真空断路器关合速度与预击穿对同步关合的影响研究

通过对真空灭弧室击穿电压的测量及电场强度的计算,拟合出了真空灭弧室在小间隙下的击穿电压与间隙的关系式.并结合配永磁机构的真空断路器关合时的动特性,对10kV系统与35kV系统的电容器组进行关合时,考虑到断路器合闸时间的分散性,在一定合闸速度下,确定了关合涌流为最小的最佳预期关合点.     

高压SF_6断路器冷态介质恢复特性试验研究

研究了SF_6断路器操作过程冷态介质恢复特性,搭建126 k V SF_6断路器介质恢复特性试验回路,测量断路器不同开距下的击穿电压值。分析灭弧室充气压力、合闸速度、触头间电压极性对介质恢复特性和预击穿特性的影响,给出不同试验条件下的分闸介质强度恢复速度和预击穿时间。结果表明:断路器操作过程中相同开距下,合闸击穿电压值要大于分闸过程,断路器灭弧室结构下7mm开距内正、负极性下击穿电压值相差不大,极性效应不明显;开距大于7 mm,正极性击穿电压值大于负极性;合闸速度对合闸预击穿特性影响明显,合闸速度6.6 m/s的最大预击穿时间为1.18 ms,合闸速度4.7m/s的最大预击穿时间为2.21 ms,由此可知,提高合闸速度是控制预击穿时间的有效方法;针对126k V SF_6断路器冷态开断过程,充气压力为0.7和0.5 MPa时,分别在刚分时刻后0.5和1 ms内存在重击穿的可能,因此,针对容性小电流开断过程,应避免在此时间范围内熄弧。     

永磁真空断路器预击穿特性实验研究

为了实现永磁真空断路器的同步关合,必须先分析断路器关合时的最佳相位。永磁真空断路器在关合时,动静触头间会发生预击穿,要使断路器在预定的相位角关合,需分析预击穿对同步关合的影响。采用27.5kV用永磁真空断路器,分别在直流和工频交流电压下进行了实验研究。采用高速高精度的采集系统,运用Matlab软件的非线性拟合功能对采样数据进行拟合,得到预击穿间隙和电压之间的关系,分析了在零相位附近实现同步关合时对合闸速度的要求。分析得出,在触头间隙非常小的情况下发生预击穿时可忽略预击穿对同步关合的影响。通过对实验数据进行分析,说明要实现同步关合就必须对机械分散所带来的误差进行补偿。     

合闸涌流对真空断路器重击穿特性的影响

真空开断技术已广泛应用于电力系统,但真空断路器在电容器组应用中仍存在问题,无法满足其投切要求,原因在于合闸涌流会破坏真空断路器绝缘性能。本文进行了在容性电流投切过程中合闸涌流影响真空灭弧室重击穿特性的试验研究。试验过程中分别对7.2kV和40.5kV等级真空断路器进行了电容器组投切试验。试验结果表明合闸涌流会直接影响触头表面状态,进而影响重击穿现象。当涌流幅值从0上升到5kA,7.2kV等级真空灭弧室重击穿概率会从5%上升到30%;当涌流幅值从4kA上升到5kA,40.5kV等级真空灭弧室重击穿概率会从3%上升到20%;此外,合闸涌流也会影响重击穿发生时间,随合闸涌流幅值上升,重击穿发生时间显著提前。     

高频涌流对真空灭弧室场致发射电流的影响研究

根据IEC相关标准,真空断路器投切背靠背电容器组实验需承受20 kA幅值、4 250 Hz频率的高频涌流。高频涌流会严重烧蚀真空灭弧室触头表面,导致开断过程中易发生重击穿现象,严重威胁电力系统安全运行。文中目标为研究工频电压下高频涌流对真空灭弧室场致发射电流的影响规律。实验选取4个相同7.2 kV真空灭弧室,分别关合10 kA和20 kA幅值涌流2次,每次关合高频涌流后,在1 mm定开距触头上施加工频电压并测量流经真空灭弧室的场致发射电流。实验结果表明,在触头上施加涌流的次数越多,涌流幅值越大,场致发射电流越大。工频电压下,场致发射电流具有不对称性。当外加电压超过临界电压值时,可以使场致发射电流显著增大。实验结果对探究容性电流投切弧后重击穿机理具有重要意义。     

