THE CAMBRIDGE PRIZE LECTURE 1996 FROM FIELD TO FIRKIN: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO BEER CLARIFICATION AND QUALITY

A concerted and integrated research programme has considerably enhanced the current understanding of fining agents and their effect on beer clarification and quality. In addition to previously published data, much new information has been presented to help develop this understanding. The numerous complex and often inter-related factors that affect both isinglass and copper fining performance have been discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. This information has been used to identify the following critical control parameters which will facilitate the optimisation of beer quality and brewing process efficiency : Pre- and post-fining beer temperature beer particle levels and NMP charge wort pH cold wort clarity beer pH pre-filtration beer clarity . The discrete unit operations of the brewing process have been integrated into a single continuous process, where the efficiency of each operation depends on the efficiency of all of the previous operations, and impacts directly on that of all subsequent operations. Using this approach, beer clarity problems can in certain circumstances be traced back to variations in the microflora present on barley in the farmer's field. Thus to truly control beer quality, the brewing process must be considered to start not with mashing or malting, but rather with barley growing, and the process must be managed right through “from field to firkin” .     

桑叶绿茶中微量元素含量及浸出特征研究

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定桑叶绿茶中Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe六种元素的含量,并在不同冲泡时间和不同冲泡次数条件下研究了桑叶绿茶中微量元素浸出量。结果表明,桑叶绿茶中微量元素总含量顺序为Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu,浸出液中各元素浸出量顺序为Mg>Ca>Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu,其中Mg最易浸出,Cu最不易浸出;不同冲泡时间微量元素浸出规律可用对数关系描述,不同冲泡次数微量元素浸出规律可用负指数关系描述。研究桑叶绿茶中微量元素的浸出特性有助于进一步研究桑叶中各元素存在的形态,并可为桑叶绿茶相关产品的开发提供一定的实验依据。     

Malting for Brewhouse Performance*

In many instances brewhouse performance cannot be predicted from a finished malt specification. This is particularly so for factors such as lautering, yeast performance, filtration and head character. There are two aspects involved in improving the brewing performance of malt. Firstly, an understanding of the malt characteristics affecting particular aspects of the brewing process and secondly an understanding of how the malting process affects or can be controlled to optimise these characteristics and thus their performance. In this work the relationship between barley variety, steeping pattern, malt quality and brewing performance is investigated. Six different barley varieties were micromalted in a Seeger micromalting unit under four different steeping regimes. Sub-samples were taken at intervals during steeping for enzyme analysis and measurement of water distribution. Following steeping, the samples were germinated and kilned using standard micromalting conditions. Finished malts were analysed by standard EBC methods for routine malt quality parameters including apparent attenuation limit. Worts were tested for total β-glucan content, β-glucan molecular weight distribution, filter plugging potential and carbohydrate levels. A sub set of malt samples were then micro-brewed and tested for β-glucan molecular weight (MW) distribution, beer filterability and foam stability.     

浓香型白酒酿造机械化研究与生产实践

与传统手工酿造工艺相比,酿酒机械化具有降低手工劳动强度、改善操作环境、提高产能等优点,但同时机械化酿造工艺还需注意提高员工素质、调整工艺细节,以及确保人员、设备安全等问题。结合浓香型白酒企业的生产实践,在对比传统手工酿造与机械化酿造工艺的基础上,探讨了酿造连续性机械化车间的布置,指出酿酒机械化进程中的自动化、数据化,特别是机械化上甑、晾米查、出池入窖等方面的研究,将是今后白酒酿造机械化领域研究的方向与趋势。     

玻璃钢材料在酿造行业应用的改进

为满足食品酿造工业对其生产设备的要求，首先介绍了当前食品酿造设备材料的应用，要求这类设备材质无毒、耐腐蚀、耐温、耐温差、不易结垢及有足够的强度等性能，符合盛装食品的卫生要求；同时介绍了一种新型复合材料的制作和性能特点，认为该材料制成罐体，无毒、无味，不需要后处理，低降成本，同时罐体内壁光滑，不易滋生细菌，适合食品酿造行...     

