误差较大、加工精度较低等缺点,提出了一种对空间误差实施解析与补偿的新方法。首先分析机床拓扑结构,利用多体系统理论确定机床低序体阵列和运动学约束链,建立空间误差模型。然后对三轴雕铣机的各项几何误差进行测量并求解其空间误差值,分别计算各项几何误差相对于机床空间误差的相关性系数,以辨识对空间精度影响较大的重要几何误差分量。最后利用线性回归模型建立空间误差与位置的隐射函数,以便建立空间误差补偿模型。以z轴为例,对所建立的误差补偿模型进行实验验证。结果表明通过补偿后z轴空间误差从1. 26 mm降低到0. 735 mm,降幅为41. 7%,义齿加工精度得到了有效的提高,可见该方法有一定的实用价值。     

基于“华中8型”数控系统的空间误差补偿应用技术研究

随着工业制造水平的提升,对高精度机床要求越来越高,除机械制造及装配精度,控制系统也要实现对机床空间误差补偿,以尽可能提高机床加工精度。为了解决数控机床在制造、装配以及磨损导致的加工精度下降问题,提出基于空间21项的几何误差补偿方法,实现各轴空间线性定位误差、直线度误差和垂直度误差补偿方法的推导,并结合国产“华中8型”高档数控系统集成,实现测量补偿一体化,提高了误差补偿效率。在加工中心上结合空间体对角线进行测试验证,数据表明,补偿后的PPP、PNP、NPP和NNP四体对角线定位误差分别降低57%、56%、56%和73%,补偿效果显著,充分验证了“华中8型”空间误差补偿模块有效性。     

卧式加工中心空间误差预测与验证

由机床几何误差复合而成的空间误差是影响加工精度的主要因素。以提高数控机床加工精度为研究目的,提出了一种基于旋量理论的机床空间误差预测及其验证技术。首先,借助旋量指数积建立了机器人末端实际位形旋量指数积数学模型,通过分析了机床21项几何误差并结合运动链拓扑搭建了机床完备模型;进而,以传统辨识方法识别了21项几何误差,输出机床空间误差预测结果;最后,开展了基于ISO230-6的体对角线实验值与模型预测值对比验证实验。实验结果表明四条体对角线实验测量值与模型预测值符合程度较高,有效验证了基于旋量理论的卧式加工中心空间误差预测分析方法正确性及合理性。     

Position error reduction of tool center point in multi-tasking machine tools through compensating influence of geometric deviations identified by ball bar measurements

A method to compensate the influence of geometric deviations on tool center point (TCP) for a multi-tasking machine tool is proposed in this paper. Some methods to compensate geometric deviations of a rotary axis in five-axis machining centers have been proposed. However, due to the special topological structure of multi-tasking machine tools, the identification and compensation methods for geometric deviations are different from those of the five-axis machining centers, which have been seldom researched until now. In this paper, the main attention is paid to analyze the eccentricities of the trajectories measured by a ball bar under simultaneous three-axis motions and to reduce the influence of the identified geometric deviations on the position error of TCP by the compensation method. It is divided into two sequential subtasks. At first, the geometric deviations are identified by using the eccentricities of measured trajectories. A simple and practical measuring procedure is proposed to identify geometric deviations of rotary axes existing in a multi-tasking machine tool. For the second step, a method is proposed by modifying the original NC code according to the kinematic chain model of the targeted machine tool to compensate the influence of the existing geometric deviations on TCP. An experiment is conducted on a multi-tasking machine tool with a swivel tool spindle head in the horizontal position. The repeatability of the measured eccentricities based on three experimental results is also investigated to reduce the influence of measuring error on the identified results. As a result, the corresponding values of geometric deviations after the compensation are less than 2.2 arcseconds or 2.4 μm. It is concluded that the influence of geometric deviations on TCP is compensated effectively, and the position error of TCP is reduced significantly.     

基于三轴测量机拓扑结构的单项几何误差模型

基于刚体模型和小角度假设,传统的几何误差模型采用传递矩阵建立几何误差与测量机空间误差的关系。但通过传递矩阵建立的几何误差模型难以清晰揭示各单项几何误差对空间误差的影响关系。为了更清楚地表达单项几何误差对空间误差的影响关系,基于三轴测量机拓扑结构建立了各单项几何误差模型,分析了测量机各项阿贝误差产生机制。利用所建立的单项几何误差模型分析各单项几何误差的影响权重,对自研测量机高权重几何误差进行辨识与补偿,结果表明,补偿后测量机测量直径150 mm平面与直径60 mm凹球面的PV值分别达到344.32 nm和161.74 nm,面形误差与波面干涉仪测量结果基本一致。单项几何误差模型有助于了解阿贝误差的产生机理;提出的几何误差权重计算方法有助于实现对测量机敏感误差的精确控制,指导高精度测量机结构设计与测量精度的提升。     

A new approach to thermally induced volumetric error compensation

A traditional model for thermally induced volumetric error of a three-axis machine tool requires measurement of 21 geometric error components and their variation data at different temperatures. Collecting these data is difficult and time consuming. This paper describes the development of a new model for calculating thermally induced volumetric error based on the variation of three error components only. The considered error components are the three axial positioning errors of a machine tool. They are modelled as functions of ball-screw nut temperature and travel distance to predict positioning errors when the thermal condition of the machine tool has changed due to continuous usage. It is assumed that the other 18 error components remain identical to the pre-calibrated cold start values. This assumption is justified by the fact that the machine tool’s thermal status significantly affects three axial positioning errors that dominate machining errors for a machine tool after its continuous use. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model two types of machining jobs, milling and drilling, on a three-axis horizontal CNC machining centre are simulated and the machined part profiles are predicted. The results show that the thermally induced volumetric error was reduced from 115.40 to 45.37?μm for the milled surface, and the maximum distance error between drilled holes for the drilling operation was reduced from 38.69 to ?0.14?μm after compensation.     