采用全武合金触头材料真空断路器灭弧室的绝缘特性

真空绝缘性能决定着真空灭弧室的设计及成本,在真空断路器向高电压等级发展的背景下真空绝缘性能研究显得尤为重要。触头材料是影响真空绝缘性能的重要因素之一,因此新型触头材料真空绝缘性能的研究成为真空绝缘研究领域的热点。基于以上分析,研究了一种新型触头材料—全武合金的真空绝缘性能,并将它与真空灭弧室常用触头材料CuCr25和CuCr50的绝缘性能进行了对比。首先对3种触头材料的真空灭弧室试品用升降法进行了雷电冲击试验,结果表明3种触头材料击穿电压的概率分布均符合Weibull分布,在触头开距为2～10mm范围内其50%击穿电压的关系为CuCr50>全武合金>CuCr25;然后对3种触头材料用升压法进行了工频击穿试验,结果表明当开距为1m,升压速度为3kV/s时,3种触头材料绝缘强度的关系为CuCr50≈全武合金≈Cu-Cr25;最后对比了工频升压速度对全武合金绝缘特性的影响,结果表明当升压速度从3kV/s降为1.5kV/s时,击穿电压升高了1.6倍。     

永磁真空断路器预击穿特性实验及其分析

最佳关合相位的确定是同步关合技术的核心问题之一.真空断路器在关合过程中,真空间隙会发生预击穿,导致不能在预定的相位角合闸,从而影响合闸相位的准确度.笔者利用永磁真空断路器进行实验,分别在不同电压下得到预击穿间隙和电压之间的关系,同时研究了合闸速度对预击穿的影响,综合考虑机械分散性对关合相位的影响.提出利用BP网络选取最...     

选相精度对容性关合涌流幅值影响的数值仿真分析

文章研究了真空断路器相控精度与容性关合涌流幅值及频率的数值关系。并基于PSCAD仿真模型,采用最小二乘拟合的方法,从工程应用角度给出了数值表达式。讨论了真空断路器容性分断不考虑重击穿条件下时断口过电压及电容器过电压情况;给出了真空断路器容性投切选相精度控制区间;提出了真空断路器容性关合角度应控制在超前目标合闸角角度区间内的观点。     

SF6断路器触头劣化过程合闸预击穿特性研究

电容器组投切断路器触头烧蚀劣化后会改变合闸预击穿时间,这不仅会影响选相合闸效果,同时也说明预击穿电弧持续时间可作为衡量触头烧蚀状态的指标之一。建立了126 kV SF₆断路器灭弧室内合闸预击穿过程电—流体耦合仿真模型,研究了触头劣化过程中合闸预击穿特性,并提出了预击穿时间带电检测方法。结果表明：合闸过程中场强最大点总是出现在静弧触头表面;灭弧室内SF₆气体密度几乎保持不变;110 kV电压等级相电压下,触头预击穿电弧持续时间随烧蚀程度变化的试验值与仿真值吻合良好。从电场畸变角度解释了随着触头的表面烧蚀劣化程度增大对应预击穿时间的变化规律,结果可为断路器选相合闸策略和触头状态评估提供理论指导。     

高压六氟化硫断路器触头间动态击穿特性试验研究

针对六氟化硫(SF_6)气体在高压电器设备实际形状电极间的击穿特性,搭建126 kV SF_6断路器触头间动态击穿特性试验回路,分别测量断路器在不同电压极性和灭弧室充气压强下分、合闸过程中触头间击穿电压,统计试验击穿点电压值和对应的开距,分别采用幂函数、四次多项式对分、合闸过程触头间击穿点电压值进行拟合,得到不同开距下击穿电压拟合曲线,并给出触头间击穿电压与开距之间的数学表达式。试验结果表明:SF_6断路器分、合闸过程中,当触头间开距达到一定值后,SF-_6气体表现出"反极性"效应;同一开距下,分闸过程(平均速度9.6 m/s)击穿电压小于合闸过程(平均速度4.7 m/s)。     