啤酒酵母的基因改良研究动态

近年来 ,利用基因工程进行酵母的育种在发酵广谱碳水化合物、提高糖化效率 ,改良酵母凝聚特性和改善啤酒风味方面取得了很大成绩。基因重组菌株将逐步应用到生产实践中。     

浓香型白酒酿造微生物研究进展

在传统固态白酒酿造过程中,微生物对白酒的产量、品质、风味等都起着重要作用。该文以浓香型白酒生产的关键工艺为依据,对酒曲、窖泥、酒醅微生物的研究现状进行阐述,从参与酿造过程微生物的角度了解白酒发酵、生香、产酯等过程的实质,为浓香型白酒生产中酿造微生物的进一步研究提供思路。提出酿造微生物与白酒品评中"色、香、味、格"之间的联系,尤其是酿造微生物与白酒中呈香呈味物质的相关性研究,将是今后白酒风味化学研究的重要方向与趋势。     

杂交糯高梁酿造清香型小曲白酒工艺初步优化研究

采用正交试验对杂交糯高粱（泸糯8号）酿造清香型小曲白酒的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,杂交糯高粱酿造清香型小曲白酒的优化工艺为泡粮时间10h,泡粮温度85℃,糖化酶量O．035（g／100g）,糖化时间12h,在该条件下还原糖含量高而稳定。因此该工艺优化条件可作为实际杂交糯高粱酿造清香型小曲白酒生产的理论指导。     

DISPOSAL OF EXCESS BREWER'S YEAST BY RECYCLING TO THE BREWHOUSE

Waste streams high in B.O.D. are produced by the brewing process itself. These wastes are wholesome but unwanted materials that were once part of or were in intimate contact with the brewing milieu. They are not inherently foreign to the process or the product, and disposal could be accomplished by recycling to the process. We have studied the effect on brewing processes and beer flavour of recycling waste yeast slurry to the mash mixer. Beer flavour is essentially unaffected by recycling, and of the brewhouse processes only lautering is slowed at higher recycle rates. Extract (up to 1% of the total) and soluble nitrogen can be recovered from the recycled yeast, but is strongly influenced by temperature during yeast storage and mashing. Worts made with recycled yeast tend to ferment more rapidly than normal worts and tend to have a lower end gravity.     

国产酒花香气成分及酿造特性的研究

为探究国产酒花在啤酒酿造中的酿造价值,将7种中国本土种植和培育的啤酒花（卡斯卡特、D1号、拿盖特、柯密特、青岛大花、哥伦布、哈拉道）在模拟啤酒酿造过程中添加,并在关键酿造节点取样,使用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析酒花在啤酒酿造过程中不同时期香气成分,并通过感官品评综合评估其酿造价值。结果表明,7种国产酒花香气成分均能满足啤酒酿造要求,除哥伦布为高α-酸酒花,青岛大花为苦型酒花外,其余品种均为苦香兼优型酒花,该类酒花既可煮沸时添加也可用于后期酒花干投,其中,卡斯卡特酒花与D1号酒花干投样品中月桂烯含量分别为0.458μg/L、0.324μg/L,远高于一般酒花,非常适合印度淡色艾尔啤酒（IPA）酿造。     

黄酒微生物及其与风味形成关系的研究进展

黄酒是我国传统发酵食品,在其风味物质形成过程中,微生物起到了非常重要的作用。本研究综合分析了黄酒原料处理、麦曲、酒药以及酿造过程等方面对微生物群落结构,并探讨了微生物群落结构与黄酒风味形成的关系。其中,浸米过程中的微生物主要以乳酸菌为主,麦曲主要以霉菌为主,酒药主要以酵母菌为主。而在整个黄酒酿造过程中霉菌先减少后增多,并在后酵过程起到产酶糖化的作用;酵母先增加后减少,并在前主酵过程中起到产酒精增强黄酒风味的作用;细菌尤其是乳酸菌在浸米及酿造过程中起到降解大分子物质的作用从而促进黄酒呈香呈味,且对有机酸的产生即黄酒酸味起到积极作用,而其余各种细菌在黄酒不同的酿造阶段相互作用并对黄酒的风味起到积极作用。根据目前的研究现状,提出可利用多组学技术分析黄酒中主要产香微生物并通过后续的高通量筛选应用到黄酒发酵生产中,优化黄酒风味的形成过程。     

自动化黄酒酿造系统技术的创新和特点

对筒仓贮存和输送、浸米、蒸饭、计量投料、生熟麦曲、压榨、澄清和勾兑、过滤、CIP清洗、煎酒过程等自动化酿造黄酒系统的创新点和特点详细论述,创新无缝连接的自动控制接合技术和集成,使各工序、设备、控制系统之间实现了流水线式连接贯通,建立了黄酒自动化酿造的集成技术,研制成功了自动化黄酒酿造系统,建成年产4万千升自动化黄酒酿造生产线;经生产运行,黄酒自动化酿造生产线运行良好,为酿酒业创新作贡献。     

THE ECONOMICS OF BREWING*

The factors influencing the major unit costs of the basic brewing processes are quantified. The values of various carbohydrate sources and the economic potential of newer hop materials are discussed. Techniques of fermentation, a major labour intensive brewing operation, are examined.     