基于线性回归理论的数控机床精度检测及误差补偿分析

为提高数控机床定位精度,需对精度的误差源进行分析及补偿。基于线性回归理论,采用激光干涉仪为检测工具,建立了BF-850B数控机床数据检测的精度检测与补偿模型,并根据各个测量点位误差特性进行分析,确定采用一次性线性补偿和多段式线性补偿方法;最后,结合具体的数控机床实例,根据得到的实验数据验证实现误差补偿,对定位精度的补偿效果进行了分析。结果表明:一次性线性补偿将X轴精度由4.853 1～35.025 0μm提高至-2.472 1～0.736 3μm;将Y轴精度由-14.425 0～-4.132 5μm提高至-2.481 2～0.752 9μm;将Z轴精度由-4.128 0～17.227 1μm提高至-0.501 5～1.324 5μm;多段式线性补偿将X轴精度提高至-1.364 1～0.484 0μm;将Y轴精度提高至-1.364 1～0.551 0μm;将Z轴精度提高至-0.412 0～0.495 2μm;补偿前根据数据分布的主要特点,采用呈线性或分段式对数控机床的系统误差进行相应的呈线性或分段式补偿有着很好的补偿效果。     

基于椭球拟合的三轴磁传感器快速标定补偿方法

考虑到现有多轴磁传感器的标定补偿方法中普遍存在操作时间长、计算量较大、标定设备要求高、场地要求面积大等问题,提出一种基于椭球拟合的三轴磁传感器误差标定补偿方法。首先,分析传感器误差产生机理,并在此基础上,建立传感器误差模型,推导出各误差系数的计算公式,并利用椭球拟合的方法对三轴磁传感器进行测试标定与误差补偿。实验结果表明,该方法能够正确、有效地标定补偿三轴磁传感器的不正交误差、灵敏度误差以及零偏误差,具有操作简捷、省时、精度高等特点。     

An accuracy design approach for a multi-axis NC machine tool based on reliability theory

Accuracy design constitutes an important role in machine tool designing. It is used to determine the permissible level of each error parameter of a machine tool, so that any criterion can be optimized. Geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors are responsible for a large number of comprehensive errors of a machine tool. These errors not only influence the machining accuracy but are also of great importance for accuracy design to be performed. The aim of this paper is the proposal of a general approach that simultaneously considered geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors, in order for machine tool errors to be allocated. By homogeneous transformation matrix (HTM) application, a comprehensive error model was developed for the machining accuracy of a machine tool to be acquired. In addition, a generalized radial basis function (RBF) neural network modeling method was used in order for a thermal and cutting force-induced error model to be established. Based on the comprehensive error model, the importance sampling method was applied for the reliability and sensitivity analysis of the machine tool to be conducted, and two mathematical models were presented. The first model predicted the reliability of the machine tool, whereas the second was used to identify and optimize the error parameters with larger effect on the reliability. The permissible level of each geometric error parameter can therefore be determined, whereas the reliability met the design requirement and the cost of this machining was optimized. An experiment was conducted on a five-axis machine tool, and the results confirmed the proposed approach being able to display the accuracy design of the machine tool.     

基于多体系统理论的三轴数控机床误差补偿模型

对多体系统理论进行了介绍、探讨和研究,并运用多体系统理论建立了三轴数控机床的误差补偿模型,以期对数控机床误差的软件补偿方法有所帮助。     

数控机床工作台误差综合补偿方法研究

针对由几何误差与热误差引起的数控机床工作台与主轴之间相对位置变动的问题,通过试验分析其在不同温度状态下的误差数据,得到机床工作台平面度误差随热变形保持不变的规律,并提出了一种数控机床工作台平面度误差与主轴热误差的综合补偿方法。该方法通过分别建立工作台平面度误差模型和热误差模型,并运用叠加原理建立综合误差补偿模型,对传统固定单位置点建模补偿方法的原理性缺陷进行了改进。结合机床关键部件的实时温度值和刀具位置的实时坐标值,计算出了全工作台各区域各温度阶段的误差补偿值,进而实现了全工作台主轴轴向综合误差的实时补偿。检验及分析结果表明,相比于传统固定单位置点热误差建模补偿方法,该方法所建模型残余标准差减小约7μm,精度提高比例达到50%;单次最大补偿残差减小约11μm,精度提高比例达到60%,大幅度提高了机床的加工精度。     

Product of exponential model for geometric error integration of multi-axis machine tools

This paper proposes a product of exponential (POE) model to integrate the geometric errors of multi-axis machine tools. Firstly, three twists are established to represent the six basic error components of each axis in an original way according to the geometric definition of the errors and twists. The three twists represent the basic errors in x, y, and z directions, respectively. One error POE model is established to integrate the three twists. This error POE formula is homogeneous and can express the geometric meaning of the basic errors, which is precise enough to improve the accuracy of the geometric error model. Secondly, squareness errors are taken into account using POE method to make the POE model of geometric errors more systematic. Two methods are proposed to obtain the POE models of squareness errors according to their geometric properties: The first method bases on the geometric definition of errors to obtain the twists directly; the other method uses the adjoint matrix through coordinate system transformation. Moreover, the topological structure of the machine tools is introduced into the POE method to make the POE model more reasonable and accurate. It can organize the obtained 14 twists and eight POE models of the three-axis machine tools. According to the order of these POE models multiplications, the integrated POE model of geometric errors is established. Finally, the experiments have been conducted on an MV-5A three-axis vertical machining center to verify the model. The results show that the integrated POE model is effective and precise enough. The error field of machine tool is obtained according to the error model, which is significant for the error prediction and compensation.