Breakdown conditioning characteristics of long gap electrodes in a vacuum

An improvement in dielectric strength is required in vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) intended for use in higher voltage systems. In order to develop higher voltage VCBs, it is important to improve the dielectric strength in a vacuum based on consideration of the vacuum breakdown mechanism. Particularly for gaps longer than 10 mm, little is known about the breakdown mechanisms and their quantitative analyses in a vacuum. This paper discusses the breakdown conditioning characteristics of long gap electrodes, under a non-uniform electric field in a vacuum. We treat gap lengths of up to 50 mm in this paper. The conditioning characteristics are investigated under impulse voltage applications. A negative standard lightning impulse voltage was applied to rod-plane electrodes made of Cu-Cr and SUS304 for different tip radii and gap distances until the conditioning effect was completed. We observed illumination spots on electrodes at each breakdown during the conditioning process and calculated the corresponding breakdown field strengths. Experimental results revealed that the tendency of breakdowns associated with long gaps is different from that for the short gaps. As a result, we clarified that the breakdown field strengths are nearly constant at 110-120 kV/mm at the distances longer than 10 mm, and the breakdown field strength is at its maximum when the gap distance is about 5 mm.     

双断口真空断路器配合特性仿真与试验

针对目前多断口真空断路器多采用并联均压电容,均压可能存在运行隐患的问题,通过研究双断口真空断路器间隙,配合和不同横磁(TMF)触头和纵磁(AMF)触头真空灭弧室组合取缔均压电容得到最佳的开断能力。基于真空电弧连续过渡模型建立了双断口真空断路器仿真模型,通过仿真与合成回路试验,研究了不同燃弧时间、不同期性和不同组合方式对开断能力的影响。仿真得到横纵组合方式具有最强的开断能力,且非同期动作(高压侧滞后动作)具有更强的开断能力,并得到了双断口真空断路器最佳间隙配合特性。试验结果验证了仿真结果,并且证明了双断口真空断路器非同期动作存在电压分布反转和开断突变区间。最后得到双断口真空断路器优化方案——对真空灭弧室的优化和非同期间隙的最佳配合,实现自均压效果进而取缔均压电容,为多断口真空断路器的发展提供了新的思路与方法。     

高电压真空灭弧室触头间长间隙的真空绝缘特性

对高电压真空灭弧室触头间长真空间隙(40 mm及以上)的真空绝缘特性进行了讨论,包括击穿电压(直流电压,工频交流电压和标准雷电冲击电压)与触头开距的关系以及长真空间隙的老炼特性.目前对72/84 kV级高电压真宅灭弧室触头间隙范围(40mm及以上)的长真空间隙绝缘特性有了一定的了解,而126 kV级高电压单断口真空灭弧室触头问长真空问隙范围(60mm及以上)的绝缘特性研究还有待深入开展.     

Contact behavior in vacuum under capacitive switching duty

According to the relevant IEC standards vacuum circuit-breakers have to meet various needs, e.g. the interruption capability, making operations, and dielectric strength. Besides the interruption of short-circuit currents, switching of capacitive currents causes high stress of the circuit-breaker. Switching of capacitor banks, overhead lines, or cables leads to very small currents in comparison with short circuit currents. After current interruption the circuit-breaker must withstand twice the peak value of the system voltage. Furthermore, restrikes can lead to voltage multiplication. This conjunction of relatively small breaking currents with high voltage stress must be considered in detail. This work introduces a test arrangement for combined tests of making operation, current interruption, and dielectric stress of a vacuum gap under capacitive switching condition. A test vessel permits investigations of various contact materials and designs. It is connected to a synthetic test circuit which provides the appropriate test currents and capacitive voltage. During the test sequence the contacts are stressed by inrush-currents up to 4.5 kA peak, followed by a breaking operation at 500 A peak and a subsequent capacitive voltage up to 50 kV peak. Both the appearance of pre-ignitions at contact closing and the behavior under capacitive voltage stress after breaking are indications of the contact surface conditions.     