原料对麦汁酚酸抗氧化能力的影响

本文检测了不同啤酒麦芽及酒花品种中酚酸的含量,分析了酿造原料对麦汁抗氧化能力的影响。结果发现,加麦、澳麦、国产西北三种麦芽中,澳麦提供的抗氧化能力较小,同时提供的老化物质也最少,对提高啤酒的风味稳定性有利。以单位α-酸计,香花比苦花提供更多的酚酸和抗氧化能力。酒花老化过程损失相当多的酚酸,酿造过程中应尽量使用新鲜的酒花。     

日本清酒与我国喂饭黄酒酿造工艺的比较分析

为了借鉴和学习日本清酒先进的酿酒技术,通过比较分析日本清酒与我国喂饭黄酒两种以大米为原料的低度酿造酒的酿造工艺流程、酿造工艺的特征、风格和方法,讨论了日本清酒与我国喂饭黄酒的异同点。并在此基础上,提出了对我国喂饭黄酒酿造工艺的改进和设想。     

基于智能电子鼻的食醋识别方法的研究

食醋是一种常见的调味品。市场上食醋的种类繁多,其风味因产地、配料、发酵方式不同而各异,对食醋的品质也会产生一定的影响。采用自制的,能快速区分食醋种类的智能电子鼻系统(主要包括传感器阵列和气室,数据采集、调理与传输单元,以及供气动力装置三大部分)检测10种食醋产品,以非线性分析方法提取香气成分特征值,并以主成分分析法对食醋种类进行分类,试验结果表明,自制的智能电子鼻系统可以较好地反映食醋产品的风味差异,检测快速、简便,成本低。该非线性分析方法可以较好地克服传感器基线漂移的不利影响,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于虚拟仿真技术的酿酒工程专业英语教学创新与实践

随着我国酿酒工程产业的全球国际化发展,培养具有国际竞争力的专业复合型人才需求与日俱增。酿酒工程专业英语的教学可为培养综合专业素质过硬、知识构架系统的国际复合型人才提供支撑。但目前专业英语教学仍旧面临缺少系统环境训练的困境,学生学习的专业英语知识点多、杂、繁、复。尤其是独具中国特色的酱香型白酒,涉及传统复杂酿造工艺,传统教学模式难以满足综合性及系统性专业英语训练与应用的需求。酿酒工程虚拟仿真技术可为专业英语教学提供虚拟系统训练的平台。因此,在酿酒工程专业英语教学过程中,引入了酱香型白酒酿造工艺、小型啤酒生产及发酵工艺和葡萄酒生产工艺三个虚拟仿真实验项目。学生在虚拟仿真环境中以专业英语视角进行系统训练,并在线下实习实践环节强化专业英语的综合运用能力。该教学方式有助于学生切实有效地实现对大型综合实训酿酒专业英语知识的巩固与应用,可供同类专业或院校进行持续探索,进一步推广完善。     

组合酶法快速酿造蓝莓酒新工艺的研究

以蓝莓果为酿造原料,在酿造过程中,对复合酶的种类和最佳配比进行了试验,确定了各种酶的用量和最佳工艺条件。经分离筛选得到了适用于蓝莓酒发酵的酿酒一号酵母菌株,对形态与生理特征进行了鉴定,并测试了酵母菌种的产酒力、耐SO2能力、耐乙醇能力及耐酸力。蓝莓果经生物酶解、灭酶、澄清处理,用酿酒一号酵母菌株发酵、陈酿、过滤、调配等工艺酿造的蓝莓半甜酒和蓝莓甜酒,果香浓郁,清澈明亮,营养丰富,口味纯正。该工艺提高出汁率10%,改变了传统红酒生产的工艺过程。酿造周期由传统工艺的三年以上缩短为六个月,为红酒的生产开辟了一条新途径。     

影响啤酒中双乙酰含量因素探讨

双乙酰含量是衡量啤酒成熟度的一项重要理化指标。本文详细介绍了在酿造过程各工艺条件对双乙酰生成量的影响。     

富硒绿茶中锌、硒、铅、铝的溶出研究

目的研究富硒绿茶冲泡过程锌、硒、铅、铝4个元素的溶出,为科学饮茶提供指导。方法通过在实验室模拟茶叶冲泡过程,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)测试了不同冲泡时间和不同冲泡次数下茶汤中锌、硒、铅、铝的溶出率。结果锌、硒的溶出在30 min内相对增长较快,并且经3~4次冲泡溶出可溶出部分达80%;铅在5 min内和第1次冲泡溶出可溶出部分达50%以上;铝在整个过程溶出平稳,总溶出率小于10%。结论锌、硒、铅、铝4个元素在不同冲泡时间和不同冲泡次数下溶出性不一致;适度洗茶,可以去除较多铅的可溶性部分,而锌、硒损失较少;长时间浸泡和多次冲泡后,各元素溶出量增加较少。