Surface flashover of oil-immersed dielectric materials in uniform and non-uniform fields

The applied electrical fields required to initiate surface flashover of different types of dielectric material immersed in insulating oil have been investigated, by applying impulses of increasing peak voltage until surface flashover occurred. The behavior of the materials in repeatedly over-volted gaps was also analyzed in terms of breakdown mode (some bulk sample breakdown behaviour was witnessed in this regime), time to breakdown, and breakdown voltage. Cylindrical samples of polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, and Rexolite, were held between two electrodes immersed in insulating oil, and subjected to average applied electrical fields up to 870 kV/cm. Tests were performed in both uniform- and nonuniform- fields, and with different sample topologies. In applied field measurements, polypropylene required the highest levels of average applied field to initiate flashover in all electrode configurations tested, settling at ~600 kV/cm in uniform fields, and ~325 kV/cm in non-uniform fields. In over-volted point-plane gaps, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene exhibited the longest pre-breakdown delay times. The results will provide comparative data for system designers for the appropriate choice of dielectric materials to act as insulators for high-voltage, pulsed-power machines.     

特高压直流换流站选相合闸控制装置现场调试技术

结合向家坝—上海±800 kV直流输电工程从选相合闸控制装置的工作原理入手,针对断路器合闸过程中的预击穿特性以及环境温度和操作电压对断路器合闸时间的影响,建立了适用于选相合闸控制器测试的典型断路器合闸时间模型,提出了选相合闸控制装置性能测试的现场调试方法,并研制了选相合闸测试仪。最后将所提调试方法应用于向上直流工程复龙换流站的现场调试中,试验结果表明该方法能及时发现并消除设备缺陷,从而验证了该调试技术的可行性和有效性。     

Vacuum interrupters: the new technology for switching andprotecting distribution circuits

This paper provides application guidelines for, and shows the advantages of, applying vacuum interrupters (VIs) to switch and to protect power distribution circuits. The performance of VIs for load switching and for short-circuit interruption is discussed with reference to long-term switching life and low maintenance costs. During this discussion, the unique ability of the VI to handle developing faults is analyzed. The effects of current chop and voltage escalation on the components in a distribution circuit are examined, and straightforward methods to minimize their effects are presented. The advantages of using VIs for long life, maintenance-free performance for capacitor switching, and for motor switching are discussed. The paper discusses the very fast recovery characteristics of VIs and shows how these characteristics can be used to produce a circuit breaker that will reliably protect distribution transformers. Finally, the use of VIs for other switching duties is examined     

Historical review of high voltage switchgear developments in the 20th century for power transmission and distribution system in Japan

In Japan during the 20th century, developments of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus advanced tremendously and circuit breakers were the center of these developments. And as a result, 1100 kV SF/sub 6/ gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for ac transmission systems and also 500 kV dc GIS for dc transmission systems have become available. Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) have also been actively developed and a 168 kV two break VCB and 100 kA VCB are already available. This paper describes these developments and future trends in technology.     

Switching of capacitive currents and the correlation of restrike and pre-ignition behavior

The new IEC 62271-100 requires an extensive proof of the capability of capacitive switching for a breaker under test. For vacuum circuit breakers, dielectric properties are mainly determined by the condition and topology of the contact surfaces, which are modified by in-rush currents as well as load-breaking currents and other effects. A synthetic single-phase test device has been erected in order to simulate three-phase network conditions and to collect more data on the statistical properties of the relevant processes. The distribution of pre-ignition field strengths is evaluated for different contact strokes and surface conditions, when discharging a capacitor through the closing interrupter. On the other side, the probability of restrikes for a given switching condition defined by full contact gap d/sub 0/ and peak recovery voltage U/sub re//spl circ/ is measured and compared with the cumulative probability of pre-ignition just at the field strength E=U/sub re//spl circ//d/sub 0/. A correlation between pre-ignition and restrike probabilities suggests a breakdown mechanism being field-emission dominated. In addition a rather strong conditioning effect has been observed at smaller contact gaps smoothening the contact surfaces.